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Newspaper coverage of the Attempt on the life of the Shah

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The assassination attempt of Náṣiri’d-Dín Sháh on August 15, 1852 was widely covered in the newspaper media of the day.

Contents

  • 1 Views and parallels
  • 2 Samples of coverage
    • 2.1 Earliest figments of history portrayed
    • 2.2 Persian Heretics and Executioners
  • 3 Dr Jakob Polak
  • 4 Database of coverage
  • 5 Thousands
  • 6 Quake in Shiraz
  • 7 Continuing reference
  • 8 See also
  • 9 References

Views and parallels[edit]

The Guardian notes this episode as one that "a sorely persecuted Faith was about to be subjected through the shameful act of a fanatical and irresponsible Bábí, to a humiliation such as it had never before known.…"[1] Nabil's Narrative also refers to it[2] as does A Travelers Narrative[3] in which Bahá'u'lláh is quoted saying:

“The event itself indicates the truth of the affair and testifies that this is the action of a thoughtless, unreasoning, and ignorant man. For no reasonable person would charge his pistol with shot when embarking on so grave an enterprise. At least he would so arrange and plan it that the deed should be orderly and systematic. From the very nature of the event it is clear and evident as the sun that it is not the act of such as Myself.”

Mention occurs in a hard to find very early Persian newspaper.[4] English news coverage appears to begin on October 1, 1852 in London after news from Istanbul via letters from Persia written in August....

Not avoiding the particulars of the event so recorded it is unavoidable to note the parallels with the events of early Christianity. The extreme reaction whether innocent or not, down to some of the particulars of the suffering so inflicted. This is some harrowing reading. Please read with a cautioned heart and perhaps not little praying.

"But all human efforts, all the lavish gifts of the emperor, and the propitiations of the gods, did not banish the sinister belief that the conflagration was the result of an order. Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind. Mockery of every sort was added to their deaths. Covered with the skins of beasts, they were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired. Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car. Hence, even for criminals who deserved extreme and exemplary punishment, there arose a feeling of compassion; for it was not, as it seemed, for the public good, but to glut one man's cruelty, that they were being destroyed."[5]

In a pilgrim note the comparison is briefly made by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as well.[6]

See also a talk by Moojan Momen: The Attempted Assassination of Nasir al Din Shah in 1852: Millennialism and violence.[7][8]

"Following the severe persecutions of the Babis in 1848–1850 and the execution of the Bab in 1850, the Babi movement was left shattered and with no clear leadership. In Tehran, two differing groups appeared among the Babis of the city. One group, under the leadership of ‘Azim and Azal, wanted to go to war with the Iranian government, partly to fulfill their apocalyptic and millennialist vision and partly out of revenge for persecutions they had suffered. The other, under the leadership of Baha’u’llah, looked to rebuild relationships with the government and advance the Babi cause by persuasion and the example of virtuous living.…The militant group of Babis was between thirty and seventy persons, only a small number of the total Babi population of perhaps 100,000. Their meetings appear to have come under the control of Husayn Jan, an emotive and magnetic figure who obtained a high degree of personal devotion to himself from the group. As a result the more able ‘Azim was pushed out of the picture, and this may be why the final planning of the attempt on the shah’s life appears to have been rather incompetent."[8]

Below the reader will find mention of Sulayman Khan. According to Momen's research the meetings held from which Husayn Jan rose to prominence in this little group were at Sulayman Khan's home though eventually he felt the drift was not in keeping with his goals but by that time it didn't matter.

Samples of coverage[edit]

The earliest newspaper coverage, not positively identified yet, probably occurs in Istanbul, and might occur in Germany about the same times as in Britain. Other early coverage is also very possible.


The earliest known coverage is Oct 1, 1852, p. 14 of the Morning Chronicle seems to be the first echo in London of stories that originate in Istanbul/Constantinople from letters written in Persia in August:

We learn from Constantinople of the 23rd ult. that advices had been recieved from Erzeroom, announcing that an attempt had been made by six men to assassinate the Shah of Persia while on a hunting excursion. The plan adopted by the ruffians was each to present a petition to the Shah, at which moment they fired upon him, and wounded him in the mouth and thigh, but not seriously. The villains endeavored to escape, but one was cut down by the Shah's attendants, two were arrested and sent to Tehran, and the other three fled to the woods, where they were shortly afterwards discovered, when they were instantly cut to pieces. The assassins belonged to the sect of Babi, and the Shah having had their chief put to death was the reason assigned for this revengeful act. The following is an extract from the letter: -

"Constantinople, Sept. 23.

The Erzeroom post has brought letters to the 9th just(i.e. August - ed) from that city, and to the 28th of August from Tabreez. On the 15th of August an attempt to assassinate the Shah of Persia had taken place at tehran. The shah, accompanied by his Prime Minister and by a numerous suite, had quitted that day Kasri-Millak on a hunting excursion, and had reached the skirt of a word near Maveranda, when six ill-dressed Persian, with petitions, approached the Shah, who at once drew in the reins of his horse, and took the papers held out to him. It is usual in Persia on similar excursions for the Sovereign to proceed alone, and keep his MInisters and attendants at a distance of several hundred yards, and when he stops they do likewise. The petitioners were of the sect of Babi, and, after delivering their papers, two seised the bridle of the horse, and the other four surrounded the Shah, and loudly, and with menacing gesture, demanded redress for the insult done to their religion by having put their chief to death. The Shah courageously ordered them off, but before his suite came up, two of the fanatic ruffians drew their pistols and fired at him, two balls of which took effect; the first wounded him in the mouth, and the second slightly grazed his thigh. Immediately after this attempt they took to their heels, hotly pursued by the attendants. Three contrived to escape in the wood, one was cut down by the Multezim or Rikiab, and the other two were seized and conveyed to Tehran, for the purpose of obtaining a clue to the conspiracy. The Shah's wounds were so light that the next day he proceeded in grand pomp to the mosque, in order to offer his thanksgiving for his miraculous escape. On his return to the palace, the MInisters and the Russian and English Ambassadors, and the Chargé d'Affaires of the Porte, in full costume, congratulated him. Public rejoicing also took place, and the city of Tehran was illuminated at night. On the 16th of August intelligence had been received of the seizure of the three assassins who had effected their escape, and concealed themselves in the wood. They were discovered in a well, and were drawn out and cut to pieces, according to the orders given by the Prime Minister."[9]

