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Coverage of the Bahá’í Faith in New York City via the New York Age newspaper

From Bahaipedia

Part of a series on the Bahá'í Faith in New York City; see also Bahá'í Period of Historical mentions.

The New York Age coverage[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith has been mentioned by The New York Age newspaper some 144 times from 1912 to 1959 (not counting repeated generic advertisements) when it was in print (which was October 15, 1887 to February 27, 1960.) Before that there was mention of individuals who would sooner or later join the religion:

There are some mentions of the Faith or already members of the religion by 1909. Gregory himself at Howard University is mentioned,[12] right around the time he officially joined the religion[citation needed] and then later as part of the Fisk University Club of DC.[13] Then there is coverage of the presentation of the Faith at the Bethel Literary and Historical Society meeting in DC by Joseph Hannen, Lua Getsinger and Howard MacNutt in October 1909.[14]

There are patterns of how the community was functioning along the way. However because of concerns in Research on Historical mentions of the Bábí/Bahá'í Faiths gaps in information should be reviewed more closely in case OCR scanning failed to render references to the Bahá'í Faith rather than there being an actual gap.

Abdu'l-Bahá[edit]

Coverage of Abdu'l-Bahá's presence in the city starts with His talk at the Church of the Ascension.[15]

Glimmerings of community[edit]

Then there are notes of Bahá'ís holding meetings at other institutions - the "Clio Information Club" then at 135 West 136th St at which Howard MacNutt gave a talk in October 1912.[16] The next known mention of Baha'is gathering in community in New York is at the St. Marks-on-the-Bouwerie Episcopal church, (note this is different than the Bowery Mission, where Abdu'l-Baha visited, which is about 1 mile away.) The May 17, 1919 Star of the West notes Rev. William Guthrie from St. Marks-in-the-Bouwerie was on the program of the national Ridvan Feast April 26,[17] which was itself part of the very event of the official presentation of the Tablets of the Divine Plan. Rev. Guthrie met well known Baha'i Mountfort Mills and Abdul-Baha directed Mills to join William’s church. William confirmed him and he became a member of the vestry of St. Mark.[18] In March 1921 Kahlil GIbran and several Baha'is held a public meeting at St. Mark's advertised in the NY Times and Brooklyn Daily Eagle .[19] Note Baha'i participants - Glenn Shook, Howard MacNutt, Horace Holley, Juliet Thompson, Mrs. I. F. Chamberlain, and Urbain Ledoux, while there are also many presently less known names. In 1923 Fazel Mazindirani spoke at St. Marks’s-in-the-Bouwerie more than once,[20] and Baha’is had held the Ascension of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá commemoration in 1932 and had "for some years” previous at St. Mark’s-in-the-Bouwerie.[21]

Around the same time Bahá'ís also were active in the starting January 1920[22] and on through Christmas Day, 1920, at the First Emmanuel Church[23] which continued for some time (sometimes with gaps in the coverage like from May 1921 to September 1921 but continuing into October 1922.)[24] The Church was pastored by Rev. Dr. Richard Manuel Bolden and located at 105 West 113th Street, private residence, when founded in 1916,[25] and 105 West 131St Street in 1920.[26] The news of the passing of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá was among the notices.[27]

Active members of the community[edit]

Note Pastor Bolden of the church is usually noted as present and giving a talk or opening or closing the meeting. Note also well known Bahá'ís of the period like Juliet Thompson and others are not mentioned though the MacNutts are.

  • Oct 1912[16] - the MacNutts, the Carters, Thelma Ruth Carter, M. Robinson, Marie Botay, Janie Cooper, Louise Washington, Lusie Wilkerson, Jessie Garcia, Elizabeth Sequaria, Nellie Leftwich, Marie Lewis, Edward Braithwaite, W Chisum, Edward Beander, Celester Sequaria, Leon Ploche, and J. Minott - Adena Price presented music and refreshments, with Adena Minott presiding.

• An organizational meeting established articles of incorporation, October, 1920 - present included Mary Hanford Ford, Beatrice Irwin and Fazel Mazindarani.[28]

