Coverage of the Baha'i Faith in the Chicago Defender

Chicago Defender was one of the prominent African-American newspapers. It was founded in 1905 and printed through the present. Archives of it are available online behind paywalls like ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Defender (1910-1975). Black Studies Center provides some images of some articles across several newspapers including the Chicago Defender. A review finds over 540 non-repeating stories from 1910 through 1975.

Perhaps most famously, its founder, publisher and editor for many years Robert Sengstacke Abbott himself became a Baha'i since the end of the national convention in 1934. His first public comment on the religion came a decade earlier speaking to a university audience and in 1933 he is published about giving people tours of the Temple when they come to visit him. He personally wrote three articles directly about the Faith and is prominently mentioned in seven articles. In one of the articles he wrote he said: "The frontiers of civilization will not, appreciably, be advanced and the souls of nations will not be retrieved from the abomination into which they have sunk, unless the fundamental principles embodied in the teachings of Abdu'l-Baha are faithfully and fervently embraced." He died in 1940.

As a historical review, it is worth speaking to changing dynamics, specifically the engagement in politics, which ought to raise principles into practice and the Baha'i standard. In the 1930s, Shoghi Effendi also increased the standardization of avoiding political party affiliations which were progressively applied.

In 1995 an article Door to the Masses was published and reprinted a few times including in World Order magazine v25n4 of the summer of 1995 including previous work on Abbott but adding coverage of his relationship with the Baha'i Faith. In it Shoghi Effendi is quoted as noting Abbott as Zia Bagdadi's spiritual son. Abbott's declaration of faith at the May-June national convention was recorded as follows by Louis Gregory:

Dear friends: Sorry I am hoarse and do not want to find it necessary to speak all over again. Happy am I to see people whom I have been praying to God all my life to see, those who recognize me as a man. Everywhere I have traveled I have been received as a man, save in my own country. Here my people have been cruelly treated and even burdened at the stake! … Abdu'l-Baha, when in America, put his hand on my head and told me that he would get from me some day a service for the benefit of humanity. I am identifying myself with this cause and I go up with you or down with you. Anything for this cause! Let it go out and remove the darkness everywhere. Save my people! Save America from herself!"

The Broad Ax

The Broad Ax was an African-American newspaper originally based at Salt Lake City since 1895 but which moved to Chicago Illinois circa 1899. It was one of three such newspapers in the Chicago area when Robert S. Abbott began publishing in 1905. University of Illinois at at Urbana-Champaign has an extensive online digitized collection dating back to the late 1895 through to 1922. Reportedly it continued publication to 1931 but digitized copies are available only to the end of 1922. Be that as it may, within the limits of OCR scanning and searching, the first mention of the Faith is in 1912 with mention of 'Abdu'l-Bahá at the NAACP convention in Chicago in 1912 and noted His appearance at the Universal Congress of Races the previous year. Additionally in 1920 it printed the story circulated by former NY Governor William Sulzer in support of the Bahá'í Faith and 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Lastly in 1921 it printed an obituary of 'Abdu'l-Bah´q.

Articles

The format of what follows is:

• "Title", Information on publication. Summary/commentary on what the article is about.

1911

• "Frederick Douglass Center, 3032 Wabash Ave", by Celia Parker Woolley, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 29 April 1911, p1. Celia Parker Woolley encourages members to listen to a presentation by "some of the members of the Bahai National Conference… [to] Come and hear … of… Bahai Allah….… One speaker will tell of the work in Washington which numbers many Negroes" the following Sunday, (note Louis Gregory was away on pilgrimage from March into June, so this was someone else.) The founder of the Center, Woolley was a white unitarian minister, social worker in the South Side working for interracial cooperation and opportunities for the African Americans. Coverage of the Center starts Feb 1910.

• "Frederick Douglass Center, 3032 Wabash Avenue", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, August 26, 1911, p1. Louis Gregory was set to give a talk upon his return from pilgrimage entitled "Life in the Far East" at the Center with music provided by Beatrice White, Charles Settles, and Cleo Jones.

• "The Frederick Douglass Center", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Dec 16, 1911, p1. Jean Masson, who signed the 1919 letter to Abdu'l-Baha, was scheduled to speak to the Douglass Center the next day.

1912

• "Abdul Baha Abbas coming: Famous Leader of the Bahai Movement En Route to America…", by Gregory, Lewis[sic] G. The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 April 1912, p1. A profile of 'Abdu'l-Bahá by Gregory in Washington DC about being in route to America invitations to meetings across the country coming up. "… and it now gives forth more promise of being the real solution of the race problem than anything ever seen or heard of before."

• "Chicago Ministers to denounce Lynching", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 April 1912, p1. 'Abdu'l-Bahá, one of the speakers at the opening session of the NAACP meeting on the day's theme of "The Lynching Evil in This Country", isn't there for converts and is "strenuously opposed to race discrimination and oppression" and promulgating the idea to all religions.

• "Final plans for fourth meeting NAACP: First Session Sunday evening at Sinai Temple…", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 April 1912, p1. 'Abdu'l-Bahá was listed on the first day of the program. The chair of day was Jane Addams, and other speaks included Emil Hirsch, Oswald Garrison and William Pickens. 'Abdu'l-Bahá was also to speak at the fifth session Tuesday afternoon hosted at Hull House.

