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Literary mentions during the Ministry of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá

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For mentions in the press during this time period, see Press coverage during the Ministry of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.

Contents

  • 1 1893
    • 1.1 Henry H. Jessup
    • 1.2 Charles Stileman
  • 2 1894
    • 2.1 M Y De Goeze
    • 2.2 P Z Easton
    • 2.3 DL Leonard
    • 2.4 JH Shedd
  • 3 1895
    • 3.1 James Strong
    • 3.2 Samuel Wilson
    • 3.3 Thomas Gordon
  • 4 1896
    • 4.1 Lepel Griffin
    • 4.2 F C Andreas
    • 4.3 JD Rees
    • 4.4 Gaston Dujarric
    • 4.5 Edward Sell
    • 4.6 H. R. Haweis
  • 5 1897
    • 5.1 James Bixby
    • 5.2 Charles William Heckethorn
    • 5.3 Zanjan
  • 6 1898
    • 6.1 Chambers biographical dictionary
  • 7 1900 Arakelian
  • 8 1901 Denison Ross
  • 9 1902
    • 9.1 ALM Nicholas
    • 9.2 Stoyan Krystoff Vatralsky
    • 9.3 Benjamin Labraree
    • 9.4 Henry Jessup, Babism and the Babites
    • 9.5 Courteney Penn
    • 9.6 Sidersky and Braun
  • 10 1904
  • 11 1906 Anonymous
  • 12 1907 Across Persia by Eliot Crawshay-Williams
  • 13 1909 Salomon Reinach
  • 14 1910
    • 14.1 Helen Campbell
    • 14.2 Henry Jessup
  • 15 1911
    • 15.1 The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
    • 15.2 Stenstrand
    • 15.3 Ethel Stefana Stevens
  • 16 1913 Samuel Nweeya
  • 17 Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911)
  • 18 1914
    • 18.1 Albert R Vail
    • 18.2 Samuel G Wilson
  • 19 1915
  • 20 1916 Mary Bird
  • 21 1917
  • 22 Further reading
  • 23 External links
  • 24 References

1893[edit]

Henry H. Jessup[edit]

In 1893 Rev. Henry H. Jessup delivered a talk at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago which mentioned the Bahá’í Faith,[1] constituting the first public mention of the Faith in the United States.

The Inter Ocean of 24 September 1893 (Chicago, Illinois), published a survey of presentations at the Parliament, including Rev. Jessup's presentation.[2]

The Parliament (though not the Jessup talk itself) resulted in a major advance in the thinking of Sarah Farmer, who established a centre of learning at Green Acre, which was eventually further developed in Bahá’í hands.

Charles Stileman[edit]

Collins' Bibliography noted another 1893 entry by Rt Rev Charles Stileman, Anglican clergyman, later the inaugural Anglican Bishop in Persia:[3]

  • 11.964 Stileman, Charles, "A Week with the Babis", The Church Missionary Intelligencer, July 1893

1894[edit]

M Y De Goeze[edit]

"The Babis of Persia" by Professor M. Y. De Goeze, The Missionary Review of the World, Vol 17, published by Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1894, pp. 362 (one page article)

- Mentions the passing of "Beháo'alláh", and perhaps notable that it is sent from Amsterdam. Vol 17 is available as a free ebook, the google book preview limits what pages you can see, specifically this one page, but the free ebook lets you get them all.

P Z Easton[edit]

"The Babis of Persia" by Rev P Z Easton, The Missionary Review of the World, Vol 17, published by Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated, June 1894, pp. 451–458.[4]

"Wahabiism and Babism - Bibliography" by Rev P Z Easton, The Missionary Review of the World, Vol 17 published Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated, July, 1894 pp. 529–530[5]

Easton confronted ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in 1911 and later wrote more polemics to which Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl in his book The Brilliant Proof written in Dec. 1911.

DL Leonard[edit]

"General Missionary Intelligence", edited by Rev. D L Leonard, the relevant text is very brief on p. 876, see below The Missionary Review of the World, Vol 17, published by Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1894 on p. 876 under "Asia", second column: "Rev H. Carless, accompanied by a medical student, left Julfa at the beginning of May on an intinerating tour. They visited Kashan, Sultanabad, Burujird, and Nejifádád. At the last-named place 52 Mohammedans and Babis attended the Sunday-morning service. Altogether the tour lasted 42 days."