Momen starts an extended series of coverage with 7 Oct 1852 Standard, p. 129 account from a correspondent in Istanbul sending news from Tabriz he received on Sept. 23rd.[10] In all 42 stories in Spanish newspapers are noted in 1852 and 4 stories in Spanish newspapers are noted in 1853.[11]


in Journal des débats politiques et littéraires, 30 Oct 1852, citing the Journal de Constantinople of 14 Oct had a story mentioning Babis"[12]

Des nouvelles de Perse, apportées par le Journal de Constantinople 14 octobre, portent qu'à la suite de l'attentat dirigé par les Babis contre le Schah, une exécution en masse de ces sectaires a eu lieu à Téhéran. Une machine infernale avait été découverte dans le bazar de Tauris; nous ne savons pas si cette découverte a précédé ou suivi l'espèce de massacre des Babis dont parlent les letres de Tuaris.

On lit dans le Journal de Constinople:

"Des lettres de Tauris du 27 septembre, arrivées hier de Trébisonde, ont apporté en ville des nouvelles de la Perse, qui sont d'une certaine gravité. Sáns assumer aucune responsabilité, nous ne pouvons passer sous silence ce que ces correspondances annoncent.

L'execution à Téhéran d'environ quatre cents Babis, qu'on dit ètre complices de l'attentat contre le Schah de Perse, dont nous avons rendu compte dans nos précédens numéros; a eu lieu avec un appareil formidable. Ils ont été soumis aux plus grandes tortures. On assure que le Schah de Perse se trouve gravement affecté par suite de l'attentat dirigé contre lui par les Babis.

Une machine infernale, composé de douze gros cannons de fusil, avait été saisie dans le bazar de Tauris, mais on ne sait encore dans quel but elle avait été fabriquée. Les susppositions les plus contradictoires couraient dans cette ville, et l'autorité était à la recherche des auteurs de cet instrument de mort, créé sans nul doute dans de coupables intentions.

Le commerce de la Perse a reçu un coup mortel par la nouvelle ordonnance promulguée tout dernièrement par le gouvernement persan. Il a défendu à tout négociant ou marchand de vendre à crédit le plus petit object à aucun des employés civils et militaires; et comme ce sont les fonctionnaires et les officiers qui sont les principaux acheteurs des denrées coloniales, du thé, des armés, des cristaux, de la quicaillerie, etc., il résulte de cette ordonnance que le commerce s'est arrètte tout à coup, et l'on ne prévoit pas de quelle manière il pourra se reliever.

Which translates roughly as:

News of Persia, made by the Journal of Constantinople, October 14, are as a result of the attack led by Babis against the Shah, a mass execution of these sectarians took place in Tehran. An infernal machine had been discovered in the bazaar Tauris, we do not know if this discovery preceded or follow the kind of massacre of Babis are talking letres of Tuaris.

We read in the Journal of Constantinople:

"Letters of Tauris September 27, arrived yesterday from Trebizond, the city brought news of Persia, who are of a certain gravity. Without liability, we can not ignore that these matches ahead.

The execution in Tehran about four hundred Babis, said to be complicit in the attack against the Shah of Persia, which we reported in our preceding numbers; took place with a great camera. They were subjected to the greatest tortures. This ensures that the Shah of Persia is seriously affected as a result of the attack directed against him by the Babis.

An infernal machine, consisting of twelve large cannons gun was seized in the bazaar Tauris, but it remains unclear what purpose it was manufactured. The most contradictory susppositions running in this city, and the authority was seeking authors of this instrument of death created in undoubtedly guilty intentions.

Trade of Persia received a mortal blow by the new ordinance promulgated recently by the Persian government. He has forbidden any trader or merchant to sell on credit the smallest object to any of the civilian and military employees, and as it is the officials and officers who are the main buyers of colonial produce, tea, armed crystals, the hardware, etc.., it follows from this order that the trade has suddenly keeps spreading, and it does not how it may reliever.

the Patriot Nov 1, p. 5, notes:

"The Journal of Constantinople has…Letters from Tauris, of the 27th… The execution at Teheran of about 400 Babis, who are said to have been accomplices to the attempt against the Shah of Persia, took place in a very cruel manner. They were subjected to the greatest tortures. It is said that the Shah is much affected in consequences of the attempt made on him by the Babis. An infernal machine, composed of twelve gun barrels, has been seized in the Bazaar to Tauris, but no one knows for what object it had been manufactured. The trade of Persia has received a mortal blow by a decree which has been recently promulgated by the Persian Government, which prohibits any dealer to sell the smallest article on credit to any civil or military employés; and, as these functionaries are the principle purchasers of colonial articles, tear, arms, glass, etc, commerce is completely at a stand-still."[13]


Morning Chronicle, Nov 10, p. 6:

Private letters from Tabreez to the 27th of September... (cholera)

The Bábee excitement continues to prevail at Tehran, and it is calculated that the executions consequent on the late attempt upon the Shah's life have already amounted to 400, many of whom have been cut in twain, others actually roasted alive, some shod with red-hot horses-shoes, and some stoned to death. In fact, the ingenuity of the most bloodthirsty wretches as been called into action to devise new modes of punishment, carrying with them the most excruciating pains and agonies.

Colonel Sheil, her Britannic Majesty's ambassador at the Courst of the Shah, has quitted his post, en route for England, in consequence of extreme ill-health, leaving Mr. Thomson, the secretary of the legation at the Constantinople embassy, is reported as likely to succeed Colonel Sheil.…"[14]

Earliest figments of history portrayed[edit]

Sometimes "a Manommedan gentleman" in London is presented reporting some kind of summary of the history of the religion. For example see "The Attempted Regicide in Persia", The New York Times, 8 November 1852.[15] Note pages and pages would need to be written untangling the misinformation, error, and spin given to facts to separate out what is fragmentarily true or more or less true. It would be the work of Gobineau - flawed as it would be in a decade to come - to be a better history of things to be followed another few decades later by the still somewhat flawed work of Browne.