• "Speakers encourage and tell of advance: Fourth Annual Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People…", by J. Hockley Smiley, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 May 1912, p1. Joseph Hannen is mentioned standing next to Dr. W. E. B. DuBois along the back wall in a group picture at an afternoon gathering at Hull House that included Jane Addams and Robert S. Abbott among a vast number. Abbott was long associated with Bahá'ís but officially joined the religion in 1934. 'Abdu'l-Bahá's comments, if made on the first day, were not reported here. On Tuesday, Mr. Moortildstory of Boston presided, and the main speaker was Celia Parker Woolley at the daytime meeting. The evening program was presided over by Rabbi Hirsch with several speakers, including 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Successive further coverage occurs:

* "Echoes of the NACCP Fourth Annual Conference" by Mildred Miller, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 May 1912, p2. Very briefly, Miller summarized 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Tuesday comments about the colors of the garden theme in a broader reflection on the conference.

* "To Break the Color Line: Abdul Baha, the Great Persian Philosopher and Teacher, Aims to Unite the Peoples of All Races and Creeds in One Great Bond of Brotherhood", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 May 1912(byline of May 3), p3. The article summarizes 'Abdu'l-Bahá's progress to Chicago to arrive Monday. His visit to Washington DC is summarized as speaking to white, black, and mixed audiences "and conquered Southern prejudices" and "was the guest of one of Washington's wealthiest women…(who's) house has been thrown open to rich and poor and black and white."

* "The first step for the Equality of Man", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 May 1912, p4. The article praises the organizers of the NAACP meeting and mentions 'Abdu'l-Bahá among the many presenters and an audience of about 1500 people and having to turn away many.

* "Race Prejudice a peril to Democracy…", by Graham Taylor, (from Chicago Daily News May 11), The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 May 1912, p1. The article praises all sides seeking freedom and goodness - noted 'Abdu'l-Bahá "recognized the image of God in the white heart of a black man more than in the black heart of a white man."

• "The Frederick Douglass Center", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition, Chicago, IL, Jun 15, 1912, p4. The previous Tuesday, the 11th, Woolley of the Frederick Douglass Center gave a talk for the Women's Bahá'í Assembly in Chicago.

• "City Churches: Frederick Douglass Center", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Sep 1912, p6. 'Abdu'l-Bahá was among the presenters at the Frederick Douglass Center Women's Club about Sunday 4pm.

• "News Notes of the Nation's Capital", by Thompson, R W., The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Sep 1912, p5. The article reviews various announcements and mentions the engagement of the Gregories, who intends to live in Washington, D.C.

• "Abdul Baha coming to the Capital", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Nov 1912, p1. The article reviews Gregory's connections and the community in which "no color line is drawn". Other Bahá'ís in the community includes people from Howard University: G W and Mrs Cook at Howard, T H R Clarke and C F Adams.

1913

• "Two hundred Washington students graduate; Presentation of Diplomas", by R W Thompson, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 June 1913, p1. Known Baha'i Caroline W. Harris of the board of education handed out diplomas to the Armstrong Manual School class among the many services.

• "Racine Happenings", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Nov 1913, p8. The article notes Euro-American Emma Goodel of Kenosha with an uncredited quote of Baha'u'llah speaking at the Wayman AME Church. "We desire but the good of the world and the happiness of all nations. That all nations should become one faith and all men as brothers.…" and is mentioned as active in Bahá'í and Christian activities.

1914

• "Want $15,000 for aged", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Apr 1914, p8. Known Bahá'í Mrs Thomas W. Fleming, aka Lethia C. Fleming, was reported as chair of the campaign to raise funds to pay of the debt for a home for colored aged in Cleveland. She would also serve as the Home's president of lady managers and had also been the founder of the Progressive Club of Young Ladles.

• "Cleveland, Ohio", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Jun 1914, p7. Known Bahá'í Thomas W. Fleming himself was on the committee organizing an excursion to Putin Bay in June for the Cleveland Association of Colored Men attended by others too. By September, Thomas was on the ballot for political office, attending conferences and giving talks, and by November was a member of the State Republican Executive Committee.

1915

• In January Thomas Fleming was elected as secretary of the Cleveland Association of Colored Men, and by June was appointed state deputy oil inspector for the Cleveland district by Gov. Frank B. Willis. In July Lethia Fleming, his wife, was a delegate to the Federation of Colored Women's Clubs in Columbus, where she was elected parliamentarian, while Thomas was one of the delegates to the Elk's in Chicago representing the local lodge, and then elected as an Alderman of the Cleveland city council in the November election, the first in the history of Cleveland.

• "New Notes of the Nation's Capital", by R.W. Thompson, The Chicago Defender, (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Jun 1914, p5. Known Bahá'í Coralie F. Cook was listed among those attending the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, though not explicitly at the International Bahá'í Congress that occurred at the Fair.

• "An open letter in the cause of race unity", by Thomas A. Maxwell, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, Oct 2, 1915, p5. Thomas Maxwell writes a letter to the editor justifying purchases of his products by reason of a Hidden Words that begins "O MY SERVANTS! Ye are the trees of My garden; ye must give forth goodly and wondrous fruits, that ye yourselves and others may profit therefrom. …" which he takes as a means of raising interracial unity. He doesn't reveal his product in this article, just that he is advertising in the colored newspapers. However, back in July, advertisements begin mentioning Maxwell, and his home address on N. State St mentions him selling "Ponce de Leon Crystals" for feet. This is the first mention of Thomas A. Maxwell's writing of which more are to follow.

• "Rose Williams will attend A. U.", by C. H. Grier, The Chicago Defender, (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Oct 1915, p5. Known Bahá'í Rosa Williams was noted attending Atlanta University and then going to Spellman.

