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Press coverage during the Ministry of Bahá’u’lláh

From Bahaipedia
Continued from Historical mentions of the Bábí/Bahá'í Faiths

After the comparatively early period of Christianity where the Manifestation was personally martyred and the first followers suffered Christianity entered another period. Its numbers began to attract attention. Its views criticized, its testimony made fun of, and the persecutions in various kinds long continued.

Bahá'u'lláh specifically addressed The Times newspaper (London) at one point out of the more recent then wave of suffering. See Baha'u'llah and the Fourth Estate by Roger White. A provision translation is at Lawh-i-Times, (Tablet to The Times of London taken from Adib Taherzadeh, The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh vol. IV, pp. 348-350.)

Over in eastern Europe things were connecting alittle as well like in Sweden and the Russian Empire. But a lot more was happening in the regions of Persia. Just as the Christians in Jesus' time began to move out of Judea so to did Baha'is begin to fan out - in nearby places Turkmenistan, Armenia, even a good number of Jews converted.[1]

Thornton Chase (1864-)[edit]

See also: Thornton Chase in the newspapers

Thornton Chase began to appear in newspaper records in 1864.[2] Eventually he would be called the first western Bahá’í.

de Gobineau's review (1866)[edit]

See also: Travelers_and_Scholars_on_the_Bábí/Baha'i_Faiths#Arthur_Gobineau

Arthur de Gobineau's review of the new religion received coverage in several newspapers, including the Chicago-based Inter-Ocean, in July, 1866,[3] and others.[4]

Petition to the United States (1867)[edit]

An 1867 petition from Persian Bahá’ís to the United States Consul General in Beirut seeking aid received no response.[5] William Seward, then Secretary of State, was occupied at the time with the purchase of Alaska.

"Religious commotions" (1869)[edit]

First account not identified yet.

"Religious Commotions in the East" - which might have included Babis - is noted citing the NY Tribune in the The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, Louisiana, 21 May 1869, p. 9.[6]

"Religious and Social Reform in Persia" (1869)[edit]

A story without sources - summary. The Cincinnati Enquirer, 23 July 1869, p. 6[7]

Coverage of the Bahá'í Faith in newspapers in Hawaii[edit]

Coverage of the Bahá'í Faith in newspapers in Hawaii begins in September 1869 and is sporadic into the 1920s. From the 1940s through 1961 it is fairly continuous in the available digitizations online.

New Sect[edit]

The Memphis Daily Appeal, Aug 3, 1870, p. 2, mentions "A new religion has arisen in Persia, called "The Bab," or "Gate that Opens to Salvation." By the system of the Bab, women are not only liberated from the salvery imposed upon them by the Mahometans, but are raised to a perfect equality with men.[8]

The Salem Oregon Willamette farmer March 16, 1872, Page 2 pointed to a new sect of Islam that used the Bible and creates reconciliation between Islam and Christianity. While it doesn't explicitly state Babi or Baha'i considering the other mentions and early views of Babism by Christians this is entirely possible with no other contenders known.[9] This was echoed slightly longer in the Willamette farmer August 31, Page 2.[10]

Rev Charles W. Wendte[edit]

Unitarian minister Charles Willaim Wendte(1844-1931) definitely addressed Bábí developments, though through what connection isn't yet clear. In 1871 he has a sermon about the "Gates to Heaven", which isn't perfectly clear, in Chicago.[11] By 1877 he directly refers to the "New Religion in Persia" from the Báb.[12] By 1887 he calls the Báb an "Open Gate" during a sermon held at a synagogue,[13] and the fact that he did so made the news in New Zealand.[14] And he repeated himself in 1888 in Oakland.[15] While he may have been speaking of some other specific impulse, he also used phrase “new world order”, perhaps one of the first,[16] saying "And now, in turn, dogmatic Christianity is hastening to its fall, to be superseded in turn by a new world order, a new philosophy of God and duty and immortality, a new church, based on freedom, reason, right-(illegible), and love - the old, eternal principles of morality and religion framed in doctrines and rites and symbols more intelligible to the mind and heart of the present and coming generations."

In 1910 Wendte reviewed a number of books including Seyyid Ali Mohammed, dit Le Bab, by A. L. M. Nicolas, but he cautions that Nicolas only reviewed the history to a point and "We still lack a trustworthy and readable account of its later fortunes and present conditions."[17] Circa 1900-1920 Wendte was a leader of a liberal interfaith effort eventually named International Association for Religious Freedom, comparable to the World Parliament of Religions.[18] In July 1913 Wendte received a letter from 'Abdu'l-Bahá in support of the conference of the group and urging peace among religions.[19]

"The Shah of Persia" (1873)[edit]

First account not identified yet.