Vol 17 is available as a free ebook, the google book preview limits what pages you can see, specifically this one page, but the free ebook lets you get them all.

JH Shedd[edit]

Collins' Bibliography noted a 1894 entry by :[3]

  • 11.915 Shedd, JH "Babism: Its Doctrine and Relation to Mission Work", The Missionary Review of the World, Dec 1894.[6]

1895[edit]

James Strong[edit]

James Strong, of Concordance fame had been continuing work on a Cyclopedia begun in 1853. The 1895 edition of Vol 1 had an entry on "Babist" based on an entry in The Nation June 22, 1866 based on Gobineau's work in French.[7] It cites Gobineau, some German works (Zeitschrift der deutchen Morgenland, "Gesellschaft", vol v; Petermann, Reisen in Orient vol. ii), Polak, Pierer, Universal-Lesikon, The Nation June 22, 1866, American Annual Cyclopedia 1865, p. 696. John McClintock had passed in 1870 and Strong continued the work.

Samuel Wilson[edit]

Rev Samuel Graham Wilson mention the Bab and Babis on a few pages in his Persian Life and Customs, scattered among several pages (pp. 12, 62, 146, 174, 185-6, 221, 259, 260, 291)claiming to correct Browne and others on occasion in 1895,[8] and references the same in 1896 in the October edition of The Missionary Review of the World in "The Gospel Work in Persia" (focused on pages 730–731.)[9]

Thomas Gordon[edit]

Scotsman Thomas Edward Gordon published Persia Revisited in 1895 and mentions the Bab and Babis on pp. 81–92[10] covering largely events circa 1891.

1896[edit]

Lepel Griffin[edit]

Collins' Bibliography notes an entry from July 1896 by Lepel Griffin:[3]

  • 11.447 Griffin, Lepel, "Russia, Persia and England", The Nineteenth Century, July 1896

F C Andreas[edit]

Momen notes[11] that F C Andreas traveled in Persia in the late 1870s and published a book on the Babis and Baha'is in 1896.[12] Among other details German a missionary gives him an insight into Baha'i social life of the time. He notes the book is most important because of the wide circulation and review in German speaking areas even to Finland in 1897.

JD Rees[edit]

Collins' Bibliography notes entries by J. D. Rees:[3]

(in the order of discovery)

  • 11.839 Rees, JD "The Bab and Babism", Littell's Living Age, Aug 22, 1896
  • 11.840 idem., The Nineteenth Century, July 1896[13]

Gaston Dujarric[edit]

"Notes sur le Bâbysme", by Gaston Dujarric, chief editor, Revue de L’Islam, ISSN 20213832, pp. 105–108, in 1896.[14] (url broken for now)

Edward Sell[edit]

Canon Edward Sell wrote his first of three treatises about the Babis/Baha'is - this one entitled "The Babis", a missionary view, in 1896.[15] His second was entitled "The Bab and the Babis", a missionary view, in 1901.[16] His third treatise specifically about "Bahaism", an early book-length overview, by a Christian for a missionary audience, in 1912.[17]

H. R. Haweis[edit]

The Contemporary Review, published 1896, contains an interview done by H. R. Haweis[18]

"But the origin and essence of the Bab doctrine remained almost untouched, (in an account in the Morning Post - ed) and indeed, to the European mind, both must seem obscure. To understand Babism we must attack one of the least understood problems of Islam - I refer to Mahdism.

Mahbism is the doctrine of the Mussulman Messiah. No foreigner seems to me to have grasped it, in spite of its close analogy with your Christian doctrine of Messiah. There is no reliable book upon the subject. Mabhism is taught orally; it is a tradition, and why it is not imparted to outsiders is chiefly to formalities which, in the presence of the "profane", are of an embarrassing nature and likely to expose them to ridicule. History repeats itself. As the doctrine of your Messiah was created chiefly by the sufferings of the Jewish people, in constant bondage and persecution, and ever dreaming of some national deliverer, so the dogma of our Mussulman Messiah was born of the sufferings of the people combined with the hope of a brighter future. At this time of day, owing to a curious concurrence of many circumstances, the Messianic, or Mahbist, belief is so deeply rooted in all Mussulman nations - especially the Schiytes (Persian)- that is has become their life and soul. If these oppressed hordes in Persia, Turkey, Morocco have endured patiently so many bad governments, it is because they are sure that a Mahdi will soon arise to remedy all these evils.…"