  • December 1920[23] - the "Bahai meeting" was presided over by M. van Blacum with talks by van Bergen and Mrs Tate.
  • January 1921[29] - Mary van Blacum presided over the "Bahai Association".
  • March 1921[30] - Mrs Copeland presiding at the the "Bahai Association", Mr Davenport devotions, talks by Mrs Lehman, Washington, and Silverberg.
  • April 1921[31] - M van Blacum presided over the the "Bahai Association" and read "Are all Christians Bahais?" by Abdu'l-Baha followed by another talk by Mr Morris. The talk is probably "Are not all Christians Bahais? Is there any difference?"[32]
  • May 1921[33] - the "Baha'i Circle" had Mrs' Tate and Ford and Mr Morris speaking with Mr Davenport giving a reading from Abdul-Baha and closing prayer by Mrs Copeland.
  • July 1921[34] - the "Rainbow Circle", as it is now called,[35] has moved to a Thursday evening - Rev Simpson gave a reading from "Abdu'l-Baha's book" with prayer by Mary Ford, talks by Florian Kruge and Mary Ford - "Mary Ford" was almost certainly Mary Hanford Ford.)
  • August 1921[36] - M. van Blacum presided, Mary Ford, Mr Morris, William Townsend speakers.
  • September 1921 [37] the "Rainbow Circle" had Rev JT Simpson read from the Hidden Words, a Miss Small did an additional reading, then L. Fieldman read from Answered Questions, with talks including Mrs F Kruge, Mary Ford, A Blackstone and others.
  • December 1921[38] - the "Rainbow Circle" shared news of Abdu'l-Baha's passing - Mrs Copeland, Mr Hanks, Miss Sanford and Mr Zim all read from the Hidden Words, and Mary Ford read "The necessity of following divine teachings" by Abdu'l-Baha and Mrs Kelsey read from the 19th chapter of Revelations, and a talk by Mr Manucheron was given. Ford's reading was probably from Some Answered Questions, "The Necessity of following the teachings of the DIvine Manifestations". Note the 19th chapter of the Revelation to St John - about the 24 elders and others praising the Lamb, etc. - were probably understood by some to refer to Baha'u'llah and other important figures of the Babi-Bahá'í Faiths though Some Answered Questions and Star of the West, Promulgation of Universal Peace and Tablets of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, the main publications of the time, did not discuss chapter 19.
  • January 1922[39] - at the Sunday afternoon meeting of the "Bahai Association" one person "joined the church"; the Thursday evening "Rainbow Circle" meeting was served dinner by Mrs Davenport, was interacial, and had readings from the Hidden Words by Mrs Fittey, Mr Hanks read from "Mysterious forces of naturalization", Mrs Kelsey read a letter from her son in Haifa telling of the death and funeral of Abdu'l-Baha[40] and further talks by Mrs' Ford and Copeland. "Mysterious forces of naturalization" could be a mis-reading of the old title of the Secret of Divine Civilization which had the former title of "Mysterious forces of civilization".
  • February 1922[41] - The "Bahai meeting" had "splendid attendance" with van Blacum presiding with talks by Mrs' Ford and Copeland.
  • October 1922[42] - The "Bahai services" had short talks by Mrs' Copeland and Lockett and others.

The overall affect of these circles is apparently behind some comments of E. G. Browne when he wrote a testimonial obituary for ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in January 1922 published in the The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland wherein he says:

…. In all these countries he had followers but chiefly in America, … resulting in the formation of important Bahá'í centres in New York, Chicago, San Francisco and other cities. One of the most notable practical results of the Bahá'í ethical teaching in the United States has been, according to the recent testimony of an impartial and qualified observer, the establishment in Bahá'í circles in New York of a real fraternity between black and white, and an unprecedented lifting of the "colour bar", described by the said observer as "almost miraculous". [43]

Observations about the Bahá'ís over time[edit]

In addition noting meetings, other mentions of the Faith are to be found:

"An effort was made not long ago to promote a new cult known as Bahaism, but whether the doctrine attained the dignity of a permanent meeting place does not appear." in 1920[44]

A KKK newspaper[45] The Fiery Cross had an entry mentioning "Bahaists and Babist" from New York.[46] On the other hand a 1925 brief profile of the religion sums it up

"That is quite a volume of advanced beliefs to introduce in one movement."[47]

In 1927 note was taken of the election of Louis Gregory echoing coverage in the "The Washington Sentinel on the election of Louis Gregory exemplying the

"spirit of racial amity" at the 19th convention electing the National Spiritual Assembly…"[48]

Sometimes the news was of events beyond New York - "pastor speaks to Baha'is of Tanneck NJ" in 1938.[49]

In 1943 the obituary of Mrs Annie K Lewis was published - perhaps the first Bahá'í's obituary in the city.[50]

In late 1952 there was a notice of the Ten Year Crusade.[51] Indeed a 1955 contributed story by Frank Sawyer noted that by spring of 1955 some sixty NY Bahá'ís had moved to places either in the US beyond NY or outside the country for the crusade.[52]

In 1953 a pair of stories profiling the religion featuring the North American House of Worship and the (integrated) National Spiritual Assembly appeared.[53][54]

In 1954 there was a profile of Bahá'í Randolph Fitz-Henley who had developed a language he hoped could serve as an international language.[55] Also in 1954 it ran a story summarizing the summer sessions of national Bahá'í schools emphasizing Green Acre.[56]

The NY Local Spiritual Assembly members for 1955 publicly named: Genevieve Coy, H B Kavelin, Lauretta Noisette Moore, Lee Blackwell, O Z Whitehead, Vincent Pleasant, Habib Sabet, Fazly Melany, and Ludmila Van Sombeek.[57] However Van Sombeek moved to North Carolina. It also highlighted that Lauretta Noisette Moore was a niece of Louis Gregory and had worked on committees for child education and the crusade, visited Baha'i centers in 11 European countries, and attended a European Bahá'í conference in Luxomburg. The 1957 membership were also published: Lauretta Moore, Paul Pearsall, Frank Sawyer, O Z Whitehead, William Dunlap, Ver Olsen, Vincent Pleasant, and Samuel Newman.[58]

A 1956 report on the state of church funding noted that "Baha'i Temple" was one of two "churches" that "didn't pass the plate" and had an admirable tower.[59]

In November 1957 the Bahá'ís donated books to the NY Library system from the UN NGO presence of Bahá'ís at a reception at the Countee Cullen Branch to Dorothy Homer of the NY Public Library system via Mrs Walter Blackwell of the UN Bahá'í NGO.[60][61]

In August of 1958 Bahá'í wedding of Laurette Noisette Moore and Cyril F. Tourney to be married at Bahá'í ceremony at the House of Worship was announced.[62]

Talks at centers and other locations[edit]

From 1929 most talks published in the newspaper happen at Bahá'í maintained presences. The first and longest maintained within the coverage length of the New York Age is the center at 119 West 57th (1928-1954). That being said there is also a substantial gap in talks reported from June 1948 to January 1953. After a gap of only from July 954 to January 1955, the second was at Parkside Hotel, 18 Gramercy Park south(aka 20th St) (1955-1957) and the third was at 112 W. 72nd St (1957-59 within the coverage limit of the newspaper.) A distinguishing feature of the first Bahá'í center is that it tended to feature non-Bahá'í guest speakers though sometimes they occurred at the other centers as well.