The Attempted Regicide in Persia.
A Mahommedan gentlemen, resident in London, furnishes the following elucidation on the latest news from Persia:

  A person of the name of Moollah Sadique, dwelling at Shiraz, made a public declaration that in the year of the Higira, 1255, corresponding with the Christian era 1839, a prophet would make his appearance, and that his name would be Baub, which signifies that all the knowledge and sanctity of prophecy would be possessed by him; that his mission would nullify all the modes of faith set forth by the ancient prophets, and that they whole would would embrace his religion. He further announced that Baub would receive a heavenly book, and that all the treasures of the world, both what was already discovered, and what was yet hidden in the bowels of the earth, would be put into his possession.
  "Shortly after this announcement, he declared himself to be the prophesied Baub, provided a book which he called Heavenly, and obtained several followers, chiefly from amongst the ignorant and uneducated class of people. On hearing of this, Mahomed Shah, of blessed memory, King of Persia, ordered the most learned men of his time to examine into and decide upon the matter. An investigation accordingly took place, and the result was that Moollah Sadique, calling himself the Baub, was found to be an impostor and a false prophet, and, as such, was sentenced by his judges to be beheaded. His Majesty, the late King of Persia, would not, however consent to the extreme penalty of th slaw being executed; but spared the life of the offender, on condition of his destroying his pretended 'Heavenly Book,' and making a public declaration of his repentance.
  "On the decease, however, of the late King, and the accession of his present Majesty to the throne of Persia, the impostor returned to his old courses, declaring that, the old King being now dead, the time for his prophetic mission had arrived. He accordingly sent letters in every direction with the limits of Persia; despatched an agent to the city of Astrabad, to foment disturbances there; and having assembled round his own person a band of between three and four thousand infatuated and desperate followers, he straightway began to enforce his new doctrines by means of fire and sword. Whoever refused to embrace his religion was sentenced to be burnt in his own home, together with his family, and in this manner several thousand persons were barbarously murdered. A body of these fanatics, about the same time, made an attack upon the present King of Persia, but he succeeded in effecting his escape - while a younger brother, who was so unfortunate as to fall into their hands, was burnt alive, according to their custom.
  "As this fanatic rebellion appeared to be gaining strength, a body o the royal troupes were now marched from the frontiers of Mazindran and Astrabad, for the purpose of checking it. Every effort was made, by way of exhortation, by the royal commanders to induce the rebels to return to their duty, but to no purpose. The infatuated men were resolved on enforcing their principle, and regaining power by bloodshed and rapine. A sanguinary encounter too place between them and the royal trips, in which not less than four thousand fell on both sides. Among the few of the rebels, who were made prisoners, was the vicegerent or principle agent of the impostor; but even him the King did not put to death, but sentenced him, with eleven other desperate fanatics, to be imprisoned for life.
  "Some time after this, in the country of Zunjaun, near Teheran, Moollah Mahomed Ully, a leader of the fanatics, raised the standard of rebellion, expelled the Govenor of that place, took forcible possession of the magazine and artillery, and, for nine months maintained himself in a state of hostility to the royal authority,and did great injury in that part of the country. At length, after about four thousand of the royal troops had fallen, in the endeavor to suppress this outbreak, the fanatic leader, Moollah Mahomed Ully, having been killed, the rebels were worsted and dispersed.
  "Upon this representation was made to the King of Persia on behalf of the great body of the people, showing that as the most learned Mahomedans had proved the Baub to be an impostor, and sentenced him to death, it was necessary that the sentence should be enforced, seeing that as long as he should be permitted to live, the peaceable inhabitants of the country would be in constant danger from the outbreak of his fanatical followers. On this representation, and by the advice and recommendation of the chief men of the kingdom, his Majesty ordered him to be beheaded. The freedom from seditious fanaticism that the kingdom of Persia enjoyed for upwards of two years may be fairly cited in proof of the salutary effect of this decision.

 "From the private letters of friends, as well as the public intelligence from Persia, I am informed that a person named Hanjee Soolaiman Khan, who was one of the Baubs, or followers of the Baub, had formed a design to kill his Majesty the King of Persia, persuaded his adherents and abetters that he was then to assume the Empire as prophet. This was the man who attempted the life of the King, and who was put to death for the crime." [16]

Persian Heretics and Executioners[edit]

And then a rather longer first hand account showing horrors one would have thought undreamed. It is eventually echoed in New Zealand - last on 26 March 1853[17] Steven Cooney lists the English version originating as "Reprinted from the Kolner Zeitung. “Persian Heretics and Executioners.” The Times (London). October 23, 1852.[18] This might be referenced in The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts on p. 12, 132–146, originating as "Oesterreichischer Soldatenfreund" on August 29 by Captain Alfred von Goumoens, an Austrian working in Tehran, published perhaps first in Oesterreichischer Soldatenfreund: Zeitschrift für militärische Interessen of October 12[19] and then echoed in Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung and Kolnische Zeitung 23 Oct. 1852, p. 2.