The "Statesman" goes on eventually to mention "a celebrated sheik who was looked upon as a sort of Bab or forerunner of the Mahdi." etc

It is also summarized in a newspaper account 16 Dec 1896 in the Indiana Democrat.[19]

This is also in Collins' Bibliography[3] -

  • 11.474 Haweis, HR "Talk with a Persian Statesman", Contemporary Review, 1896.

1897[edit]

James Bixby[edit]

Reverend James T. Bixby wrote a number of articles related to the Faith. The first might be noted in Collins' Bibliography as

  • 11.204 Bixby, James, "Babism and the Bab", New World, Dec 1897.[3][20]

Another was mentioned as a review of the Baha'i Faith,[21] though affirming of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá personally, published in June 1912.[22]

Charles William Heckethorn[edit]

Chapter XIV - "The Babis", pp. 263–269, in The Secret Societies of All Ages and Countries, Volume 2 by Charles William Heckethorn, published by G. Redway, 1897[23] - Cites are gathered at the end and not cited in the text. They include Browne, Gobineau, and E. Sell (page xv) but a careful review would be needed to figure out if there are more.

Zanjan[edit]

Collins' Bibliography notes:[3]

  • 11.1125 Zanjání, Áqá 'Abdu'l-Ahad, "Personal Reminiscences of the Bábí Insurrection at Zanjân in 1850", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1897. See Personal Reminiscences of the Bābī Insurrection at Zanjān in 1850, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series) / Volume 29 / Issue 04 / October 1897, pp 761–827.

1898[edit]

Collins' Bibliography notes entries for 1898:[3]

  • 11.64 "Babism in Persia", The Missionary Review of the World, Jan. 1898
  • 11.237 "Some Notes on the Literature and Doctrines of the Hurufi Sect", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898 - See Some Notes on the Literature and Doctrines of the Ḥurūfī Sect, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series) / Volume 30 / Issue 01 / January 1898, pp 61–94

Chambers biographical dictionary[edit]

Chambers's biographical dictionary: the great of all times and nations ed by Francis Hindes Groome, reprint, published by W. & R. Chambers, 1898, had an entry "Báb-ed-Din", on p. 55[24]

1900 Arakelian[edit]

Russian scholar H. Arakelian from his 1900 paper/lecture in French, "Le Bêbisme en Perse", at the September 5, 1900 meeting of the "International Congress of the History of Religions" held in Paris.[25]

1901 Denison Ross[edit]

In 1901 Denison Ross wrote an article for The North American Review called Babism.[26] It appeared again in 1912 in Great Religions of the World in 1912 with a preface about Abdu'l-Baha's travels.[27]

1902[edit]

ALM Nicholas[edit]

A.L.M. Nicholas was the son of a French diplomat to Persia in the 1860s, began researching the Babis following Gobineau about 1900. He began work to translate books of the Bab to French which he published in starting around 1902, initially somewhat unaware Babi/Baha'is were already in France. He continued to publish into the 1930s.[28]

Stoyan Krystoff Vatralsky[edit]

Stoyan Krystoff Vatralsky made some news circa 1899/1900[29] and wrote a paper in 1902 in the American Journal of Theology.[30] Baha'is have reviewed his work at Moojan Momen, ed. (1982). Studies in Bábí and Baháʹí History. Kalimat Press. pp. 95–96, 136, 203, 213, 225–255. ISBN 978-1-890688-45-5.

Benjamin Labraree[edit]

"The New Century Outlook in Persia - II" by Rev Benjamin Labraree, The Missionary Review, Vol 25, published by Princeton Press, February 1902, pp. 119– (see 124–125)–126[31]

Henry Jessup, Babism and the Babites[edit]

"Babism and the Babites", by Rev Henry Harris Jessup, The Missionary Review, Vol 25, published by Princeton Press, October 1902, pp. 771–775[32] - interesting it points to a newspaper article in the Egyptian Gazette of Nov 1900 about Kheirulla.