• "The Principal Cause that led to the Civil War and freeing of the Slaves and how their Education during the past Fifty Years is to lead to UNITY", by Thomas Maxwell, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Oct 1915, p5, (and repeated on the same page on the 16th). Maxwell extensively reviewed Bahá'u'lláh and the 'Tablet to America' as the source of change for the age (civil war, freedom of slaves…) followed by 'Abdu'l-Bahá, noted speaking at Hull House, on the unity of races and equivalence of white and black, and the supremacy of God over all. Part of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's address to the NAACP conference was included. There is also a quote from the Hidden Words, and where Maxwell calls for the government to enforce equal treatment. Then he finishes with a prayer of 'Abdu'l-Bahá.

• "Race prejudice under fire: Against the Law of the Trinity Humanity's Cruelest, Darkest Foe …", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Oct 1915, p1. There are quotes with sections "Gospel of Unity" and "Oneness of Creation" as quotes of 'Abdu'l-Bahá about Bahá'u'lláh, one of which is an old translation of a Hidden Word.

• "(torn page)… Constitution Ignored; Fruits of Victory stolen, by Thomas Maxwell, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Oct 1915, p4. Maxwell decries the taxation patterns, especially in the South - taxation without representation - which was a keystone argument for the American Revolution. At the same time, Maxwell then turned his attention to the rising calls for military preparedness in the face of what would be WWI. Maxwell then draws the reader's attention to the prospect of real race unity, and the rise of blacks to equality; "come into your own" he says, by quoting Bahá'u'lláh twice. One of these only appears in Shoghi Effendi's Advent of Divine Justice.

• "Secure peace at home first! When the laws of this country insure…", by Thomas A. Maxwell, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, Nov 6, 1915, p.1. Maxwell's letter to President Wilson is published as a letter to the editor of The Defender calling on Wilson, saying he shares the same skin color, to equal treatment of the black population based on the "new laws of God" for this day through Bahá'u'lláh and 'Abdu'l-Bahá.

• "A Monument for Booker T. Washington", by Thomas Maxwell, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Nov 1915, p8. On commenting on the passing of Washington, Maxwell offered prayers from Bahá'í Writings - at least some of them from 'Abdu'l-Bahá.

• "Efforts of The Defender recognized: Captain Root's article…", by Thomas Maxwell, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, Dec 25, 1915, p4. Maxwell's letter to the editor underscores a pan-religious and cultural call for peace, Maxwell suggesting the money spent on the military could be better used "education, removing the slums in cities" calling for equality in the military if it has to be present. In India, he presents interfaith unity coming "These are being gathered together on the principle of one God and one people." and "This country is the country that is destined to bring about a universal peace." He then presents a multifaith compilation of quotes. He does not refer to the Bahá'ís but at least the Persians and Arabs among others.

• Two blurbs alert that there will be stories of 'Abdu'l-Bahá coming up. One was in The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Dec 1915, p5 and the second is The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Jan 1916, p3.

1916

Opening 1916 a series of articles of words of 'Abdu'l-Bahá were published, usually entitled "Abdul Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress". There is no comment on the source used, though it is clearly Some Answered Questions. Amidst the series, an editor's comment defined the ownership of the newspaper as exclusively by Robert Abbott, and all staff were "race men".

• "Abdul Baha on Spirituality: True Happiness and Progress", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Jan 1916, p8. It begins, "Ferocity and savagery are natural to animals, but men should show forth the qualities of life and affection."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge Can Conceive Reason of Love", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Jan 1916: p. 10. It begins, "For example, love. God has given us love."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge Man and Nature", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Jan 1916, p6. This article begins, "Observe the kingdom of genesis and examine carefully the created objects and we discover the order of creation."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge - Universal Love", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Jan 1916, p10. It begins, "All God's prophets have brought the messages of love. None has even taught that war and hate are good."

• "Abdu-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge - Benefits of God to Man", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Feb 1916, p8. It begins, "God alone ordereth all things and is all powerful. Why then does He send trials to His servants?"

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge - The Coming of the Kingdom", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Feb 1916, p4. It begins, "The substance or pith of the Bible, when rightly understood, is a clear recitation of events which are transpiring in this present day; and the diligent seeker of Divine knowledge who studies its contents in the spirit of honest research will find that throughout the entire book the hand on the dial of its sacred pages invariably points to the great day in which we live."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge - The Coming of the Kingdom", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Mar 1916, p8. It begins, "But the question remains - How is the great King going to come?"

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge - The Messenger", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Mar 1916, p8. It begins, "To review briefly the salient points of our last Talk - we have seen that the fundamental teaching of the Bible is the coming of God and His Christ, and the setting up of His Kingdom here on earth."

From mid-March there is a gap until late July in the articles quoting 'Abdu'l-Bahá. But amidst these, there is a letter to the editor from Thomas Maxwell in April: "A Lawyer talks", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, Apr 1, 1916, p. 8. In it, he talks about the condition of war of marketeers selling to both sides, of soldiering and dying by various means, the need for equality at home, and how our purchases might feed the economics and tensions of war. He's still at the same address.