The Cincinnati Enquirer, Cincinnati, Ohio, 29 May 1873, p. 2 (cites New York World).[20] is an account of the Shah of Persia coming to the throne and trials in office including assassination attempt among others.[note 1]

It may or may not be related but the city government of Paris refused to pay the expenses of a reception to be held for the visit of the Shah.[21]

Salt Lake Daily Tribune, June 5, 1873, front page had a long story written April 15, reviewing the Shah's performance and character in anticipation of his participation his journey through Europe in May. It includes a section on the Babis:

"… He has become particularly defiant and suspicious since an attempt of which he was to be the victim was made some years since. Four men belonging to a social sect as much as to a the religious sect of the Babs, attempted to assassinate him.

Left for dead, and abandoned by all his escort, he would have perished had it not been for the devotion of a single servant who remained faithful. This event was the signal for a frightful persecution against the Babs. Their execution in masses took place in all Persia, by order of the King, accompanied by ingenious refinements of cruelty. The victims of this massacre were counted by thousands; the sect, which was thought to be drowned in its blood; has risen again and strengthened itself. Transformed to-day into a veritable Carbondarism, it has henceforth the consecration of Martyrdom - the future of Persia belongs to it.…

If one looks in to the future he sees a general rising of the Rabs (sic) and the hostility of the Mussulman priests against the reigning dynasty, which is not in their eyes legitimate.…"[22][note 1]

In a similar vein to the Cincinnati Enquirer but after this trip the Sacramento Daily Union of 14 February 1874[23] In particular this article does directly mention "He then massacred the Babis and religious sects, and set fire, a la Nero, to some of his victims."

"Malkhom-Khan" (1873)[edit]

La Presse, July 12, 1873 has a story mentioning Babis on page 1 possibly going to page 2.[24][note 1]

"On-nous descrit de Tehéran" (1878)[edit]

The 10 May 1878 Journal des débats politiques et littéraires has a story mentioning Babis.[25]

Alleged immigration (1878)[edit]

The Daily Free Press, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 27 Aug, 1878, p. 2 had a short summary and suggestion Babis were immigrating to the US (after across north africa).[26] This is followed by 23 September 1878, Daily Free Press, page 6, making a brief mention of the persecution and spread of Babism.[27]

"Teheran; A Court Reception at the Capital of the Shah" (1884)[edit]

On page 9 of the Brooklyn Eagle, May 25, 1884, a "HOWADJI" is cited summarizing culture and events in Teheran but after reviewing a passion play about Imam Husayn adds an extended paragraph about the Bab including comments on the Zanjan upheaval.[28][29] This might be George William Curtis, a student of Ralph Waldo Emerson, who used the term "Howadji" a number of times, traveled in eastern places, and was interested in reform movements. On the other hand Curtis popularized the use of the term as a way of referring to anyone who traveled abroad and thus had some conferred sense of standing on subjects.[30] Also Curtis was then editor of Harper’s New Monthly Magazine[31] and there is no evidence he traveled abroad in those years.

  • Cited in The Abilene Reflector, Abilene, Kansas, July 3, 1884, p. 3.[32]
  • Cited in The Hickman Courier, Hickman, Kentucky, July 4 p. 1.[33]
  • Cited in Livonia Gazette, Livonia NY, July 4, 1884, p. 1.[34]
  • Echoed in Cuban Patriot, Cuba NY, July 10, 1884, p. 3.[35]
  • Echoed in The Quincy Daily Journal, Quincy, Illinois, July 18, Page: 2.[36]
  • Cited in The Columbus Journal, Columbus, Nebraska, Nov 26, p. 4.[37][note 1]

Punishments Inflicted on the Subjects of the King of Kings[edit]

Brief mention of the punishments given to various criminals - "sectaries of the Baab" mentioned in column 2 of story.[38]

"The Shah and His Family" (1885)[edit]

Profiles the family, Persian culture and a prominent mention of the Babis in The Fort Wayne Sentinel, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 8 Oct, 1885, p. 3 (perhaps citing the Daily Sentinel? and by "T.P.H.") [39][note 1]

"The Persian Religions" (1886)[edit]

Wolf von Schierbrand wrote a nearly a 2 1/2 column (somewhat opinionated) introduction to religion in Persia in the The New York Times, 26 Sept, 1886, p. 5.[40] with a couple of paragraphs mentioning "Baabites" (there are some obvious flaws.)[note 1]

"Various Religions of the World" (1889)[edit]

The Two Worlds, May 31, 1889, a Spiritualist newspaper by Emma Hardinge Britten, printed an account of "Babism" submitted as part of writing a book by a "Mons. Jean Cahagnet". The coverage is fairly brief but specifically based on a first hand account.[41] It is unclear who "Jean Cahagnet" is. A Frenchman "Louis-Alphonse Cahagnet" is known of the period who was interested in Spiritualism and wrote several books. However there is no sign he was interested in Persia or what book is hinted at.