Talks at the center @ 119 West 57th[edit]

Midtown neighborhood

1928[edit]
  • The opening event of the Baha'i Center at 119 and W 57 is a commemoration of Abdu'l-Baha at which Sohrab Ahmad and Kahlil Gibran attended.[63]

Juliet Thompson reported on this events:

"Then one night, years afterward, the Master's motion picture was going to be shown at the Bahá'í Center.... He sat beside me on the front row and he saw the Master come to life again for him in that picture. And he began to sob. We had asked him to speak a few words that night. When the time came for him to speak, he controlled himself and jumped up on the platform and then, my dear, still weeping before us all he said : 'I declare that 'Abdu'l-Bahá is the Manifestation of God for this day!' Of course he got it wrong — but.... He was weeping and he didn't say anything more. He got down and he sat beside me, and he kept on sobbing and sobbing and sobbing. Seeing the picture — it brought it all back. He took my two hands and said, 'You have opened for me a door tonight.' Then he fled the hall.
"I never heard anything about it again. He never referred to it again.…"[64]

1929[edit]
  • November - hosting a fundraiser for a day nursery.[65]
1931[edit]
  • October - The Gregorys talk.[66]
1940[edit]
  • April - musical program with Bruce Wendell and Edna Thomas, Charles MacAllister, Saunders Aaron Peters, and talks by Mrs George Scott and Reginald Grant Barrow, and Louis Gregory.[67]
  • May - Juliet Thompson, GGM James, Ali Kuli Khan, Edna Thomas; Ivan Costello sang with Bruce Wendell accompanist.[68]
  • June - invited back talk by GGM James with Philip Sprague, Juliet Thompson and Edna Thomas.[69]
  • November - Bahá'í Loulie Mathews gives talk at center.[70]
1941[edit]
  • January - Talk at Bahá'í center by Charles Weathers[71]
  • February - Bahá'ís Ugo Giachery, Edna Thomas and Gertrude Gewertz talks and readings with music by Bruce Wendell.[72]
  • February - Bahá'í Ugo Giachery, Edna Thomas, Gertrude Gewertz, Angela Morgan and music by Bruce Wendell.[73]
  • March - Bahá'í Orcella Rexford talks with Philip Marangella, Edna Thomas, Irma Mariasche on music[74]
  • April - Bahá'ís talk and sing - Sam Haywood and Irma Mariasche accompanied by Saffa Kinney; talk by Ugo Giachery with movie "The Land of the Midnight Sun"[75]
  • July - Bahá'í Saffa Kinney talks with Rev EE Durant[76]
  • July - Rev EE Durant and Saffa Kinney talks at Bahá'í center with music by Eunice Anderson, HG Marshall, and Ruth Krimsky.[77]
  • August - J A Rogers, H. Borrah Kavelin sings, chaired by Juliet Thompson[78]
  • November - Marguerite Smyth and Lucien McConells[79]
  • November - K. O. Mbadiwe, Prince of Nigeria talks, followed by Charles King, Helen James, Jame G. O'Neil Henderson and Saffa Kinney[80]
1942[edit]
  • January - GGM James and Ali Kuli Khan talk at Bahá'í center then Godfrey McDonald[81]
  • February - Bahá'í Bruce Wendell presents color film on Mexico, then Ugo Giachery with music by Alice Crawford - preside over by Marguerite Pelly Smyth[82]
  • March - Bahá'i Ali Kuli Khan talks at center followed by Wilson Woodbeck singer and Karl Wise on braile[83]
  • April - Verne Dyson talks at Bahá'í meeting followed by music by Bruce Wendell, Juliet Thompson now chaired by Helen James.[84]
  • June - talk by Lennie L George at Bahá'í center followed by Ali Kuli Khan as chair, Mr Sabet singing, Hilda Cummings and Bruce Wendell on piano[85]
  • July - talk by Helen C. Williams at Bahá'í center followed by Ugo Giachery chairing, music by Bruce Wendell, readings by Sarah Speaks[86]
  • September - Rev EE Durant talks at Bahá'í center followed by Saffa Kinney[87]
  • September - Bahá'ís Ali Kuli Khan and Juliet Thompson talks[88]
  • October - Hodge Kirnon talks at Bahá'í center followed by Ali Kuli Khan[89]
  • December - Henry Craft talk[90]
1943[edit]
  • January - Thomas Patrick talk at Bahá'í center, followed by Shirley Quigley, and music by Lydia McClean Redd[91]
  • February - George Gregory talk at Bahá'í center followed by Mrs Ali Kuli Kahn[92]
  • June - Bahá'í Curtis Kelsey (related to the "Mrs Kelsey" circa 1921 above who's son was in Haifa?) discusses Abdu'-Baha's travels at YWCA with music by Carol Kelsey.[93]
  • June - Ann Hedgeman speaks at Bahá'í Center followed by Baha'i Pedro Espinosa, Mexico, and music by Sylvester Carter.[94]
1944[edit]
  • January - James Rogers, Roy Wilkins talks at Bahá'í center[95]
  • February - Woodrow Wilson anniversary program held by Bahá'ís, music by Bruce Wendell (with readings) and Walter Olitzki[96]
  • February - Henry Craft talk[97]
  • June - benefit for United College Fund held at ballroom with music by Bahá'í Walter Olitzki and Mr. Ilia Greenstein from Italy.[98]
  • July - Bahá'í Harold Mason talks at center with music by Clair Wilson, Karl Harringon[99]
1945[edit]
  • December - Alphonse Heningburg, Urbane League, talks at Bahá'í center[100]
1946[edit]
  • January - Rev Durant talks at Bahá'í center[101]
  • January - Kenry Craft and Robert Gulick talk at Bahá'í center, music by Clair Wilson[102]
  • March - Bahá'í JA Rogers talks at center with music by Greta Stueckgold and William Bodkin.[103]
  • April - Bahá'í Ali Kuli Khan talks at center with music by Bruce Wendell, Grace Harrington, Blanche Raisen, Ernest Lubin[104]
  • June - Talk by Ruth Starr Rose at Bahá'í center followed talk by Bahá'í Bruce Wendell[105]
  • September - Ugandan Earnest Kalibala talk at Bahá'í center followed by Juliet Thompson and Mildred Lane.[106]
  • October - James Hubert talks at Bahá'í center followed by Bahá'í Philip Maragella, music by Dini Marie Berger and Clair Wilson[107]
  • November - Rudoph Dunbar speaks at Bahá'í center followed by Philip Maragella with music by William Bodkin[108]
1947[edit]
  • January - James Allen of the NAACP talks at Bahá'í center[109]
  • May - Rev Benjamin Richardson talks at Bahá'í center followed by Bahá'í Sam Heyward with music by Clair Wilson and Harry Nance[110]
1948[edit]
  • February - William Neiderland talks at Bahá'í center followed by Sammy Heyward with music by Frank Carter Robinson and Clair Wilson[111]
  • March - Julia Thomas talk at Bahá'í center followed by Bahá'í Marziah Gale with music by Sammy Heyward[112]
  • June - William Garvin talk at Bahá'í center followed by Juliet Thompson, and Eleasor Medad readings[113]
1953[edit]
  • January - Bahá'í Stanwood Cobb gives talk at Bahá'í Center for World Religion Day and Bahá'í observance[114]
  • March - Bahá'í Katherine McLaughlin talk[115]
  • March - Bahá'í Eugene Babcock talk[116]
  • April - Bahá'í F St George Spendlove talk[117]
  • April - Bahá'í Edward Schlessinger talk[118]
  • May - Bahá'í Samuel Jackson talk[119]
  • June - Bahá'í Amy Raubitscheck talk[120]
  • July - Bahá'í Firuz Kazemzadeh talk[121]
  • August - Bahá'í Joy Earl talk at Bahá'í center on trip between Japan and India after talk at NAACP, with profile[122]
1954[edit]
  • January - Bahá'í H B Kavelin talk at Bahá'í center for World Religion Day[123]
  • February - Bahá'í Peter Gravian talk[124]
  • March - Bahá'í Benjamin Kaufman talk[125]
  • April - starts series with meditations, scriptures[126]
  • May - Bahá'í observance[127]
  • July - Bahá'í observance[128]