Persian Heretics and Executioners. -- The late attempt to assassinate the Shah of Persia was made by two persons who belonged to the religious sect of the Babis. This was the only confession they made in spite of the inexpressible torments of the rack, and, though their bones were crushed by screws, still their lips remained closed, and all they said was, "We are Babis." The Babis are schismatics, and they pray to the prophet, but they prefer their prayers in a manner which is somewhat different from the devotional exercises of orthodox Muslemim. The sect was founded about fifteen years ago by a man of the name Bab, whom the King ordered to be shot, and who was shot accordingly. The most devoted among his followers fled to Sengain, where they were attacked by the King's troops. It was believed that all of them, men, women, and children, had been put to the sword, and that not a single Babi could be found to disturb the equanimity of the true believers; but intolerance has always the same effects, and the Babi doctrines took root and spread apace, and at this moment there is not a town in the kingdom without its congregation of secret Babis. The Government adheres to the system of persecution which comes so natural to a Persian, and the heretics have consequently many opportunities to assert the purity of their faith by martyrdom. The prophet Bab himself told his disciples that the road to Paradise lay through the chamber of torture. If this be true, there is no denying it that the present Shah is very kind of the Babis, for he does his best to send them to Heaven. His last decree treats of the utter extermination of the heretics. Now, considering the peculiar character of Oriental ethics, nobody could find fault with the Persians if the poor sectarians were simply and quickly put to death, but the manner in which the capital sentence is executed, the circumstances which precede the last blow, the torments which consume the body until life ends in a last horrible convulsion - these are so revolting that the very thought makes one's blood run cold. Countless blows falling hard and fast on the backs and the feet of the unfortunates, and the singeing of the limbs with redhot irons, are mere commonplace torments, and he to whom they are applied may thank God for being treated so leniently. But look at those wretches, who, with their eyes put out, are compelled to eat their own ears, which have been cut off, and to eat them raw. Look at others, whose teeth have been broken out by the hands of the executioner, offering their bare heads to the hammer which is to break their skulls. Or look at the woeful spectacle of the bazaar, lighted up by heretics, whose breasts and shoulders are drilled through and through, and made to contain burning candles. I have seen them marching through the bazaar with a band of music preceding them. Some of the candles were burnt down, and the wick and grease burnt right in the quivering flash. Nor are these the only torments which the inventive cruelty of the Orientals has devised. They take the Babis, skin the soles of their feet, shoe them as they would a horse, and after this they compel the victims to run a race. I shall never forget the scene. Not a groan had escaped him; he had borne the worst torment in gloomy silence, but now they ordered him to rise and run; he makes an attempt but the flesh is weaker than the mind - he staggers and falls! For mercy's sake, give him the coup de grace, and make an end of it. No; the executioner flourishes the knout, it comes down upon the quivering feet, he rushes forward, and runs. That is the beginning of the end. The end itself is that the scarred, mutilated body is hung to a tree by one foot and one hand, with the head downwards, and then every person may have a shot at it. I saw bodies literally torn to pieces by not less than 150 bullets. Fortunate are those who are strangled, stoned, or suffocated; fortunate, too, are those who are tied to a cannon, or who fall under the sword, the dagger, the hammer, or the club. Not only the executioners, but also the populace, take part in this butchery. The judges now and then present some Crown officer or dignitary with a few Babis, and the Persian feels delighted and honoured by shedding the blood of the gagged and defenseless man. The infantry, cavalry, artillery, the King's guards, the guilds of the butchers, bakers, &c., - all took part in the bloody scenes. A certain Babi was sent as a present to the officers of the garrison; the commanding general had the first cut at him, and the other officers followed, each with his sword, according to rank and seniority. The Persian troops are butchers, but not warriors. One Babi was sent to the Imaum Giume, who killed him offhand. The Islam has notion of no charity. After their death, the bodies of the Babis are cut into halves, and either nailed to the gates or thrown out to the dogs and shakals. -- Kolner Zeitung..

Kolner Zeitung seems to be Kölner Zeitung (Cologne Newspaper). Echoes continue afterwards.[20]

Another German account comes from Captain von Goumoens of Austria was printed in America in December 1852,[21] which is also translated by Edward G. Browne in Chapter 5 of his Materials for the Study of the Babi Religion,[22] originally published October, 1852, and written early in August.

Dr Jakob Polak[edit]

In 1865 the Dr. published his first hand account of on the Attempt on the life of the Shah in Das Land und seine Bewohner. It mentions:

In late summer 1852 as the Shah, accompanied by an approximately 500-man guard, underwent an outing from his summer palace Riaveran, three men came towards him, whereupon one of them point blank fired a pistol at him, ... The shot grazed the stomach of the Shah's horse; the guard appeared to back off, leaving him to his fate, then everyone believed him to be dead and murdered at the hands of a pretender to the throne. Had there been a decaying corpse among the living it would have seemed superfluous [very loosely translated]. Only one foreign servant noticed the Shah stirring. He lunged dauntlessly and seized one of the murderers. A fight arose in which the servant received a stab wound to the stomach; in the meantime others trudged towards the murderers - and the king was saved. What resulted were only a few small grains of shot in the area of his backside. Of the assassins one recognized fanatical Babis, who wanted to avenge the death of their Prophet. The pistol and the ammunition which they operated were so poor that only a miracle could have enabled them to realize their goal. The Shah immediately showed himself the wolf, in order to prevent malicious rumours... . He retorted that God had saved him: "Certainly God has saved me, because you all have forsaken me."

Then began the persecution. The Shah was encouraged to believe in a further widely networked conspiracy of Babis, shut up behind regiments, civil servants, attendants, priests, teachers, garden, in every sigh he found plotters and he was not for a moment without fear for his life. Even the wife of the grand vizier, born in Masandaran, was accused belonging to the sect [...]. Seized by fear and horror from every side the Shah lapsed into Machiavellian ways to exterminate the believers. In Teheran there lived the highest of the royal farashe Haji Ali Chan, a heartless man and ready on command for any atrocity; he gave him the instruction to seek out all Babis and throw them in to jail. Then he ordered every corps, ever branch of the civilian and military detail to surrender at least one Babi in case within one or the other corps were still secret members of the sect [...].This plan should go ahead. Haji Ali an innovative mind came up with abominable, crucifying methods of execution [... passage about torture]. The martyrs demonstrated the courage and steadfastness of fanaticism; no recanting of faith, no hint of a cry of pain. I was witness to the execution of Qurret el ayn, who was executed by the war minister and his adjutants; the beautiful woman endured her slow death with superhuman strength.[23]

Database of coverage[edit]