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge - The Prince of Peace", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 29 July 1916, p12. It begins, "In our last talk we gave a brief sketch of the 'Bab' who appeared in Shiraz, Persia, in the year AD 1844, and declared Himself as the forerunner or advancer of Him "Whom God would manifest" touching hurriedly upon the main facts only concerning his office: the date of His appearance (according to prophecy); His wonderful powers of argument; His profound knowledge, self-sacrifice, barbarous persecution and cruel death; and closing our discourses with the amazing disclosure that the Lord of Hosts promised in the Bible had already come: He "Who would suddenly come to His temple" after The Messenger had prepared the way."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Aug 1916, p12. This one begins, "About 600 years ago a society was formed in Persia called the Society of the Friends, who gather for silent communion with the Almighty."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Aug 1916, p12. It begins, "Before taking up the leading events which followed the declaration of the Manifestation, let us again refer to one of the Bible passages quoted in our first talk, viz. Micah 1:2-3 as follows: "Hear, all ye people; hearken, O earth, and all that there is: and let the Lord God be witness against you. the Lord from His Holy Temple."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge - The Real Truth", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Aug 1916, p12. It begins, "To comprehend the real import of these words, we have only to recall the subsequent stirring events in France in the year 1870, which doubtless are fresh in the memory of all."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress. The Dawn of Knowledge", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Aug 1916, p12. It begins, "The 'herds' and 'flocks' in prophecy refer to people, as shown in Ezekiel 34:30, as follows: "And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, said the Lord God."

• "Abdul-Baha: True Happiness, Wisdom and Progress, The Dawn of Knowledge", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Sep 1916, p12. It begins, "In our last Talk we referred to this same passage, calling your attention to the fact that three distinct periods were mentioned in that Chapter, viz. Time, times and a half: on thousand two hundred and ninety days; and the one thousand three hundred and five and thirty days."

That November, Lethia Fleming of Cleveland offered a devotional at the vesper service of the Phyllis Wheatley Club meeting.

1917

• "Presented With Painting", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Jan 1917, p5. In January, Abbott was presented a painting by W. E. Scott, who studied under H. O. Tanner in Paris after doing some work for other millionaires.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), 27 Jan 1917, p2. Thomas Fleming was a vice president of Realty, Housing, and Investment Company in Cleveland.

• In early February, Abbott was part of a fundraiser to relieve the Phyllis Wheatley Home from debt, and then was visible speaking at the Young People's Lyceum to explain the reasons for "The Great Migration" of African Americans out of the South and being part of a cooperative committee seeking to provide jobs, housing, and family-friendly situations for the migrants. In March, he was in Rockford, IL, speaking on the importance of education for the Knights of Pythias and arranged local resources for trade-jobs, and there was a meeting in April to try to deal with segregation pressures from white real estate businesses Abbott and others addressed. Some 93 thousand editions were printed one day.

• "GRACE LYCEUM SUNDAY", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Apr 1917, p9. Abbott was part of an entourage of support for the Young People's Lyceum with a talk by E. H. White on self-help of African Americans and in support of the Hampton Institute. Pieces echoed the coverage and then extended with further events:

* "SPEAKS FOR HAMPTON INSTITUTE", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Apr 1917, p4.

* "HAMPTON WINS MANY FRIENDS AT GRACE LYCEUM", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 5 May 1917, p5.

* "Simmons thrills Big Audiences", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 5 May 1917, p1.

• "COLEMAN SCHOOL WANTS AN AUDITORIUM BUILT", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 May 1917, p7. Abbott then supported improvements at the Coleman School in town.

Mid-July, several pieces covered the move of several leaders of African descent, including Abbott, appealing for justice for the Black population of St. Louis, lately the victims of mob violence, which subject carried into August, and other conditions to be watched for signs of segregation such as public health concerns.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Oct 1917, p2. Lethia Fleming was noticed that almost all of the debt of the Cleveland Home for the Aged Colored People, on Cedar Ave, was paid off by community churches after three years of work. In the same summary of Cleveland news, Alexander Martin, father of later Sarah Periera, was up for election as a municipal judge.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago IL, 17 Nov 1917, p2. Thomas Fleming won re-election in Cleveland, vacationed in Chicago, and hosted a birthday party for Williaw Duly before leaving town.

1918

• "Arrivals at the 'Y'", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Apr 1918, p7. Louis Gregory checks into the YMCA serving African Americans along with many soldiers from Camp Grant and a few from other towns.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Apr 1918, p10. Lethia Fleming led a fundraiser in Cleveland to provide supplies to soldiers in WWI. Meanwhile Thomas was a speaker at a Cuyahoga Lodge, No. 95. of the Elks eulogized members.

• "Y. M. C. A. News", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 May 1918, p7. Louis Gregory was invited to speak to the YMCA Employed Boys Brotherhood for Sunday Breakfast, (and Camp Grant soldiers were also entertained who missed their train connection and had their expenses covered.)

• "Y. M. C. A. News", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 11 May 1918, p6. Gregory spoke to the Hi-Y Boys Club for Sunday dinner at the Wabash YMCA.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 May 1918, p10. Thomas was leading the Attucks Republican Club entertainment night while Lethia Fleming was part of a fundraiser for Phillis Wheatley Association in multiple roles.

• "The Buckeye State", by Alexander O. Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 25 May 1918, p10. "Professor" Williams of New York - Roy Williams? - was a guest of the Flemings in Cleveland and spoke at the vesper service of the Phyllis Wheatley Association while he was staying over between the national convention in Chicago and his then home in New York city.

• "Clubs and Fraternal", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 6 July 1918, p10. Zia Bagdadi was part of a religious conference hosted at the Frederick Douglass Center and shared news from the national convention along with a representative of HBCU Wilberforce University. Bagdadi's talk was reported as "well-received" in the next edition.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Jul 1918, p12. Lethia Fleming was a delegate to the State Federation of Colored Woman's Clubs meeting at Steubenville.

• "Pennsylvania; Philadelphia" by J. H. Gray, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Sep 1918, p3. Louis Gregory was noted staying at the YMCA in Philadelphia "in the interest of the Bahia[sic] movement." At the same time, Bahá'í (Roy?) Williams was guest of the Flemings.