Other kinds of coverage[edit]

Alice Simmons Cox[edit]

In 1942-1943 Alice Simmons Cox ran several stories under her authorship in The New York Age mostly focused on the Bahá'í informed point of view on issues of race:

  • November '42 - "The Cure for Race Prejudice"[129]
  • November '42 - "The Illusion of color"[130]
  • December '42 - "Temple of Human Unity"[131]
  • December '42 - "America's new unity"[132]
  • January '43 - "Baha'i offers touchstone for race problems"[133]
  • March '43 - "New world order cannot accept segregation"[134]
  • April '43 - "Education for race unity"[135]
Other locations[edit]

But aside from the center Bahá'ís still had meetings at other places too. In March 1931 the Bahá'ís presented talks at the [Urban League] with a talk by Mary Hanford Ford (this might be the same "Mary Ford" above circa 1921), and Mrs. and Willard McKay.[136] In October 1931 there is a talk at Howard University on the Bahá'í Faith by Louise and Louis Gregory and a meeting at Urban League and another at the Bahá'í Center.[137] In 1947 Bahá'í Alain Locke talks at NY Society for Ethical Culture.[138] In the fall of 1954a series of firesides was started at the home of the Uptons.[139][140] In March 1968 Bahá'ís present films on Marian Anderson and Frederick Douglas for Brotherhood Week with speakers Mrs Walter Blackwell, Dorothy Homer, and Hugh Mulzac at the Harlem branch of the NY Public Library.[141]

In September 1958 Vereda Pearson hosted fireside series at her Greenwich Village studio with talks by: Frank Dawyer, William Towart, Paul Pearsall, Beatrice Thigpen. Slides of the Bahá'í World Center included with further talks by Charles Gaines, Lionel Gonzales and Curtis Kelsey.[142]

Talks at second Bahá'í center at the Parkside Hotel, 18 Gramercy Park south(aka 20th St)[edit]