Newspaper Land date cites source significant figures/"facts" mentioned title
Morning Chronicle[9] London, UK Oct 1 1852 Constantinople Aug 9th letter to 28th first in English, six "assassins", two guns fired, Shah next day received Ambassadors cell
Standard[10] London, UK Oct 7 1852 Tabriz cell cell cell
Morning Herald[10] London, UK Oct 8 1852 cell cell cell cell
Daily News[10] London, UK Oct 8 1852 cell cell cell cell
Morning Post[10] London, UK Oct 8 1852 cell cell cell cell
Morning Chronicle[10] London, UK Oct 8 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Guardian[24] London, UK Oct 9 1852 cell cell cell cell
L'Union[10] France? Oct 9 1852 cell cell cell cell
Le Constitutionnel[10] France? Oct 9 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Observer[25] London, UK Oct 10 1852 cell cell cell cell
London Standard[26] London, UK Oct 11 1852 cell cell cell cell
Morning Chronicle[27] London, UK Oct 11 1852 cell cell cell cell
El Diario de Cataluña.[11] Madrid Spain ? Oct 11 1852 cell cell cell cell
El Correo de Barcelona[11] Barcelona Spain Oct 12 1852 L’Impartial de Smyrne (Constaninople) cell cell cell
Zeitschrift für militärische Interessen[28] Germany Oct 12 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Times[29] London, UK Oct 12 1852 cell cell cell cell
Freeman's Journal[30] UK Oct 13 1852 cell cell cell cell
Manchester Times[31] UK Oct 13 1852 cell cell cell cell
London Nonconformist[32] UK Oct 13 1852 cell cell "Advices have been received through Germany from Tauris …" and mentions Dr. Cloquet cell
Cheltenham Chronicle[33] UK Oct 14 1852 cell cell runs double stories cell
Glasgow Herald[30] Glasgow UK Oct 15 1852 cell cell cell cell
Belfast News-Letter[30] Northern Ireland UK Oct 15 1852 cell cell cell cell
Royal Cornwall Gazette[30] Cornwall UK Oct 15 1852 cell cell cell cell
London Daily News[30] UK Oct 15 1852 cell cell cell cell
Morning Post[30] UK Oct 15 1852 cell cell cell cell
Newcastle Journal[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Nation[35] Ireland Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Huddersfield Chronicle[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Hertford Mercury and Reformer[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Leeds Intelligencer [34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Leicester Chronicle[36] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Leeds Mercury[30] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Kendal Mercury[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Hampshire Advertiser[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Northampton Mercury[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Hampshire Telegraph[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Yorkshire Gazette[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Bristol Mercury[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Freeman's Journal[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Oxford Journal[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Wells Journal[34] UK Oct 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Reynolds's Newspaper[36] UK Oct 17 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Observer[37] UK Oct 17 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Observer [38] UK Oct 18 1852 cell cell "Hajee Suleiman Khan" mentioned cell
Sherborne Mercury[36] UK Oct 19 1852 cell cell cell cell
Manchester Times[36] UK Oct 20 1852 cell cell cell cell
Dundee Courier[36] UK Oct 20 1852 cell cell cell cell
Hereford Journal[36] UK Oct 20 1852 cell cell cell cell
Blackburn Standard[36] UK Oct 20 1852 cell cell cell cell
North Devon Journal[36] UK Oct 21 1852 cell cell cell cell
Elgin Courier[36] UK Oct 21 1852 cell cell cell cell
North Wales Chronicle[36] UK Oct 22 1852 cell cell cell cell
Carlisle Journal[36] UK Oct 22 1852 cell cell cell cell
?[11] Spain Oct 22 1852 cell cell references to Journal de Constantinople cell
NY Times [10][39] NY, US Oct 22 1852 cell cell cell cell
?[11] Spain Oct 23 1852 cell cell cell cell
Brooklyn Eagle[40][41] NY, US Oct 23 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Times[42] London, UK Oct 23 1852 cell cell cell cell
The New York Times[43][44][45] NY US Oct 28 1852 cell cell an abbreviated update to an earlier story - this one details "Hajee Suleman Khan" and "Kurret-il-Ain" cell
Nottinghamshire Guardian[46] UK Oct 28 1852 cell cell cell cell
Bangor Daily Whig and Courier[47] MA US Oct 28 1852 cell cell "Hajee Suliman Khan" and "KurretilAin" cell
Lancaster Gazette[46] UK Oct 30 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Guardian[48] London, UK Oct 30 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Buffalo Daily Republic[49] Buffalo, New York Oct 30 1852 cell cell cell cell
Journal des débats politiques et littéraires[12] France Oct 30 1852 Journal de Constantinople of 14 Oct cell cell cell
The Tri-Weekly Commercial[50] Wilmington, North Carolina Oct 30 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Times[51] UK Nov 1 1852 cell cell cell cell
Glasgow Herald[46] UK Nov 1 1852 cell cell cell cell
Patriot[13] cell Nov 1 1852 cell cell cell cell
The New York Times[44][52] NY, US Nov 2 1852 cell cell cell cell
Nonconformist[53] London, UK Nov 3 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Guardian[54] London, UK Nov 3 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Weekly Wisconsin[55] Milwaukee Wisconsin US Nov 3 1852 cell cell cell cell
Stirling Observer[46] UK Nov 4 1852 cell cell two stories - page 2 and 3 cell
North Devon Journal[46] UK Nov 4 1852 cell cell cell cell
Weekly Commercial[56] NC, US Nov 5 1852 cell cell cell cell
Wilmington Journal[57] NC, US Nov 5 1852 cell cell cell cell
Kendal Mercury [46] UK Nov 6 1852 cell cell cell cell
Westmorland Gazette [46] UK Nov 6 1852 cell cell cell cell
Northampton Mercury [46] UK Nov 6 1852 cell cell cell cell
Star of Freedom[58] UK Nov 6 1852 cites Journal of Constantinople cell cell cell
The Times-Picayune[59] New Orleans, Louisiana, US Nov 6 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Times-Picayune[60] New Orleans, Louisiana, US Nov 6 1852 cell cell cell cell
New York Times[44][61] NY, US Nov 8 1852 cell cell cell cell
Weekly Commercial[62] Wilmington NC, US Nov 8 1852 cell cell "Hajee Suleiman Khan" and "Kurret-il-Ain" How they punish treason
Morning Chronicle[citation needed] UK Nov 10 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Brooklyn Daily Eagle[63] UK Nov 10 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Portage Sentinel[64] Ravenna, Ohio Nov 10 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Daily Delta'[65] New Orleans, LA Nov 11 1852 cell cell cell cell
Wilmington Journal[66] UK Nov 12 1852 cell cell cell cell
New York Times[44][67] NY, US Nov 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
Brooklyn Evening Star[68] NY, US Nov 16 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Sun[44][69] NY, US Nov 17 1852 cell cell cell cell
North Wales Chronicle[46] UK Nov 19 1852 cell cell cell cell
The People's Press[70] UK Nov 20 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Quincy Whig[71] US Nov 22 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Weekly Wisconsin[72] NY, US Nov 24 1852 cell cell cell cell
Democratic State Register[73] NY, US Nov 24 1852 cell cell cell cell
The New York Times[74] NY, US Dec 6 1852 cell cell cell cell
London Daily News[53] UK Dec 6 1852 cell cell cell cell
Watertown Chronicle[75] UK Dec 8 1852 cell cell cell cell
Harper's New Monthly Magazine[76] UK? Dec 1852 cell cell cell cell
The Argus[77] Melbourne Australia Jan 13 1853 cell cell cell cell
The Argus[78] Melbourne Australia Jan 21 1853 cell cell cell cell
South Australian Register[79] Adelaide Australia Jan 24 1853 cell cell cell cell
Empire[80] Sydney Australia Jan 25 1853 cell cell cell cell
Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser[81] Australia? Jan 29 1853 "Constantinople September 23" (1852) cell cell cell
Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser[82] Australia Jan 29 1853 cell cell cell cell
The Goulburn Herald and County of Argyle Advertiser[83] Australia Feb 5 1853 cell cell cell cell
Colonial Times[84] Australia Feb 10 1853 cell cell cell cell
Freeman's Journal[85] Australia Feb 10 1853 cell cell cell cell
Daily Southern Cross[86] Australia Feb 11 1853 Melbourne Argus of Jan. 14 cell cell cell
New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian[87] New Zealand Feb 19 1853 cell cell cell cell
Daily Southern Cross[88] Australia Feb 22 1853 cell cell cell cell
Hobart Tasmanian Colonial Times[89] Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Feb 22 1853 cell cell cell cell
Tasmanian Launceston Examiner[90] Mar 10 1853 cell cell cell cell cell
Colonial Times[91] Mar 17 1853 cell cell cell cell cell
New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian[92] New Zealand Mar 19 1853 a Constantinople source cell cell cell
cell cell cell cell cell cell cell
New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian[93] New Zealand Mar 23 1853 cell cell cell
New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian[17] New Zealand Mar 26 1853 cell cell cell cell
Otago Witness[94] New Zealand Apr 2 1853 cell cell cell cell
Nashville Union and American[95] US Sept. 30 1853 cell cell cell cell
cell cell cell cell cell cell cell