This coverage reports a nominated "Bab" as leader in Baghdad and a mention of the conversion of Jews in Persia.

Echoed in: Daily Alta California, 17 November 1889, p. 10 (cites Two Worlds)[42]
The Leavenworth Times, 21 November 1889 • Page 3.[43] Rock Island Daily Argus, Rock Island, Illinois, Dec 12, 1889, p. 4 (doesn't mention Cahagnet but citing Two Worlds)[44]
Wichita Eagle, Wichita, Kansas, Dec 22, 1889, p. 7, ( mentions Cahagnet and citing Two Worlds)[45]
The Bismarck Tribune, Bismarck, North Dakota, 5 Jan, 1890 , p. 1.[46][note 1]

"A Persian Inquisitor" (1891)[edit]

First account not identified yet. An early one is Oct 30th from the Spokane Daily Chronicle.[47]

The Quincy Daily Journal, October 31, 1891, Page: 1:

London Oct 31 - News received from Yezd, Persia, represents the government as determined to exterminate the Babi sect. The governor of the provice of Yezd, who is a grandson of the shah, has had seven of the sect strangled or beheaded. Members of the unfortunate people are languishing in the prisons and many of them have fled to the deserts, probably there to die of starvation.[48]

The Sun, New York New York, Oct 31, p. 8.[49]
Decatur Daily Republican, Decatur, Illinois, Oct 31, p. 1[50]
The Morning Call, San Francisco California, Oct 31, p. 1[51]
The Record-Union, Sacramento, Calif., Oct 31, p. 1, (citing London, Oct 30).[52]
This also echoed in the Pittsburg Dispatch, Pittsburg Pennsylvania, Oct 31, p. 7.[53]
The Los Angeles Herald, Los Angeles California, Oct 31, p. 2.[54]
The Quebec Daily Telegraph, Oct 31, 1891, p. 1.[55]

Briefer forms of the text occurred in various newspapers:
Fort Worth Gazette, Fort Worth, Texas, Oct 31, 1891, p. 5.[56]
The Daily Courier, (San Bernardino, California)31 October 1891 • Page 1[57]
The Globe-Republican, Dodge City Kansas, Nov 5, p. 2.[58]
The Iola Register, Iola, Kansas, Nov 6, p. 2.[59]
The Red Cloud Chief, Red Cloud, Webster County, Nebraska, Nov 6, p. 2.[60]
Dodge City Times, Dodge City Kansas, Nov 6, p. 1.[61]
Middlebury Register, Middlebury, Vermont, Nov 6, p. 4,[62]
Fair Play, Ste. Genevieve Missouri, Nov 7, p. 1.[63]


A followup story appeared in The Sun, New York New York, Nov 01, p. 4, with text:[64]

The Babis of Peria

The Babis of Persi, whom the Shah has determined to exterminate, and some of whom have recently been strangled in Yezd, are an heretical sect of Mohammedans, and are not very numerous in Persia, but are greatly disliked by the orthodox, and have always been subjected to persecution. They are followers of Mirza Ali Mohammed, who about half a century ago proclaimed himself the Bah-ed'Din or "Gate of Faith." and who was excited in 1850, after he had excited a rebellion against the Shah. Besides their heterodoxy in religion, the Babis advocate the doctrine of community of property.

A brief followup story also came in The Quincy Herald, December 17, Page: 2[65]

Browne echoed (1892)[edit]

See also: Travelers and Scholars on the Bábí/Baha'i Faiths#EG Browne

Coverage of E. G. Browne's work echoed from the New York Sun, spring 1892, widely.