Gramercy neighborhood

1955[edit]
  • January - Bahá'ís to celebrate World Religion Day[143]
  • February - Bahá'ís participate in Brotherhood Week with talk by Leslie Pinchney Hill followed by Bahá'í Bruce Wendall[144]
  • From April a program of rotating prayer and meditation meeting, book review, public lecture, public forum, teas and filmslides filling in the odd days[145]
  • October - Bahá'ís observe UN Day[146]
  • November - Bahá'í to hold meeting[147]
  • December - Rev David Licorish talk[148][149]
1956[edit]
  • January - Bahá'í Lee Blackwell talk for World Religion Day[150]
  • February - Alice Arrington talk at Bahá'í meeting for Brotherhood week[151]
  • March - World Youth Day observed by Bahá'ís at meeting with talk by Bettery Ulius and Baha'i Samuel Jackson[152]
  • July - George Goodman talk[153]
  • November - Bahá'í observance[154]
  • November - Bahá'í JA Rogers talk[155]
1957[edit]
  • January - Bahá'í H B Kavelin talk at observance of World Religion Day[156]

Talks at third Bahá'í Center at 112 W. 72nd St[edit]

Lincoln Square neighborhood

1957[edit]
  • February - Bahá'ís observe National Negro History Week[157]
  • June - Baha'is Duncan McAlear and Sam Jackson give talks at Bahá'í observance of Race Unity Day[158]
  • November - Bahá'í observance noting growth of religion[159]
  • September - anniversary of the Bahá'í Faith observed with guest speaker George Goodman[160]
  • October - SW Garlington interviews Bahá'í panel on issues of race - OZ Whitehead, Frank Sawyer, and Juan Caban.[161]
1958[edit]
  • January - Bahá'ís observe World Religion Day with talk by Baha'i Frank Sawyer[162]
  • April - talk by Bahá'ís Duncan McAlear and Frank Sawyer[163]
  • May - Reginald Johnson, Urban League, talks at Bahá'í Race Amity Lectures[164]
  • May - Thomas Jones of NAACP and Bahá'í Frank Sawyer give talks at Race Amity program[165]
  • September - fundraiser for Bahá'ís of Liberia through music at center[166]
  • November - Bahá'í observance at center[167]
  • December - state convetion held at Bahá'í center[168]
1959[edit]

Available coverage of NY Age ends in 1959

  • January - Bahá'í William Towart talks at World Religion Day at center, music by Philharmonic Glee Club of Westchester[169]
  • May - James Robinson talks at Bahá'í Race Amity meeting at Bahá'í center followed by Bahá'ís Frank Sawyer and Willam Zucker[170]
  • June - Bahá'í Charles Gaines talks at Race Amity Day observance at center[171]

Further reading[edit]

Considerable information is expected to be available from Baha'i News and Star of the West

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Note many of the newspaper entries are to newspapers.com which requires registration to see the article in context or full sized if it large. Additionally it can "come up" slowly or with a big delay.