• "Liberia Day at the Alter of Liberty", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Oct 1918, p1. Mention is made of soon Baha'i Rev. Richard Bolden speaking at a reception for the Liberian delegation to a conference against German aggression. Meanwhile, Lethia Fleming was elected president of the Cleveland Home for Aged Colored People.

1919

• "The Buckeye State", by Alexander O. Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 3 May 1919, p3. Albert Vail is mentioned speaking to a white Women's City Club about the Bahá'í Faith, including the comment as said in the newspaper that "brotherhood is the fundamental of all religions. He further said, 'God relieves the monotony of the white children in his garden by adding plenty of red, yellow, and black flower children. All are the same in his sight.'"

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Jun 1919, p3. Thomas Fleming's project for a public bath-house was approaching completion.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Nov 1919, p15. Thomas Fleming was up for re-election.

1920

• "Texas; YMCA", by L A Shaw, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Jan 1920, p16. Gregory is noted for staying at the YMCA in Dallas, Texas, and speaking in several churches. Meanwhile, Thomas Fleming was sworn into his elected position.

• "LINCOLN LEAGUE NOTES", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Jan 1920, p13. Lethia Fleming was elected the Ohio representative to the national Lincoln League conference, and Thomas was leading the men's section. Followup pieces were published. After which Lethia was elected to the executive committee of the Ohio Women's Republican Club.

• "Y. W. C. A. News", The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Apr 1920, p13. Known Bahá'í Georgia M. deBaptiste Faulkner was visible offering vesper services devotions at the YWCA Sunday afternoon.

• "The Buckeye State; Central Bath House Doings", by Alexander O. Taylor, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 29 May 1920, p16. Roy Williams is mentioned amid his tour of 16 states for the Faith giving a talk at the Cleveland Bath House the previous Monday evening, "indeed instructive and full of deep thought" Taylor said.

1921

• "A Digest of Brooklyn Happenings", by Walter R. Lopton, The Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Mar 1921, p3. Howard MacNutt is mentioned giving a talk "The Holy Land" at Nazarene Church back on March 10.

• "Bahai(sic) Congress to Meet", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Apr 1921, p3. A summary of the Bahá'í National Convention meeting at the Temple with Jenabi Fazel giving daily talks across the 6-day program, and many other speakers: Alma Knobloch, Martha Root, Zia Bagdadi, May Maxwell, Ahmad Sohrab, Louis Bourgeois, William Randall, Louis Gregory, Louise Boyle, Aldred Lunt, Corinne True, and Albert Vail.

• "The Buckeye State", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Apr 1921, p12. There is mention that Mrs. Fleming of E. 40th St and Mrs. Edwin R. Bell of New York Ave, Cleveland, had attended the Bahá'í National Convention.

• "Few facts concerning the new Bahai Movement" (and) "Bahai Congress Meets", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 May 1921, p3. A broad summary profile and history of the Central Figures in a few paragraphs, and another of the central principles of the religion. Then there is an article summarizing the convention talks, the status of the Temple's construction, Janabe Fazell Mazandari's travels, and briefly that Louis Gregory spoke.

• "Races to urge peace in America at meet", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 May 1921, p8. There is a summary review of the Race Amity Convention in Washington, DC. Speakers mentioned include Samuel McComb, Alfred Martin, C. Lee Cook, Jenabe Fazel, Coralie F Cook, Gabrielle Pelham, A. L. Locke, and Louis Gregory.

• "Bahai Movement", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 May 1921, p3. An edition of Star of the West is mentioned. Some of the text was published upside down. There is a picture and quote of 'Abdu'l-Bahá.

• "Seer from East decries unrest and oppression: Universal Peace Necessary to Lasting Adjustment of Problems", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 May 1921, pp1,8. There is a reprint of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's tablet "To the Central organization for a durable peace". (originally written Dec 17, 1919, translated by Shoghi Rabbani, Zia Bagdadi, Lotfullah Hakim, and Esslemont.)

• Amidst that coverage, later Bahá'í Matthew W. Bullock, then a leader of the Urban League in Boston, was part of a coalition that closed down a viewing of the KKK propaganda film Birth of a Nation.

• "Prejudice Germ infests people who cause wars", by Martha Root, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 18 Jun 1921, p3. A profile of the activity of Bahá'ís, mostly by quotes of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, towards peace and to be rid of prejudices like race prejudices, religion, politics, etc.

• "Gregory to lecture on Bahai Movement", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Sep 1921, p5. It is a report of Gregory going to talk in DC at the Amity Convention, and this is part of a tour of talks he had embarked on.

• "The Bahai Movement", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Oct 1921, p11. Bahá'u'lláh is quoted begining with "Hasten to the Shadow of Immortality, Nearness and Mercy from the shadow of desire, remoteness and headlessness." Then there is a quote of a Tablet of 'Abdu'l-Bahá to an individual that says, "Strive with heart and soul to bring about union and harmony among the white and Colored and prove thereby the unity of the world, wherein distinction of color finds no place, but where hearts only are considered."

• Then a few stories in December that echo coverage of the death of 'Abdu'l-Bahá:

* "Bahaists mourn loss of noted Indian leader[sic], The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Dec 1921, p1. A basic summary only.

* "The Onlooker: Religious Worship; Abdul Baha Abbas", by A. L. Jackson, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Dec 1921, p16. A longer biography of several paragraphs and its appeal to the author with such statements as: "This movement is the only one to our knowledge which has among its followers those who actually practice what they preach when it comes to this question of race and class."