2 Apr, The Rhinebeck Gazette, Rhinebeck NY, p. 4 (citing the NY Sun)[66]
7 Apr, The Ogden Standard-Examiner, Ogden, Utah, p. 6[67]
14 Apr, Mount Morris Union (Mount Morris, NY), p. 1.[68] 18 Apr, The Salem Daily News, Salem, Ohio, p. 2[69]
19 Apr, Fort Wayne Daily Gazette, Fort Wayne, Indiana, p. 3,[70]
22 Apr, Logansport Pharos-Tribune, Logansport, Indiana, p. 18,[71]
24 Apr, Nevada State Journal, Reno, Nevada, p. 1[72]
29 Apr, The Fresno Weekly Republican, Fresno, California, p. 5.[73]
30 Apr, Los Angeles Herald, p. 7[74]
10 May, The Piqua Daily Call, Piqua, Ohio, p. 15[75]
2 Aug, Sterling Evening Gazette, p. 7,[76] Nov 2, 1893, The Glasgow Herald, p. 9.[77]

Martha Root meets Suffragists (1892)[edit]

May 1892, later well known and eventually a Hand of the Cause a possibly early mention of her in the newspapers was of a "Mrs. Martha Root".[78]

Further reading[edit]

"European Language Bibliography: Babi Religion, Chronological, 1844 - current". Babi-Baha'i Bibliographies. Association of Baha'i Studies, New Zealand chapter. May 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Ghadimi, Riaz (2009) [1984]. The Báb - The King of Messengers (PDF) (3rd ed.). www.juxta.com. ISBN 978­0­9698024­0­2. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); soft hyphen character in |isbn= at position 4 (help)

MacEoin, Denis (2009). The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism. Iran Studies. Vol. 3 (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17035-3. - note "In order to distance this work from the thought processes of true believers, I have deliberately written in a style designed to force a dislocation from the sort of pious veneration that closes the mind and leads to knee-jerk responses… the Bab was just a human being…" (from page xx)

Warrick, David (2019-09-08). "Declaration of the Báb" (pdf). Research. self. Retrieved 11-17-2023. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

"Mirza Malkam : L'inspirateur de la République Islamo-Maçonnique en Iran" (in French). iran-resist.org. 3-20-2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)(has several citations of works in 1850s.)

Momen, Moojan (9-8-2000). "Premiers récits occidentaux sur les religions Babies et Baha'ies de 1844 à 1944" (in French). Médiathèque - Centre de Resources Baha'ies Francophones. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Momen, Moojan (1999). "Early Western Accounts of the Babi and Baha'i Faiths". Draft for The Baha'i Encyclopedia. bahai-library.com.

MacEoin, Denis. "Babi history". The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) It noted several early newspaper accounts and other publications to a total of 231 entries to 1995 just on the Babi period.[79] However of the 19th century it noted 9 stories repeated a total of 16 times. As of Feb 2013 new finds documented here raise this total considerably. Just the first story and its echoes now count at least 12 instances. And by March it had perhaps doubled from that.

Amanat, Abbas (1989). Resurrection and renewal: the making of the Babi movement in Iran, 1844-1850. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Cornell University Press.

Moojan Momen (1981) [1977]. The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts. G. Ronald. ISBN 978-0-85398-102-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

Smith, Peter (1987). The Babi and Bahaʼi Religions: From Messianic Shiʻism to a World Religion (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521301282.

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 These references do not appear in The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts.

Citations[edit]