The Egea article needs to be gone over in detail to integrate with this.

More echoes are likely among those known in Spain,[11] Italy,[96] and the Netherlands.[97]

Thousands[edit]

20 December 1852, London Standard, p. 3:

Turkey. Constantinople, Dec 5.

… …Letters from Bagdad of the 7th ult. are of importance. The Shah's brother, accused of being a Bab, had escaped from Teheran, and had sought refuge at Bagdad. The Turkish Governor, Namik Pacha, had refused to receive him, which is contrary to the sentiments show by the Government towards refugees. The Persia prince, however, entered the city with a British passport, and, disguised as a British officer, took up his quarters at Colonel Rawlinson's, our consul general, who acted with great humanity and friendship towards the unfortunate young man. By the same letters we learn that the persecution against the Babs was awful, and the 20,000 or 30,000 had been put to death in the south of Persia.[98]

This story is then repeated a number of times:
24 Dec, Newcastle Journal, Tyne and Wear, England, p. 2,[99]
25 Dec, Leeds Intelligencer, p. 3,[100] and Hampshire Advertiser, Hampshire, England, p. 3.[101]
27 Dec, Birmingham Gazette, West Midlands, England, p. 1[102]
15 Jan, 1853 , Cambridge Independent Press, Cambridgeshire, England, p. 4, (very abbreviated)[103]


This has not been referenced in The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts.

The matter of how many martyrs there were has been discussed in several works. Most point to a few thousand. See From Babism to Baha'ism: Problems of Militancy, Quietism, and Conflation in the Construction of a Religion by Denis MacEoin, published in Religion, vol. 13, especially pages 236-7, (1983), The Babi and Baha’i community of Iran: a case of “suspended genocide”?, by Moojan Momen, Journal of Genocide Research (2005), 7(2), June, especially page 222 where Momen mentions:

"Conservative estimates put the total number of Babis killed during the whole period of 1848 to 1853 at 3,000, while other historians, including the Iranian court chronicler Sipihr and the Baha’i leader ‘Abdu’l-Baha (1844–1921), claim 20,000 or more. The main reason for the indecisiveness about the numbers killed relates to the events after the attempted assassination of Nasir ad-Din Shah. While many only give a list of 35 men officially executed in Tehran and a small number elsewhere, there are some accounts, such as the following from the Comte de Gobineau (quoted in The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts, 1981, pp 144–145), who was French Minister in Tehran shortly after these events, that seem to imply a much larger number of deaths…"(see also above earlier at "Persian Heretics and Executioners")

There is further discussion at Sen McGlinn's blog, circa 2007–2013.[104] There, as well as in a statement through the Universal House of Justice originally in 1984 and published in Bahá'í Studies Bulletin v3n4, Dec. 1995, p. 99, that Fádil Mazandarání, (1880-1957), had found that Mirza Muhammad Taqi Lisan al-Mulk Sipihr (Sepehr), Nasikh al-tawarikh, and documented the high number in official government records dating to 1858.[105][104]

Quake in Shiraz[edit]

While news of the martyrdoms of Babis was still echoing a catastrophic quake hit Shiraz May 3, 1853. A minor quake, coincident with the time it takes the tremors to reach around the globe, occurred in the DC-to-Ohio area on May 2, though this coincidence was not known for perhaps another year.[106] It was mentioned in the news first[107] followed some months later by the news from Shiraz.[108]

Continuing reference[edit]

The Shah was reported dead from an illness in the Brooklyn Eagle, April 11, 1860, Page: 1.[109] It mentions the past assassination attempt by a Babi.