Of course Jessup was directly involved with the 1893 mention of the Faith at the World Parliament of religions.

Courteney Penn[edit]

"The Missionary Outlook" by Rev. Courtenay H. Penn, pp. 586–(see 590)–591, The Missionary Review, Vol 25, published, Princeton Press, August 1902[33]

Sidersky and Braun[edit]

"A visit to the Prophet of Persia" by Philip Sidersky and Rev. S.K. Braun, The Missionary Review, Vol 25, published by Princeton Press, October 1902, pp. 775–776[34] - interesting this is referring to an interview with Mirza Abu'-Fadl!

1904[edit]

In 1904 in Missions and Modern History: a study of the missionary aspects of some great movements of the nineteenth century, by Robert Elliott Speer, discusses Babism from a missionary point of view. Mentions Browne and Easton .... perhaps others.[35]

This reference does not appear to be in The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts.

Another couple articles totalling 139 pages by Dr. Paul Carus came out in the summer 1904 in the journal Open Court.[36] also had an advertisement by Kheiralla and MacNutt.[37] He mentions Gobineau but focuses on Browne and then extensively quotes Russian scholar Monsieur H. Arakelian (Arakelyani?) from his 1900 paper/lecture at the "International Congress of the History of Religions"(see above). The article Includes some photos - some known some new? Covers troubled situations in succession, rise of Baha'ullah vs Azali. There is a reply in the January 1905 edition of Open Court lead by Carus' commentary adjusting some details and then publishing the rebuttle by Arthur Dodge.[38]

1906 Anonymous[edit]

"American; Babism in New York" (no author), The Missionary Review, Vol 29, published by Princeton Press, May 1906, p. 391[39]

A. V. Williams Jackson published Persia, Past and Present which has a couple pages on the Babi/Baha'i Faiths including brief mention of "Behaists" near Chicago.[40]

1907 Across Persia by Eliot Crawshay-Williams[edit]

Across Persia by Eliot Crawshay-Williams who travelled Persia in 1903 - chapter XX is about Babi-Baha'i history.[41]

1909 Salomon Reinach[edit]

"Babism" section on p. 169, under "Chapter VI, The Musulmans" from Orpheus: A General History of Religions, by Salomon Reinach, published by W. Heinemann, 1909[42]

1910[edit]

Helen Campbell[edit]

The February 1910 edition of Twentieth Century Magazine had an article by Baha'i Helen Campbell profiling the social and economic views of the Baha'i Faith.[43] Helen passed in July 1918.[44]

Henry Jessup[edit]

Jessup published Fifty Three Years In Syria in 1910, in which he made several passing mentions of the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths, although he was largely dismissive of the movement, characterising "Babism" as consisting of "misty and mystical platitudes". The work mentions the situation of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá at the time, the machinations of Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí and Mírzá Badíʻu’lláh against Him, and Badíʻu’lláh's temporary reconciliation with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.[45]

1911[edit]

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge[edit]

From a seemingly 1910-1911 edition of an "The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge”. Apparently it started life in German in the 19th century and was translated and carried forward. This edition was reprinted in 1952 but some entries are clearly older though I’ve not identified a positive date yet. There are entries on Babism and Behaism There are no articles with information dated later than 1910-1911.

The first on Babism is by associate editor of the encyclopedia, George W. GIlmore, with nothing newer than 1906 in the bibliography.[46] The second, "Behaism", was by Margaret Bloodgood Peeke, "Inspectress-General of the Martinist Order of America" with nothing newer than 1906 in the bibliography.[47] Peeke had gone on to visit Abdu'l-Baha as a non-Bahá'í in 1899 and judged it to be "living the life" of the teachings of Jesus Christ.[48]

Stenstrand[edit]

Key to the Heaven of the Beyan or a Third Call of Attention to the Behaists or Babists of America. By August J. Stenstrand, 34 p. 8 vo. Chicago, 1911. Publisher not given. In 1913 it was a gift of Mr. A. J. Stenstrand, 217 West Elm Street, Chicago, Illinois, to the Illinois State Historical Library and Society.[49]

Ethel Stefana Stevens[edit]

In 1911 Ethel Stefana Stevens published two articles in widely circulated magazines - Forthnightly Review,[50] and Everybody's Magazine.[51]

1913 Samuel Nweeya[edit]

Persia, the Land of the Magi… by Nweeya, Samuel K. (Samuel Kasha), about 1913.[52] One chapter discusses Babism?