  1. ↑ * "Mr Leslie P Hill of Orange, NJ…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 29 Jun 1905. p. 1. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
    • "Mrs. AV Jones…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 6 Jul 1905. p. 8. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  2. ↑ * Louis G. Gregory (Dec 1924). "A convention for amity". Star of the West. Vol. 15, no. 9. pp. 262–3, 272–4. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  3. ↑ * "The congress, Monday evening". Baha'i News. No. 6. Aug 1925. p. 4. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Excellence of Washington Conservatory of Music". The New York Age. New York, NY. 13 Sep 1906. p. 3. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  5. ↑ Etter-Lewis, Gwendolyn; Thomas, Richard; Thomas, Richard Walter (January 1, 2006). Lights of the Spirit: Historical Portraits of Black Bahá'ís in North America, 1898-2004. Baha'i Publishing Trust. ISBN 9781931847261.
  6. ↑ * "AME Church finance board". The New York Age. New York, NY. 25 Apr 1907. p. 5. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  7. ↑ * "Brooklyn Republicans". The New York Age. New York, NY. 2 Apr 1908. p. 1. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Miss Hallie E Queen…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 22 Jul 1909. p. 3. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  9. ↑ "A pleasing social…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 29 Sep 1910. p. 7. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  10. ↑ "Progress of training school". The New York Age. New York, NY. 5 Jan 1911. p. 8. Retrieved Apr 8, 2018.
  11. ↑ Roger M. Dahl (July 6, 2016), Correspondence to Steven Kolins, Wilmette, Il.: National Bahá’í Archives, United States
  12. ↑ "Howard Alumni Association". The New York Age. New York, NY. 3 Jun 1909. p. 2. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Raymond Augustus Lawson…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 17 Feb 1910. p. 3. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  14. ↑ "News from the Capital city". The New York Age. New York, NY. 14 Oct 1909. p. 3. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.
  15. ↑ *The unity of mankind The New York Age, 9 May 1912 • Page 4
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 The members and a few friends of the Clio Information Club The New York Age, 10 October 1912 • Page 8
  17. ↑ * Reception and Feast of El-Rizwan, Star of the West, editors Albert R. Windust, Gertrube Buikema, and Dr. Zia Bagdadi, May 17, 1919, p. 55
  18. ↑ The Brothers Guthrie: Pagan Christianity of the Early 20th Century, by Kimberly Nichols, Newtopia Magazine, April 16, 2013
  19. ↑ * Do we need a new world religion to unite the old religions?, The New York Times (New York, New York), 26 Mar 1921, Sat • Page 18
  20. ↑ Mirrors of the Master, by Juliet Thompson, Star of the West, editors Albert R. Windust, Gertrube Buikema, and Dr. Zia Bagdadi, April 1923, p. 28
  21. ↑ New York; On the 28th…, Baha'i News, Editors Sarah Walrath, Albert Windust, Sophie Loeding, Nina Matthisen, and Albert Vail, January, 1932, p. 6
  22. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, The New York Age, New York, NY, 24 Jan 1920, p.7 continued
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 25 December 1920 • Page 2
  24. ↑ *First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 8 January 1921 • Page 8
  25. ↑ High honor for Rev. R. M. Bolden, Indianapolis Recorder,Indianapolis, IN, 4 March 1916, p1
  26. ↑ Immanuel Choir in unique Intra-racial Program, The New York Age, New York, NY, 18 Dec 1920, Sat • Page 5
  27. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 10 December 1921 • Page 2
  28. ↑ First Emanuel Church, The New York Age (New York, New York)09 Oct 1920, Sat • Page 2
  29. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 8 January 1921 • Page 8
  30. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 19 March 1921 • Page 7
  31. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 16 April 1921 • Page 7
  32. ↑ "Are not all Christians Bahais? Is there any difference?", Star of the West, Vol III, No, 18, February 7, 1913, p. 6, "Talk given by Abdu'l-Baha at residence of Mrs AJ Parsons , Dublin NH August 6, 1912"
  33. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 14 May 1921 • Page 7
  34. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 23 July 1921 • Page 7
  35. ↑ there is mention of it in June 1921, see Persian Pilgrim's Pen Pictures, The Portsmouth Herald, (Portsmouth, New Hampshire), 18 June 1921 • Page 7
  36. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 6 August 1921 • Page 7
  37. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 10 September 1921 • Page 7
  38. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 10 December 1921 • Page 2
  39. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 7 January 1922 • Page 7
  40. ↑ there is mention of a Kelsey taking pictures of the funeral while there - Two Letters from Ethel Rosenberg, Star of the West vol12, no 19, March 2, 1922, p. 300-301.
  41. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 18 February 1922 • Page 8
  42. ↑ First Emmanuel Church, "Church News", The New York Age, 7 October 1922 • Page 8
  43. ↑ Sir 'Abdu'l-Baha 'Abbas: Died 28th November, 1921, by E. G. Browne, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1 (Jan., 1922), published by Cambridge University Press, pp. 145-146
  44. ↑ New York's many religions, The New York Age, 4 December 1920 • Page 4