See also[edit]

  • Press coverage during the Ministry of Bahá’u’lláh

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Chapter V: The Attempt on the Life of the Sháh and Its Consequences, God Passes By, by Shoghi Effendi, p. 62
  2. ↑ Chapter XXCI: Attempt on the Sháh's life and its consequences, The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl’s Narrative of the Early Days of the Bahá’í Revelation, by Nabil Source: US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1932 edition Pages: 676
  3. ↑ A Traveler’s Narrative, by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1980
  4. ↑ (Google Translate) "Baha'i Babi - and discrimination in the historiography", by Bijan Masumian, akhbar-rooz.com, August 5, 2012
  5. ↑ The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15/Chapter 44, Wikipedia
  6. ↑ The Light of the World by George Orr Latimer, Boston: self-published, 1920
  7. ↑ The Attempted Assassination of Nasir al Din Shah in 1852: Millennialism and Violence, by Moojan Momen, 2004-03-23
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Momen, Moojan (August, 2008). "Millennialism and Violence: The Attempted Assassination of Nasir al-Din Shah of Iran by the Babis in 1852". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 12 (1): 57–82. doi:10.1525/nr.2008.12.1.57. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2008.12.1.57. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 not online, "Persia", Oct 1, 1852, p. 14 of the Morning Chronicle
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Moojan Momen (1981) [1977]. The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts. G. Ronald. pp. 4, 11, 62–5, 83–90. ISBN 978-0-85398-102-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Egea. "Chronicles of a Birth - Early References to the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions in Spain (1850-1853)" (PDF). Lights of 'Irfán - Papers Presented at the 'Irfán Colloquia and Seminars. National Spiritual Assembly of the United States. 5: 59–77. {{cite journal}}: Text "first Amín E." ignored (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Des Nouvelles de Perse, 3rd column, half way down, Journal des débats politiques et littéraires, 30 Oct 1852, page 1
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 not online yet, Patriot, Nov 1, page 5, 3rd column, alittle down from top
  14. ↑ not online yet, Morning Chronicle, Nov 10, p. 6, 3rd column near middle
  15. ↑ The Attemtped Regicide in Persia, The New York Times(New York, New York), 8 November 1852 • Page 6
  16. ↑ "The Attempted Regicide in Persia", The New York Times, 8 November 1852 • Page 6:
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 English Extracts (near the middle), New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian, 26 March 1853, Page 3
  18. ↑ see Persian Heretics and Executioners, The Times, (London, Greater London, England), 23 October 1852 • Page 8 and again Oct 30: Persian heretics and executioners, The Guardian (London, Greater London, England)30 Oct 1852, Sat • Page 5
  19. ↑ Oesterreichischer Soldatenfreund: Zeitschrift für militärische Interessen. 1852. p. 513.
  20. ↑ (see down page for ) Persian Heretics and Executioners, The Glasgow Herald - Nov 1, 1852, p. 6
  21. ↑ Verlen, Hermanner Wochenblatt (Hermann, Missouri)03 Dec 1852, Fri • Page 2
  22. ↑ Materials for the Study of the Babi Religion, compiled and translated by E. G. Browne, Chapter 5
  23. ↑ [1] which has been translated here
  24. ↑ Attempt to assasinate the Shah of Persia, The Guardian (London, Greater London, England)09 Oct 1852, Sat • Page 5
  25. ↑ Attempt to assasinate the Shah of Persia, The Observer (London, Greater London, England)10 Oct 1852, Sun • Page 3
  26. ↑ "Persia", London Standard, Oct 11, 1852, p. 2, 6th column, bottom
  27. ↑ "Persia", Morning Chronicle, Oct 11, 1852, p. 7, 1st column, below top
  28. ↑ Oesterreichischer Soldatenfreund: Zeitschrift für militärische Interessen. 1852. pp. 513–?.
  29. ↑ Persia, The Times (London, Greater London, England)12 Oct 1852, Tue • Page 6
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 Your results at BritishAewspaperArchive(9): +persia bab
  31. ↑ "Persia", Manchester Times, Oct 13, 1852, p. 2, 2nd column, below middle
  32. ↑ not online yet,London Nonconformist, Oct 13, 1852, p. 9, 1st column, near bottom
  33. ↑ "Persia" and "The Attack on the Shah of Persia", Cheltenham Chronicle, Oct 14, 1852, p. 2, 1st column, above middle
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 34.12 Your results at BritishAewspaperArchive(10): +persia bab
  35. ↑ "…we mentioned a few days since…, The Nation, (Dublin, Dublin, Ireland)16 October 1852 • Page 7
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 Your results at BritishAewspaperArchive(11): +persia bab
  37. ↑ New sect in Persia, The Observer (London, Greater London, England)17 Oct 1852, Sun • Page 2
  38. ↑ Cruelty - Hajee Suleiman Khan, The Observer (London, Greater London, England)18 Oct 1852, Mon • Page 7
  39. ↑ Persia, The New York Times, (New York, New York), 22 October 1852 • Page 6
  40. ↑ The Shah of Persia Attacked, page 2, 3rd column, most of the way down
  41. ↑ The Shah of Persia Attacked, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, (Brooklyn, New York), 23 October 1852 • Page 2
  42. ↑ "Persian Heretics and Executioners", The Times, Oct 23, 1852, page 8, 2nd column, below middle
  43. ↑ "Persia", in the The New York Times, 28 Oct, p. 6, 3rd column, above middle
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Attempt on the Life of the Shah, 1852: Coverage in the New York Times by New York Times, compiled by Ralph Wagner.
  45. ↑ Persia, The New York Times, (New York, New York), 28 October 1852 • Page 6
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 Your results at BritishNewspaperArchive(12): +persia bab
  47. ↑ Persia, Bangor Daily Whig and Courier, (Bangor, Maine), 28 October 1852 • Page 2
  48. ↑ Persian heretics and executioners, The Guardian (London, Greater London, England)30 Oct 1852, Sat • Page 5
  49. ↑ Progress of civilization, The Buffalo Daily Republic (Buffalo, New York)30 Oct 1852, Sat • Page 2
  50. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, The Tri-Weekly Commercial (Wilmington, North Carolina)02 Nov 1852, Tue • Page 2
  51. ↑ The Semaphore de Marsielles…, The Times, (London, Greater London, England), 1 November 1852 • Page 6
  52. ↑ "From the Levant", The New York Times, 2 Nov, 1852 , p. 2, from below middle of 5th column to to near middle 6th column