This reference does not appear to be in The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts.

Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911)[edit]

The 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1911, contained an entry titled "Bábíism".[53]

1914[edit]

In 1914 two ministers took up writing about the Baha'i Faith. One was very "pro" and one very "con".

Albert R Vail[edit]

After hearing of the religion in 1907 and meeting Abdu'l-Baha in 1912, Albert Vail investigated the religion and was publicly mentioning it from 1913. In the July 1914 edition of The Harvard Theological Review he published an article surveying the religion.[54]

Samuel G Wilson[edit]

"Bahaism and the Woman Question", by Rev. Samuel G. Wilson, Missionary Review of the World, Vol 37, published by Funk & Wagnalls, October 1914, pp. 739–745[55]

"Bahaism and the Woman Question - II", by Rev Samuel G Wilson, Missionary Review of the World, Vol 37, published by Funk & Wagnalls, December 1914 pp. 915–919 [56]

See Gender equality.

1915[edit]

Richardson, Robert P. (1915). "The Persian Revival to Jesus, and his American Disciples". The Open Court. 29 (8): 460–483. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

1916 Mary Bird[edit]

Mary Bird noticed the religion ... "But the greatest leakage from Islam is caused by Bahâism, whose attraction for Moslems…". But alas mostly 5 paragraphs of a rather unfortunate sort....[57]

This reference does not appear to be in The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts.

1917[edit]

Albert R. Vail, writer of the Harvard Theological Review article in 1914, then published, in 1917, with his wife Emily McClellan Vail, a two volume set of books each with a chapter about the Baha'i Faith: "Heroic lives" for sixth grade curriculums with student and teacher notebooks.[58]

Ignaz Goldziher wrote a book about Islam based on more than a decade of lectures. Included are some 12 pages of text (some 24 footnotes) summarizing Bábí and Bahá'í history.[59] He was not satisfied with the book as a whole and asked these be with drawn and a later German edition was worked on that published posthumously.[60]

Further reading[edit]

  • Geoffrey Nash; Geoffrey P. Nash (1 July 2011). Travellers to the Middle East from Burckhardt to Thesiger: An Anthology. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-0-85728-878-3.

External links[edit]

  • 19th Century Tributes to the Bahá’ís

References[edit]