• "Gregory sees great service of Abdul Baha: Says Divine Spirit of Love Was Melting United States Color Line", by Louis G. Gregory, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Dec 1921, p15. Gregory wrote a letter to the editor published as a stand-alone article in appreciation of the coverage and speaks personally of the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá moved by Jackson's article on the 10th and expands on stances of He took, etc., including mention of the Race Amity Convention, and achieving more work against the color line than presidents and kings.

1922

• "UNDER THE CAPITOL DOME", by Jeff Lord, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7, Jan, 1922, p13. Coralie F Cook was among the guests at the O Street Vocational School exhibition of handiwork.

• "Bahai Congress meets at auditorium hotel", The Chicago Defender (National edition) , Chicago, IL, 22 Apr 1922, p1. A brief article on the fact of the Bahá'í National Convention with many talks to occur including one by Louis Gregory.

• "Races Forget Color in Great Brotherhood Meet of Bahais", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Apr 1922, p18. Nine pilgrims from Holy Land were the first to return and spoke at the national convention with news since the death of 'Abdu'l-Bahá: Corinne True, Montfort Mills, Roy Wilhelm, Mrs. W H Randall, Mr and Mrs Florian Krug. Invitations for 'Abdu'l-Bahá to visit India, China, Japan, Mexico, Central and South America had been sent, but He had passed. And there were more speakers at a memorial service: Mason Remey, Mr. and Mrs. John Bosch, May Maxwell, Col. Henry Culver, American consul at New Brunswick Canada quoted on Central Figures extensively. Lastly, 'Abdu'l-Bahá is quoted from a Paris talk.

• "Bahai(sic) Congress open door for race of Earth: New-Old Religion Teaches of Oneness of Mankind and Spirit of Science", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Apr 1922, p3. Continued coverage of the national convention with a summary of the talks by Louis Gregory, Harlan Ober, Albert Vail, and the statement "… many prominent Race people have been in constant attendance since its opening."

• "Writers-- Past and Present; Modern Poets", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 May 1922, p14. An article reviewing black writers mentions Leslie Pinckney Hill, who would later identify as a Bahá'í.

For the first time, Chicago-centric coverage listed meetings of the Bahá'ís, which were being held at the Masonic Temple at Randolph and State streets. It begins in July and carried on into September, and Albert Vail is listed giving the talks in October.

• Amidst these, an article reports the rediscovery of a Tablet by 'Abdu'l-Bahá. It was to Thomas Maxwell of The Defender found in Abdu'l-Baha's papers in Haifa. This was ultimately published in Star of the West in 1923 "The Origin of Race-Color.

• "WRITERS--PAST and PRESENT", by Charles Freeman Jr, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 May 1922, p14. Later, Bahá'í Leslie Pinckney Hill was also mentioned as a prominent poet. In July, Hill was scheduled as the speaker at the nineteenth anniversary of the Ashland Pl Branch in New York in June.

• "CITY NEWS IN BRIEF; Bahai(sic) movement…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Jul 1922, p4. A box notice in the City News Brief had the Bahá'í meetings every Sunday at 3:30 in the Masonic Temple at the corner Randolph and State Streets. This was repeated at a weekly schedule. After meetings from late July through October, in November special services for the observance of the Birth of Bahá'u'lláh with a program by Zia Bagdadi, though the entry is not separated top center as previously but down in the body of church lists, also much larger than normal because of observance and activities, (however that is also the last mention for the year.

• "Instruction in the noble word of Abdul-Baha: His Answers to Questions About Universal Religion; Unity of Mankind", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Dec 1922, p3. The year anniversary of the coverage of the death of 'Abdu'l-Bahá noted with quotes.

1923

January opens with Bahá'í meetings highlighted again top center in the section as well as return to the Masonic Temple and highlight various speakers: Martha Root and Albert Vail, Albert Vail and Jenabi Fazel (and mentions the upcoming national convention in Temple,) and Albert Vail again end of January. Emma Ellington then hosts several meetings at the Masonic Temple in February and March as well as her home at 4736 St. Lawrence Ave. She died in January 1939.

• "Abdul Baha Followers Meet Here", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Apr 1923, p2. During the Convention, an article highlights Jenabe Fazel holding a series of meetings, then another series of speakers is to follow - Louis Gregory, Albert Vail, and Henry Burt.

• "Bahais Bring Unity Message to Convention: Oneness of Mankind and Religion Stressed as Factors in Universal Peace Plan", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 May 1923, p5. A Summary of talks by Jenabi Fazel and M R Shirazi, Louis Gregory, is covered at a public meeting.

That year Lethia Fleming attended the Bahá'í national convention from Cleveland. After the convention, Leslie Pinckney Hill was again noted as a distinguished poet, and meetings are again in the list of church activities and the observance of the Declaration of the Báb at 153 W. Michigan St. Announced speakers continuing into June were: Zia Bagdadi Corinne True and Zia Bagdadi Albert Vail, Zia Bagdadi, Albert Vail mid-July.

Then Albert Vail and Zia Bagdadi together, now approaching mid-August, and a Race Amity meeting with Albert Vail talking at the Metro Community Center at the beginning of September. Following that, occasional meetings continued with announced speakers: Albert Vail and Zia Bagdadi, Corinne True and Zia Bagdadi, no specific named person in later October but the Temple building open days other than Sundays, then in November Vail and Bagdadi, Vail and Bagdadi with mention that Jenabe Fazel was coming, and then indeed Fazel came by the end of November, and then Mason Remey and Corrine True in mid-December.