  1. ↑ Mehrdad Amanat (15 May 2011). Jewish Identities in Iran: Resistance and Conversion to Islam and the Baha'i Faith. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-891-4. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  2. ↑ In U.S. steam transport Fulton…, The New York Times(New York, New York)3 November 1864 • Page 8
  3. ↑ "A new religion", Daily Inter Ocean, July 02, 1866, Chicago, IL, p. 3
  4. ↑ "A new religion", Semi-Weekly Telegraph, August 30, 1866, Salt Lake City, UT, p. 1
  5. ↑ "Petition from the Persian Reformers". bahai-library.com. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  6. ↑ "Religious Commotions in the East", The Times-Picayune, 21 May 1869, p. 9, 3rd column, below middle
  7. ↑ "Religious and Social Reform", The Cincinnati Enquirer, 23 July 1869, p. 6
  8. ↑ under "Short Paragraphs", Memphis Daily Appeal, Aug 3, 1870, p. 2, 4th column, down from top
  9. ↑ A sect of Mohammedans, Willamette farmer, (Salem, Or.), March 16, 1872, Page 2, first column, second from bottom.
  10. ↑ According to repirts of missionaries, Willamette farmer, (Salem, Or.), August 31, 1872, Page 2, fourth column, second from top.
  11. ↑ "Fourth Church, Avenue Hall…". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. Feb 26, 1871. p. 3. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  12. ↑ "First Unitarian Church,…". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, OH. Nov 17, 1877. p. 5. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Local Brevities; Rev. C. W. Wendte…". The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, CA. Sep 14, 1887. p. 2. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  14. ↑ "A new religion". New Zealand Times. Wellington, New Zealand. Nov 29, 1887. p. 2. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Pulpit and Pew - The prosperous churches of Oakland…". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, CA. Oct 13, 1888. p. 4. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  16. ↑ "A Notable Book". Oakland Tribune. Dec 3, 1888. p. 5. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  17. ↑ Wendte, Rev. Charles W. (March 3, 1910). "Recent Foreign Liberal Books". Christian Register. Boston, MA. 89 (8): 251. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  18. ↑ Boehle, Josef (2001). "Charles William Wendte and the Development of the First Permanent International Inter-religious Organisation". Inter-religious Co-operation in a Global Age (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. OCLC 59387123. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  19. ↑ Buck, Christopher (2014). "Fifty Bahá'í Principles of Unity: A Paradigm of Social Salvation". Bahá'í Studies Review. 18: 29–30. Retrieved Nov 29, 2023.
  20. ↑ "The Shah of Persia", The Cincinnati Enquirer, 29 May 1873, p. 2, 3rd column, from top
  21. ↑ "Foreign News; Declaration of Principlesfor the French Opposition - Paris Does not want the Shah", The New York Times, 25 June 1873, p. 1, 7th column, top
  22. ↑ not online yet, Salt Lake Daily Tribune, June 5th, 1873, front page
  23. ↑ The Shah of Persia, Sacramento Daily Union of 14 February 1874 as highlighted from the fourth column, near top, page 4
  24. ↑ Malkhom-Khan, La Presse, July 12, 1873, page 1–?, far right column from middle.
  25. ↑ On-nous descrit de Tehéran, starting 3rd column near bottom, mentions Babis in 4th column 1/3rd down, Journal des débats politiques et littéraires, 10 May 1878,
  26. ↑ "Mahometans of liberal views...", Daily Free Press, Eau Claire, Wis, 27 Aug, 1878, p. 2, 2nd column, just above middle
  27. ↑ The Herat revolt…, Daily Free Press, 23 September 1878, page 6, bottom left top right.
  28. ↑ "The Bab" section of "Teheran; A Court Reception at the Capital of the Shah", Brooklyn Eagle, May 25, 1884, page 9, far right two columns.
  29. ↑ "The Bab" section of "Teheran; A Court Reception at the Capital of the Shah", Brooklyn Eagle, May 25, 1884, page 9, far right two columns.
  30. ↑ Imaginary Interviews by W. D. Howells, 1910
  31. ↑ Fitz Hugh Ludlow note #35, wikipedia
  32. ↑ "The Bab", The Abilene Reflector, July 3, 1884, p. 3, 3rd column, from top
  33. ↑ "The Bab" (top of print damaged), The Hickman Courier, Hickman, Kentucky, July 4, 1884, p. 1, 7th column, from top
  34. ↑ The Bab, Livonia Gazette, Livonia NY, July 4, 1884, p. 1, 5th col top, cites "Trherau[ed - badly messed up "Teheran"?], (Persia), Cor. Brooklyn Eagle