  45. ↑ Patricia Fogleman (22 November 1994). "The Fiery Cross". In David J. Bodenhamer; Robert G. Barrows (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indiana University Press. p. 566. ISBN 0-253-11249-4.
  46. ↑ Heathenism within our borders, The Fiery Cross, (Indianapolis, IN), editor Ernest W Reichard, v2n9, Feb 2, 1923, p4
  47. ↑ Among the imported cults which has found lodgment in this country…, The New York Age, 26 September 1925 • Page 7
  48. ↑ Comments by the Age Editors on sayings of other editors, The New York Age, 23 July 1927 • Page 4, bottom left, top right
  49. ↑ St Hames Pres. Church, The New York Age, 24 September 1938 • Page 9
  50. ↑ Mrs Annie K Lewis Baha'i Faith member dies at age of 61, The New York Age, 10 July 1943 • Page 4
  51. ↑ Baha'i drive opens, The New York Age, 13 December 1952 • Page 25
  52. ↑ The Baha'i World Faith; One hundred year of a "One World" religion, by Frank Sawyer, The New York Age, 2 April 1955 • Page 8
  53. ↑ Baha'i worshipers to dedicate Temple May 2, The New York Age, 25 April 1953 • Page 9
  54. ↑ Majestic Baha'i Temple dedicated near Chicago, The New York Age, 9 May 1953 • Page 8
  55. ↑ West Indian Invents New World Language, The New York Age, 28 August 1954 • Page 8
  56. ↑ Baha'i Schools ending sessions, The New York Age, 4 September 1954 • Page 4
  57. ↑ The Baha'i World Faith; One hundred year of a "One World" religion, by Frank Sawyer, The New York Age, 2 April 1955 • Page 8
  58. ↑ The Baha'i religion reflects a new era, by Frank Sawyer, The New York Age, 16 February 1957 • Page 11
  59. ↑ Report shows all-time high for financial support of our churches, The New York Age, 8 December 1956 • Page 15
  60. ↑ Baha'is to give library UN books, The New York Age, 23 November 1957 • Page 10
  61. ↑ From the UN bookshelf, The New York Age, 14 December 1957 • Page 9
  62. ↑ Lauretta Moore to Wed Milwaukee MD, The New York Age, 16 August 1958 • Page 25
  63. ↑ View Bahai film, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, New York)3 Mar 1928, Sat • Page 3
  64. ↑ Juliet Remembers Gibran: As told to Marzieh Gail, by Juliet Thompson, published in World Order, 12:4, pages 29-31, 1978
  65. ↑ Musicale for Benefit Columbus Day Nursery at Baha'i Hall an occasion, by Lucien H. White, The New York Age, 2 November 1929 • Page 7
  66. ↑ Howard University…, The New York Age, 31 October 1931 • Page 10
  67. ↑ Musical program held at Bahai community, The New York Age, 13 April 1940 • Page 4
  68. ↑ At least seventy five people gathered…, The New York Age, 25 May 1940 • Page 6
  69. ↑ Prof G. G. M. James…, The New York Age, 22 June 1940 • Page 6
  70. ↑ The New York Baha'i Assembly…, The New York Age, 9 November 1940 • Page 6
  71. ↑ Dr Charles C Weathers at Baha'i Center, The New York Age, 18 January 1941 • Page 6
  72. ↑ Brazillian travelogue Baha'i meeting, The New York Age, 15 February 1941 • Page 6
  73. ↑ Spectaotrs marvel at Brazilian travelogue, The New York Age, 22 February 1941 • Page 9
  74. ↑ Baha'i Fellowship Committee, The New York Age, 22 March 1941 • Page 4
  75. ↑ Baha'i Center, The New York Age, 26 April 1941 • Page 5
  76. ↑ New York Baha'i Assembly, The New York Age, 19 July 1941 • Page 5
  77. ↑ Dr Durant speaks to Baha'is, The New York Age, 26 July 1941 • Page 4
  78. ↑ New York Baha'i Assembly, The New York Age, 23 August 1941 • Page 5
  79. ↑ Monday night meeting, The New York Age, 1 November 1941 • Page 4
  80. ↑ African prince speaks, The New York Age, 15 November 1941 • Page 4
  81. ↑ Baha'i offered two interesting meetings, The New York Age, 31 January 1942 • Page 5
  82. ↑ Mexico on parade, The New York Age, 21 February 1942 • Page 5
  83. ↑ Persia and the land of the Maharajahs, The New York Age, 21 March 1942 • Page 4
  84. ↑ Eminent educator-lecturer to speak at Baha'i center, The New York Age, 18 April 1942 • Page 4
  85. ↑ The Baha'is present Atty George, The New York Age, 20 June 1942 • Page 5
  86. ↑ The child and it's environment, The New York Age, 18 July 1942 • Page 4
  87. ↑ Rev EE Durant to speak at Baha'i Center, The New York Age, 19 September 1942 • Page 4
  88. ↑ Baha'i Sunday series, The New York Age, 26 September 1942 • Page 5
  89. ↑ Racial concepts in a changing world, The New York Age, 24 October 1942 • Page 5
  90. ↑ What the negro really wants, The New York Age, 19 December 1942 • Page 4
  91. ↑ The care of children in war time, The New York Age, 23 January 1943 • Page 4
  92. ↑ George Gregory to speak at Baha'i center, The New York Age, 20 February 1943 • Page 5
  93. ↑ Curtis Kelsey to speak at Baha'i meeting, The New York Age, 26 June 1943 • Page 4
  94. ↑ Ann Hedgeman speaks, The New York Age, 19 June 1943 • Page 3
  95. ↑ Speaks at Baha'i center, The New York Age, 15 January 1944 • Page 5
  96. ↑ Bruce Wendell on Woodrow Wilson anniversary program, The New York Age, 5 February 1944 • Page 4
  97. ↑ Henry Craft at Baha'i meeting, The New York Age, 26 February 1944 • Page 4
  98. ↑ NY Baha'i to hold benefit program for Negro College fund, The New York Age, 10 June 1944 • Page 4
  99. ↑ Humanity's coming of age The New York Age, 24 July 1943 • Page 4
  100. ↑ Speaks at Baha'i meeting, The New York Age, 22 December 1945 • Page 4
  101. ↑ Minister speaks, The New York Age, 5 January 1946 • Page 5
  102. ↑ Baha'i fellowship meeting, The New York Age, 26 January 1946 • Page 4
  103. ↑ Baha'i meeting, The New York Age, 23 March 1946 • Page 4
  104. ↑ Dr Ali Kuli Khan speaks, The New York Age, 27 April 1946 • Page 4
  105. ↑ Baha's meeting, The New York Age, 22 June 1946 • Page 4