  1. ↑ The Religious Mission of the English-Speaking Nations, by Rev Henry H. Jessup, published in History of the Parliament of Religions and Religious Congresses of the World's Columbian Exposition, pages 637-641, Chicago: F. Tennyson Neely, 1894
  2. ↑ Henry H. Jessup, D.D., Makes an Eloquent and Instructive Address The Inter Ocean, (Chicago, Illinois), 24 September 1893 • Page 2
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Collins
  4. ↑ "The Babis of Persia" by Rev P Z Easton, The Missionary Review of the World, Volume 17, Published by Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated, June 1894, pp. 451–458
  5. ↑ "Wahabiism and Babism - Bibliography" by Rev P Z Easton, The Missionary Review of the World, Vol 17, published Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated, July, 1894 pp. 529–530
  6. ↑ "Babism - Its Doctrines and Relation to Mission Work", by Ref J H Shedd, pp. 894–904, The Missionary Review of the World, Vol 17, Dec 1894, published by Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated
  7. ↑ McClintock, John; Strong, James, eds. (1895). Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Harper. pp. 593–594. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  8. ↑ Samuel Graham Wilson (1895). Persian life and customs: with scenes and incidents of residence and travel in the land of the lion and the sun. F.H. Revell Co. pp. 12, 62, 146, 174, 185–6, 221, 259, 260, 291. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  9. ↑ Samuel G. Wilson (October, 1896). The Missionary Review of the World. Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated: 730–731 https://books.google.com/books?id=HmYhAQAAMAAJ. {{cite journal}}: |chapter= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  10. ↑ Sir Thomas Edward Gordon (1896). Persia Revisited (1895). E. Arnold. pp. 81–92. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named momen1981
  12. ↑ Die babi's in Persien, by Friedrich Carl Andreas, Published by Verlag der Akademischen Buchhandlung (W. Faber), 1896.
  13. ↑ JD Rees (1896). ""The Bab and Babism"". In James Knowles (ed.). The Nineteenth Century. Vol. 40. Henry S. King & Company. pp. 56–66. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  14. ↑ Notes sur le Bâbysme, by Gaston Dujarric, chief editor, Revue de L’Islam, ISSN 20213832, pp. 105-108
  15. ↑ The Babis, by Edward Sell, published in The Church Missionary Intelligencer, 47:21, pages 324-335, London: Church Missionary Society, 1896-05
  16. ↑ The Bab and the Babis, by Edward Sell, published in Essays on Islam, pages 46-98, London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent &. Co., 1901
  17. ↑ Bahaism, by Edward Sell, London: Christian Literature Society for India, 1912
  18. ↑ "Talk with a Persian Statesman". The Contemporary Review. A. Strahan. 1896. pp. 73–77. Retrieved 4 April 2013. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  19. ↑ The Mohammedan Messiah, The Indiana Democrat, (Indiana, Pennsylvania), 16 December 1896 • Page 5
  20. ↑ James T. Bixby (December 1897). "Babism and the Bab". The New World; A quarterly review of religion, ethics, and theology. 6 (24): 722–750. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  21. ↑ God Speaks Again: An Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith By Kenneth E. Bowers, p. 148
  22. ↑ What is Behaism? by James T. Bixby , In The North American Review, June 1912, pp. 833-846
  23. ↑ "The Babis" in The Secret Societies of All Ages and Countries, Volume 2 by Charles William Heckethorn, published by G. Redway, 1897, pp. 263–269
  24. ↑ "Báb-ed-Din", Chambers's biographical dictionary: the great of all times and nations ed by Francis Hindes Groome, reprint, published by W. & R. Chambers, 1898, p. 55
  25. ↑ Arakélian, H. (September 5, 1900). "Le Bêbisme en Perse". International Congress for the History of Religions; Actes du premier Congrès international d'histoire des religions, réuni à Paris, du 3 au 8 septembre 1900 à l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle 1: 93–104. 
  26. ↑ Babism, by E. Denison Ross, Vol. 172, No. 533, Apr., 1901, pp. 606-622
  27. ↑ Babism, by E. Denison Ross, Great Religions of the World, New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1901/1912, pp. 189-217
  28. ↑ • Seyyèd Ali Mohammed, dit le Bâb / par A. L. M. Nicolas, Les Religions des peuples civilizés, 1905 • «Les Behais et le Bab », by A.L.M. Nicolas, Journal Asiatique, 1933, avril-juin, pp.257-264
  29. ↑ * Mystery of a sect, The Weekly Wisconsin(Milwaukee, Wisconsin)18 Nov 1899, Sat • Page 8