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 not online yet
  54. ↑ The Guardian (London, Greater London, England)03 Nov 1852, Wed • Page 2
  55. ↑ "The way they do things in Persia",The Weekly Wisconsin, 3 Nov, 1852, p. 2, 2nd column near bottom
  56. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, Weekly Commercial, 5 November 1852 • Page 4
  57. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, Wilmington Journal, (Wilmington, North Carolina), 5 November 1852 • Page 3
  58. ↑ (not online yet
  59. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, The Times-Picayune, (New Orleans, Louisiana), 6 November 1852 • Saturday's Evening Edition
  60. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, The Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana)06 Nov 1852, Sat • [First Edition] • Page 2
  61. ↑ The New York Times, (New York, New York), 8 November 1852 • Page 7
  62. ↑ "How they punish treason", Weekly Commercial, Nov 8 1852, p.4
  63. ↑ Horrible punishment, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, (Brooklyn, New York), 10 November 1852 • Page 2
  64. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, The Portage Sentinel (Ravenna, Ohio)10 Nov 1852, Wed • Page 4
  65. ↑ The man accused…, The Daily Delta (New Orleans, Louisiana)11 Nov 1852, Thu • Page 2
  66. ↑ Persia, Wilmington Journal, (Wilmington, North Carolina), 12 November 1852 • Page 4
  67. ↑ The Semaphore de Marseilles of 26th ult.…, The New York Times, (New York, New York), 16 November 1852 • Page 3
  68. ↑ Levant, Brooklyn Evening Star (Brooklyn, New York)16 Nov 1852, Tue • Page 2
  69. ↑ Persia, The Sun, (Baltimore, Maryland), 17 November 1852 • Page 1
  70. ↑ The man accused…, The People's Press, (Winston-Salem, North Carolina), 20 November 1852 • Page 3
  71. ↑ from Tauris, The Quincy Whig, November 22, 1852
  72. ↑ Persia; Executions, The Weekly Wisconsin, (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), 24 November 1852 • Page 3
  73. ↑ Persia; Executions, Democratic State Register, (Watertown, Wisconsin), 29 November 1852 • Page 3
  74. ↑ (untitled),The New York Times, Dec 6, 1852, p. 2, 1st column below middle
  75. ↑ Wholesale executions in Persia, Watertown Chronicle, (Watertown, Wisconsin), 8 December 1852 • Page 2
  76. ↑ Anon. (Dec 1852). "Monthly Record of Current Events; Persia". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. VI (XXXI): 124, bottom right.
  77. ↑ English News; Persia, The Argus, Jan 13, 1853, p. 4, (near bottom of column)
  78. ↑ Punishments for assassination attempt South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900) (about) Previous issueMonday 24 January 1853Next issuePrevious pagePage(last column on the far right, just down from the top)]
  79. ↑ Foreign Intelligence; Persia, South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA , 24 January 1853, p. 3, (bottom and top of next column)]
  80. ↑ Persia, Empire (Sydney, NSW,) 25 January 1853, p. 3
  81. ↑ ( third column at the bottom, or bottom of highlighted column)
  82. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser, 29 January 1853, p. 3, ( third column at the bottom, or bottom of highlighted column)]
  83. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, The Goulburn Herald and County of Argyle Advertiser (NSW, 5 February 1853, p. 1, far right at the bottom
  84. ↑ Attempt to assassinate the Shah of Persia, Colonial Times (Hobart, Tas.), 10 February 1853, p. 3, bottom first column/top next
  85. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, Freeman's Journal (Sydney, NSW), 10 February 1853, p. 4, middle first column
  86. ↑ (?)Daily Southern Cross, Feb 11 1853, p.2, at the bottom
  87. ↑ (near the bottom) also check fourth column, half way down
  88. ↑ Miscellany, a bit up from the bottom
  89. ↑ How they punish treason in Persia, Hobart Tasmanian Colonial Times, 22 Feb 1853, p.2, far right near top]
  90. ↑ (?), Tasmanian Launceston Examiner, Mar 10 1853, p. 5, second column near bottom
  91. ↑ Punishment of treason in Persia, Colonial Times (Hobart, Tas.), 17 March 1853, far right column near middle
  92. ↑ ENGLISH EXTRACTS, near the middle
  93. ↑ (MISCELLANEOUS), near the bottom]
  94. ↑ Persian Heretics and Executioners (from the top), Otago Witness, 2 April 1853, Page 3
  95. ↑ Persia-More troubles, Nashville Union and American, (Nashville, Tennessee), 30 September 1853 • Page 2
  96. ↑ Italy: History of the Baha'i Faith by Julio Savi, 1992
  97. ↑ de Vries, Jelle (2002). The Babi Question You Mentioned--: The Origins of the Baha'i Community of the Netherlands, 1844-1962. Peeters Publishers. pp. 18–20, 24, 28–40, 43–46, 65–69. ISBN 978-90-429-1109-3.
  98. ↑ "Turkey", London Standard, 20 December 1852, p. 3, 3rd column, section on the Bab above middle, to view original site requires fee unless accessed "in premises owned or operated by the British Library, or within a premises subscribed to The British Newspaper Archive Community Edition".
  99. ↑ under "Foreign and Colonial Intelligence", Newcastle Journal, Dec 24, 1852, 6th column near bottom
  100. ↑ under "Foreign Intelligence", Leeds Intelligencer, Dec 25, 1852, p. 3, 3rd column, down from top
  101. ↑ under "Foreign and Colonial", Hampshire Advertiser, p. 3, 2nd column, near bottom
  102. ↑ under "London, Wednesday Dec 22, 1852",which suggests a missing entry in this series Birmingham Gazette, p. 1, 1st column, down from top
  103. ↑ "Religious Persecution in Persia" -(text reads) "Twenty thousand or thirty thousand of the Babs have been put to death in the south of Persia.", Cambridge Independent Press, p. 4, 3rd column, below middle
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 20,000 martyrs? by Sen McGinn
  105. ↑ 20,000 Martyrs, Source of Statements about by / on behalf of Universal House of Justice 1984/2005
  106. ↑ Charles Robert Cross (1848-1921, ed); William Ripley Nichols; John Trowbridge (1843-1923, ed) (1854). Year-book of Facts in Science and Art. p. 328. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  107. ↑ * Earthquake at DC, The Times-Picayune, (New Orleans, Louisiana), 5 May 1853 • Thursday's Evening Edition
    • Earthquakes and Meteors, The Sun, (Baltimore, Maryland), 6 May 1853 • Page 1
  108. ↑ *Smyrna, Evening Star, (Washington, District of Columbia), 11 July 1853 • Page 3
    • Earthquake, The Times-Picayune, (New Orleans, Louisiana), 14 July 1853 • Thursday's Evening Edition
  109. ↑ The Late Shah of Persia, Brooklyn Eagle, April 11, 1860, Page: 1, bottom of clipping
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