  106. ↑ African to address meeting, The New York Age, 21 September 1946 • Page 4
  107. ↑ Baha'i speaker, The New York Age, 26 October 1946 • Page 4
  108. ↑ Rudolph Dunbar speaks, The New York Age, 23 November 1946 • Page 4
  109. ↑ Baha'i meeting speaker, The New York Age, 25 January 1947 • Page 4
  110. ↑ Baha's fellowship, The New York Age, 24 May 1947 • Page 4
  111. ↑ Baha'i meeting, The New York Age, 7 February 1948 • Page 4
  112. ↑ Baha'i meeting The New York Age, 13 March 1948 • Page 4
  113. ↑ Baha'i fellowship, The New York Age, 12 June 1948 • Page 4
  114. ↑ Baha'is to celebrate, The New York Age, 3 January 1953 • Page 11
  115. ↑ Baha'i speaker, The New York Age, 7 March 1953 • Page 11
  116. ↑ Baha'is list Babcock, The New York Age, 28 March 1953 • Page 2
  117. ↑ Baha'is to hear lecture, The New York Age, 4 April 1953 • Page 8
  118. ↑ Edward Schlessinger will speak…, The New York Age, 11 April 1953 • Page 17
  119. ↑ Baha'is to hear Jackson, The New York Age, 30 May 1953 • Page 14
  120. ↑ Baha'i lecture slated, The New York Age, 27 June 1953 • Page 2
  121. ↑ Baha'i books writer, The New York Age, 18 July 1953 • Page 3
  122. ↑ Finds language no bar after tour of Japan, The New York Age, 15 August 1953 • Page 12
  123. ↑ World Religion Day, The New York Age, 16 January 1954 • Page 4
  124. ↑ Baha'i series set, The New York Age, 20 February 1954 • Page 4
  125. ↑ Baha'is to hear lawyer, The New York Age, 20 March 1954 • Page 17
  126. ↑ Baha'is plan series, The New York Age, 3 April 1954 • Page 17
  127. ↑ Marking dispensation, The New York Age, 22 May 1954 • Page 17
  128. ↑ Baha'is to memorializa co-founder, The New York Age, 10 July 1954 • Page 4
  129. ↑ The Cure for Rece Prejudice, by Alice Simmons Cox , The New York Age, 21 November 1942 • Page 12
  130. ↑ The Illusion of color, by Alice Simmons Cox, The New York Age, 28 November 1942 • Page 6
  131. ↑ Temple of Human Unity, by Alice Simmons Cox, The New York Age, 5 December 1942 • Page 6
  132. ↑ America's new unity, by Alice Simmons Cox, The New York Age, 26 December 1942 • Page 6
  133. ↑ Baha'i offers touchstone for race problems by Alice Simmons Cox, The New York Age, 9 January 1943 • Page 9
  134. ↑ New world order cannot accept segregation, by Alice Simmons Cox, The New York Age, 6 March 1943 • Page 8
  135. ↑ Education for race unity, by Alice Simmons Cox, The New York Age, 17 April 1943 • Page 9
  136. ↑ Baha'i meeting held at Urban League building, The New York Age, 14 March 1931 • Page 3, bottom left, top right
  137. ↑ Howard University…, The New York Age, 31 October 1931 • Page 10
  138. ↑ Professor speaks, The New York Age, 24 May 1947 • Page 4
  139. ↑ Baha'is inaugurate fireside meetings, The New York Age, 18 September 1954 • Page 4
  140. ↑ A Baha'i fireside meeting, The New York Age, 18 December 1954 • Page 12
  141. ↑ Baha'i observe brotherhood week, The New York Age, 1 March 1958 • Page 9
  142. ↑ V Pearson sponsor Baha'i Fireides, The New York Age, 19 September 1959 • Page 9
  143. ↑ Baha'is to celebrate World Religion Day, The New York Age, 15 January 1955 • Page 8
  144. ↑ Baha'i program for brotherhood, The New York Age, 19 February 1955 • Page 9
  145. ↑ The Baha'i World Faith; One hundred year of a "One World" religion, by Frank Sawyer, The New York Age, 2 April 1955 • Page 8
  146. ↑ Baha'is observe UN Day, The New York Age, 22 October 1955 • Page 4
  147. ↑ Harry Oppenheimer talk at Baha'i at Parkside hotel followed by Baha'i Frank Sawyer, The New York Age, 5 November 1955 • Page 11
  148. ↑ Baha'i Sunday program, The New York Age, 10 December 1955 • Page 4
  149. ↑ Licorish hits prejudice in Baha'i series talk, The New York Age, 24 December 1955 • Page 7
  150. ↑ Baha'is in annual observance, The New York Age, 14 January 1956 • Page 4
  151. ↑ Baha'i brotherhood week, The New York Age, 18 February 1956 • Page 8
  152. ↑ Baha'i to observe World Youth Day, The New York Age, 24 March 1956 • Page 9
  153. ↑ Baha'i guest, The New York Age, 14 July 1956 • Page 11
  154. ↑ Baha'is to celebrate founder's birthday, The New York Age, 10 November 1956 • Page 11
  155. ↑ Noted historian and writer Baha'is speaker, The New York Age, 17 November 1956 • Page 24
  156. ↑ Baha'i to hold World Religion Day, The New York Age, 19 January 1957 • Page 14
  157. ↑ Baha'i World Faith (NY) to observe Negro History Wk, The New York Age, 9 February 1957 • Page 14
  158. ↑ Race Amity Day, The New York Age, 8 June 1957 • Page 15
  159. ↑ Baha'is commemorate founder's birthday, The New York Age, 9 November 1957 • Page 10
  160. ↑ Baha'is to celebrate, The New York Age, 21 September 1957 • Page 10
  161. ↑ Baha'i to hear controversial issues discussed, The New York Age, 12 October 1957 • Page 9
  162. ↑ Baha'is to observe, The New York Age, 18 January 1958 • Page 10
  163. ↑ (Baha'i advertisement with talk), The New York Age, 5 April 1958 • Page 9
  164. ↑ Housing director Baha'is speaker, The New York Age, 24 May 1958 • Page 14
  165. ↑ Baha'i "Race Amity" program, The New York Age, 31 May 1958 • Page 11
  166. ↑ Baha'is film shows benefits Africans, The New York Age, 13 September 1958 • Page 25
  167. ↑ Baha'is meet, The New York Age, 8 November 1958 • Page 30
  168. ↑ New York Baha'is state Convo hosts, The New York Age, 6 December 1958 • Page 26
  169. ↑ Glee Club sings for Baha'i meet, The New York Age, 17 January 1959 • Page 6
  170. ↑ James Robinson to speak about non-violence, The New York Age, 2 May 1959 • Page 7
  171. ↑ Race amity observed by Bahai group, The New York Age, 13 June 1959 • Page 7

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