1924

• "CHICAGO SOCIETY", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Jan 1924, p5. Mary Byron Clarke had hosted a Christmas dinner with guests.

• "ACKSONVILLE'S(sic) ELITE ENTERTAINS VISITORS", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Jan 1924, p5. Caroline W. Harris of Jacksonville, Florida, was profiled. Meanwhile, Richard Bolden was part of a Non-Partisan Citizens Committee banquet.

Meetings at the Temple continued with announced speakers: Vail and Bagdadi and a Mr. Ludwig then Vail and a Dr. Appel, Corrine True, Albert Windust and a Mr. Agnew.

• "Bahais hold Congress", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Feb 1924, p8. A two day interfaith conference was held. The first meeting was at the Free synagogue with talks by Rabbi Stephen Wise and Mountfort Mills, then at Bethel AME Church with Rev M. R. Thornton and Louis Gregory, Hooper Harris and Zea Bey, third at the Bahá'í headquarters.

• "Northwestern students hear Editor Abbott",The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Mar 1924, p4. Abbott addressed some students and staff of Northwestern University at the home of W. B. Waltmire under the Race Friendship League, on "Friendly Race Relations" giving the Bahá'í Faith as his first example, particularly the recent exchange of pulpits, and spoke of the accomplishments of DuBois and others, how things are in South America, and how the promise of America depends on race.

• "Bahai Doctrine strikes at base of race hatred", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Apr 1924, p11. An extract from Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era on race issues quoting 'Abdu'l-Bahá and Bahá'u'lláh is printed in this edition.

Later Bahá'í Helen Elsie Austin was noted at a graduation reception from high school and her intention to go to college.

• "Cincinnati News; Columbus Ohio", by L. Lloyd Stone, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Sep 1924, pA12. There is a brief mention that Louis Gregory had given a talk at the Business Men's Club at the Y of Columbus.

• "Pennsylvania; Philadelphia News", by J. H. Gray, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Nov 1924, pA6. A brief summary of a Race Amity Conference was included in updates from the city. The event was at the Witherspoon, and speakers included Horace Holley, Agnes Tierny, Leslie Pinckney Hill, Albert Vail, Zia Bagdadi, Alain Locke, John Patterson, Louis Gregory, and Hooper Harris.

1925

• "Around the Hub: Boston News", by William C. Magruder, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Jan 1925, pA9. The growth of the Bahá'í community of Boston (among African Americans) is highlighted by mentioning twice-weekly meetings at 429 Boyston St. and that the Oglesbys often lead the services.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE: CLEVELAND NEWS", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Feb 1925, pA6. Both Thomas Fleming and Alexander Martin were part of the turn out for the Mt Zion hosted "Race Pride in Cleveland" to combat prejudice and segregation.

• "Our Race in the South Views of a White Writer After an Extensive Tour Through the South", by Marie Gossett Harlow, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Apr 1925, pA1. Harlow briefly quotes 'Abdu'l-Bahá, saying, "There is no prison save that of self," in a longer article promoting the goal of educating African Americans even in the South and adapting to the harsh conditions.

• "Around the Hub: Boston News; Organizations", by Willaim C. Magruder, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 May 1925, pA3. A Bahá'í meeting hosted Bishop Brown the previous Sunday in Boston before a large audience, with music by Beatrice Foreman and Miss Ramsey.

• "LITERATURE, ART PRIZES ARE AWARDED: SEVEN HUNDRED TRY FOR SPINGARN", The Chicago Defender (National edition) Chicago, IL, 29 Aug 1925, pA1. Leslie Pinckney Hill was among the judges for the Amy Springam Prizes for Race Literature by The Crisis were given.

• "NEW YORK CITY BRIEFS", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Oct 1925, pA4. Richard Bolden was among the speakers at the Bethel A. M. E. Church under the auspices of the Colored Women's Stop-Lynching League.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE: CLEVELAND NEWS", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Oct 1925, p10. Thomas Fleming was chairman of the police and fire committee for Cleveland and saw through raises and leadership appointments praised by the coverage. He was then re-elected for the eighth time to the city council.

• "GIVE DINNER", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Nov 1925, pA5. A reception by Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life, and Messrs, Albert and Charles Bont, publishers, was held to announce the publication of The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke. Attending were some twenty two editors of columns and journals.

1926

• "ALPHA KAPPA ALPHAS HOLD FINE SESSION: ANNUAL MEET WAS BEST IN HISTORIC", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Feb 1926, p4. Alain Locke and Coralie Franklin Cook spoke at a DC reception for the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority conference.

• "High School Notes", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 May 1926, pA4. Coralie Franklin Cook spoke at Howard University for a joint meeting.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE: CLEVELAND NEWS", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 May 1926, p9. Lethia Fleming was one of the two main speakers at the bimonthly meetings of the Ohio Women's Republican Club while Thomas spoke at the Elks meeting.

A three-part series of articles was published across May, June, and July entitled "What is a Bahai?" Each was a selection from Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era.

• "High School Notes: DUNBAR NOTES", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Jun 1926, pA8. Coralie Cook spoke at the Dunbar School graduation ceremony and then presented diplomas at the Miner School ceremony.

1927

• "Society", by Bertha Mosely Lewis, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Apr 1927, p5. Alain Locke came to Chicago to speak to the Liberal Club.

• "AROUND THE HUB: BOSTON NEWS", by Elliott Freeman Jr, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Apr 1927, pA10. Matthew Bullock was the speaker for multi-lyceum presentation from across Boston.