  35. ↑ The Bab, Cuban Patriot, Cuba NY, July 10, 1884, p. 3, 5th col, top, cites Trherau, (Persia), Cor. Brooklyn Eagle.
  36. ↑ "The Bab", The Quincy Daily Journal, July 18, Page: 2
  37. ↑ "The Bab", The Columbus Journal, Columbus, Nebraska, Nov 26, p. 4, 4th column top
  38. ↑ Justice in Persia, Daily Charlotte Observer(Charlotte, North Carolina)27 August 1885 • Page 1
  39. ↑ "The Shah and His Family", The Fort Wayne Sentinel, 8 October 1885 p. 3, 2nd column top and half of 3rd
  40. ↑ "The Persian Religions", The New York Times, 26 Sept, 1886, p. 5, columns 1-half of 3
  41. ↑ "Various Religions of the World", The Two Worlds, May 31, 1889, p. 349, most of left and some of right columns
  42. ↑ Babism: The New Relgion that is Opposed to Mohammedanism. Two Worlds, Daily Alta California, 17 November 1889, p. 10, fifth column, alittle down from the top
  43. ↑ Persia's Babism, The Leavenworth Times, (Leavenworth, Kansas), 21 November 1889 • Page 3
  44. ↑ "Persia's Babism", Rock Island Daily Argus, Dec 12, 1889, p. 4, 3rd column (1st column of text), from bottom to 4th column, top
  45. ↑ "Persia's Babism", Wichita Eagle, Dec 22, 1889, p. 7, 4th and 5th columns under music print
  46. ↑ "Persia's Babism", The Bismarck Tribune, 5 January 1890, p.1, 6th column, top
  47. ↑ News from other Lands(fourth story down), Spokane Daily Chronicle - Oct 30, 1891, p.1
  48. ↑ The Quincy Daily Journal, October 31, 1891, Page: 1
  49. ↑ "Persecuting the Babi Sect", The Sun, New York New York, Oct 31, 1891, p. 8, 5th column, middle
  50. ↑ "Determined to Exterminate the Babists", Decatur Daily Republican, Oct 31, 1891, p. 1, 4th column of text, below middle
  51. ↑ "Persecutions in Persia", The Morning Call, Oct 31, 1891, p. 1, 7th column, below top
  52. ↑ "Persecutions in Persia", The Record-Union, Sacramento, Calif., October 31, 1891, p. 1, 5th column bottom, 6th column top
  53. ↑ "A persecuted sect in Persia", 'Pittsburg Dispatch, Oct 31, 1891, p. 7, 4th column, below middle
  54. ↑ "Persecution in Persia", Los Angeles Herald, Oct 31, 1891, p.2, 3rd column, bottom
  55. ↑ News of the World (count down 13 paragrahs), The Quebec Daily Telegraph - Oct 31, 1891, p. 1
  56. ↑ Under "Telegraphic Brevities", Fort Worth Gazette, Fort Worth, Texas, Oct 31, 1891, p. 5, 5th column, below middle
  57. ↑ Persian Cruelties, The Daily Courier(San Bernardino, California)31 October 1891 • Page 1
  58. ↑ under "General, The Globe-Republican, Nov 5, 1891, p. 2, 3rd column, down from top
  59. ↑ under "General, The Iola Register Nov 6, 1891, p. 2, 3rd column, below middle
  60. ↑ "News of the Week", The Red Cloud Chief, Nov 6, 1891, p. 2, 2nd column, above middle
  61. ↑ under "General, Dodge City Times, Nov 6, 1891, p. 1, 8th column, near top
  62. ↑ under "General News", Middlebury Register, Nov 6, 1891, p. 4, 6th column, up from bottom
  63. ↑ (untitled), Fair Play, Nov 7, 1891, p. 1, 1st column, above bottom
  64. ↑ "The Babis of Persia", The Sun, Nov 01, 1891, p. 4, 4th column, bottom
  65. ↑ The Babis of Persia, The Quincy Herald, December 17, Page: 2
  66. ↑ Persian heretics, The Rhinebeck Gazette, Rhinebeck NY, 2 Apr, 1892, p. 4, 4th col
  67. ↑ "Persian heretics", The Ogden Standard-Examiner, 7 April 1892, p. 6, 1st column, top
  68. ↑ Persian heretics, Mount Morris Union (Mount Morris, NY), 14 Apr, 1892, p. 1, 6th col top
  69. ↑ "Persian Heretics", The Salem Daily News, 18 April 1892, p. 2, 5th column, top
  70. ↑ "Persian Heretics", Fort Wayne Daily Gazette, 19 April 1892, p. 3, 5th column, top
  71. ↑ "Persian Heretics", Logansport Pharos-Tribune, Logansport, Indiana, 22 April 1892, p. 18, 6th column, top under advert
  72. ↑ "Persian Heretics", Nevada State Journal, 24 April 1892, p. 1, 3d column, top
  73. ↑ "Persian Heretics", The Fresno Weekly Republican, Fresno, California, p. 5, 5th column, top
  74. ↑ Persian Heretics, Los Angeles Herald, 30 April 1892, p, 7, first column
  75. ↑ "Persian Heretics", The Piqua Daily Call, 10 May 1892, p. 15, 3rd column, top
  76. ↑ Persian Heretics, Sterling Evening Gazette, Aug. 2 1892, page 7, 3rd column top
  77. ↑ Travel and adventury (next column below top, review of A Year among the Persions, The Glasgow Herald - Nov 2, 1893, p.9
  78. ↑ Michigan Suffragists meet, The Inter Ocean(Chicago, Illinois)6 May 1892 • Page 3
  79. ↑ MacEoin, Denis. "Babi history". The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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