    • Church of Mahomet in Wisconsin, The Allentown Leader(Allentown, Pennsylvania)11 Apr 1900, Wed • Page 7
  30. ↑ Mohammedan Gnosticism in America, by Stoyan Krystoff Vatralsky, American Journal of Theology, V6n1, Jan 1902, pp. 57-78.
  31. ↑ "The New Century Outlook in Persia - II", by Rev Benjamin Labraree, The Missionary Review, Vol 25, published by Princeton Press, February 1902, pp. 119–126
  32. ↑ "Babism and the Babites", by Rev Henry Harris Jessup, The Missionary Review, Vol 25, published by Princeton Press, October 1902, pp. 771–775
  33. ↑ "The Missionary Outlook" by Rev. Courtenay H. Penn, pp. 586–591, The Missionary Review, Vol 25, published, Princeton Press, 1902
  34. ↑ "A visit to the Prophet of Persia" by Philip Sidersky and Rev. S.K. Braun, The Missionary Review, Vol 25, published by Princeton Press, October 1902, pp.775-776
  35. ↑ Missions and Modern History: a study of the missionary aspects of some great movements of the nineteenth century, Vol 1, by Robert Elliott Speer, 1904
  36. ↑ *Carus, Paul (June 1904). "A New Religion - Babism - Behaism in Chicago (pt 1)". The Open Court. 18 (6): 355–372.
    • Carus, Paul (July 1904). "A New Religion - Babism - Behaism in Chicago (pt 2)". The Open Court. 18 (7): 398–420.
  37. ↑ Beha Ullah
  38. ↑ Arthurd Dodge; Paul Carus (January 1905). "The Behaist Movement". The Open Court. 19 (1): 54–63 (download only).
  39. ↑ "American; Babism in New York" (no author), under "General Missionary Intelligence" (no editor), The Missionary Review, Vol 29, published by Princeton Press, May 1906, p. 391
  40. ↑ Persia, Past and Present, by A. V. Williams Jackson, esp. pages 48-50, 1906.
  41. ↑ E. Crawshay Williams (1907). Across Persia. Edward Arnold.
  42. ↑ "Chapter VI, The Musulmans" from, Orpheus: A General History of Religions, by Salomon Reinach, translated by Florence Simmonds, revised edition, published by W. Heinemann, 1909, p. 161–169
  43. ↑ A new economic movement and young Persia, by Helen Campbell, Twentieth Century Magazine, v1, No 5, p. 456–463
  44. ↑ Green Acre Activities, The Portsmouth Herald(Portsmouth, New Hampshire)27 July 1918 • Page 4
  45. ↑ Fifty Three Years In Syria, by Henry H. Jessup, excerpt - pages 329, 605, 636-638, 687-688, New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1910
  46. ↑ George W. GIlmore (1952) [1910-1911?]. "Babism". The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 2. republished by Christian Classics Ethereal Library. pp. 935–939. http://www.ccel.org/download.html?url=/ccel/schaff/encyc01.pdf. 
  47. ↑ Margaret Bloodgood Peeke (1952) [1910-1911?]. "Behaism". The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 2. republished by Christian Classics Ethereal Library. pp. 104–105. http://www.ccel.org/download.html?url=/ccel/schaff/encyc02.pdf. 
  48. ↑ My Visit to Abbas-Effendi in 1899, by Margaret B. Peeke, page 10 and 16.
  49. ↑ Editorial Notes by Jessie Palmer Weber, Edward F. Dunne and Harry Woods, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984) , Vol. 6, No. 3 (Oct., 1913) , pp. 455-468 (p. 467)
  50. ↑ Abbas Effendi: His personality, work, and followers, by E. S. Stevens, The Forthnightly Review, New series vol 95, no 534 June 1, 1911, pp. 1067–1084
  51. ↑ The light in the lantern, by Ethel Stefana Stevens, Everybody's Magazine, vol 24, no 6, Dec 1911, pp. 755– 786
  52. ↑ Persia, the Land of the Magi… by Nweeya, Samuel K. (Samuel Kasha), about 1913
  53. ↑ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), Volume 3. "Bábíism".
  54. ↑ Bahaism: A Study of a Contemporary Movement, by Albert R. Vail, The Harvard Theological Review, July 1914, pages 339-357
  55. ↑ "Bahaism and the Woman Question", by Rev. Samuel G. Wilson, Missionary Review of the World, Vol 37, published by Funk & Wagnalls, October 1914, pp. 739–745
  56. ↑ "Bahaism and the Woman Question - II", by Rev Samuel G Wilson, Missionary Review of the World, Vol 37, published by Funk & Wagnalls, December 1914 pp. 915–919
  57. ↑ Mary Bird in Persia, By Clara C. Rice, London: Church Missionary Society, 1916.
  58. ↑ * Heroic lives, (Student notebook) by Albert R. Vail and Emily McClellan Vail, Pub - Boston, Beacon Press, 1917
    • Heroic lives, (Teacher notebook) by Albert R. Vail and Emily McClellan Vail, Pub - Boston, Beacon Press, 1917
  59. ↑ Available in two places:
    • On Archive.org: Mohammed and Islam by Goldziher, Ignácz, Publication date 1917
    • On Google books: Mohammed and Islam By Ignác Goldziher · 1917
  60. ↑ Ignaz Goldziher
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