• "Elect Louis Gregory to B'hai[sic] Board: Convention takes on new attitude", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 June 1927, pA1 - The Defender trumpets the spirit of race amity at the national convention when the majority white delegates elected Gregory to the National Spiritual Assembly, along with a profile of Gregory and priorities on race shown in the religion.

• "Bahais arrange Amity Meeting: Seeking to bring about interracial peace and harmony", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Aug 1927, p4. An article covers Green Acre meetings as a race amity conference with speakers: Rev Samuel McComb, Ruhi Effendi, Devore Allen (editor of World Tomorrow), Rev William Safford Jones, Rev Albert Vail, Leslie Plankney Hill, William Randall, Alfred Lunt, Louis Gregory, Mrs Edwin Powerll, Rev Frank Powerll, Rev Frank W. Powerll, and Sadie Oglesby. The article also notes previous conferences held in DC, NY, Philadelphia, Springfield MA, and Dayton OH. Planners for this conference were Agnes Parsons, Coralle Cook, Louis Gregory, Zia Bagdadi, Alain Locke, Elizabeth Hooper and Isabel Rives.

• "Society", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Sep 1927, pA9. The Flemings were back from a tour including New York for the Elk's Convention and a meeting of the Eastern Star in Newark, NJ, and a convention in Detroit and previously been abroad.

• "Chicago Urban League Plans Fall Program", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Oct 1927, p7. Alain Locke accepted the invitation of the Chicago Urbane League to speak at their fall conference in November. His talk was summarized and printed in the paper.

• "N. Y. Baha'is Hold Interracial Meeting", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Oct 1927, p2. NY Bahá'ís held a race amity meeting in the Nazarene Congregational church, intending one room as a memorial to 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Talks were given by Horace Holley, Wandeyne Mathews, and Mary Hanford Ford. There was a followup article a week later. It tells that the Race Amity conference was under the Baha'is of NY and Brooklyn and held at Nazareth Congregational Church and Lefferies Place. Mrs. Bishop Lewis, Horace Holley, Wandeyne Matthews, Mary Hanford Ford spoke, with music by Maude Gaudreanx and the Nazareth church choir.

• "Dr. and Mrs. Thompson Entertain Notable Guest: Entertain notable from the East", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Nov 1927, p5. There is coverage of Ruhi Afnan Effendi touring America, giving a talk, and having a reception dinner held in his honor. Dinner guests included the Abbotts, Judge and Mrs. George, Mrs. James Parker, George Arthur, Louis Hickman, Elizabeth Nouirse, Mrs. D L Thompson, and many more.

• "FILE DEMAND TO CHECK UP ON TEACHERS: SAYS CHILDREN GIVEN IMPROPER ADVICE", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Dec 1927 p2. Lethia Fleming headed a committee from the Cleveland Federation of Colored Women's Club and presented to the Superintendent and the board of education a list of grievances of prejudice against specific schools by white teachers.

1928

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE: CLEVELAND NEWS", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Jan 1928, pA9. Lethia Fleming was scheduled to be the speaker at the Cleveland Junior Federation meeting in February. In February, she was elected president to the Cuyahoga County League of Republican Clubs.

• "ALAIN LOCKE PREDICTS NEW ADVANCEMENT: SEPARATE STANDARDS MUST BE MOVED", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Feb 1928, p3. Alain Locke spoke at the interracial day meeting at Roberts Park M. E. church, saying interracial cooperation should be achieved across the full diversity of people of each race.

• "Bronze Bust Unveiled to Milholland", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Mar 1928, p13. Leslie Pinkney Hill presented a bust of John Henry E. Milholland at Cheyney, the first of three being undertaken. The others were to be at Howard University and the NAACP national headquarters.

• "Society", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Mar 1928, p23. Lethia Fleming was the principal speaker for The Ladies Missionary Society of Mt. Haven Baptist Church reception for the regional superintendent of Sunday schools.

• "The Buckeye State: Cleveland News", by Alexander O. Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Mar 1928 pA9. Ruhi Effendi is noted stopping in Cleveland and speaking to the Gamma Tau Club of Cleveland.

• "MORAL PROBLEM DISCUSSION ATTRACTS WIDE ATTENTION", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Mar 1928, p12. Leslie Pinkney Hill spoke at the Cheyney School extension service of the Cherney Community League, which aimed to train citizens on common racial and interracial problems systematically.

• "HARVARD STAR LAID TO REST IN CAMBRIDGE: NATION MOURNS DEATH OF BILL MATTHEWS", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Apr 1928, p2. Matthew Bullock was those attending the funeral services of William Chirencee Matthews.

• "Louis Gregory here", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 May 1928, p3. Gregory of Eliot Maine, noted as a member of the National Assembly and the Interracial Amity Committee visited the offices of The Defender.

• "Bahai Delegates Visit", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 May 1928, p7. Baha'i delegates William Hatch from Los Angeles, Sadie Oglesby from Boston, and local known African American Bahá'í Mrs. Edgar Edwards of Chicago visited The Defender offices. Hatch and Oglesby were guests of Edwards. There is also a brief review of Bahá'í teachings and the fact that there are regular meetings at the Temple's Foundation Hall on Sunday afternoons.

• "Organize to Promote Interracial Good Will", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 May 1928, pA1. Leslie Pinkney Hill was mentioned as a member of the American Inter-racial Peace Committee as a joint effort of representative Negroes working in close cooperation with the American Friends Service Committee. He was later noted as chair.

• "THE BUCKEYE STATE: CLEVELAND NEWS", by Alexander Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 May 1928, pA11. Lethia Fleming presented slides and exhibitions of the family trip to Europe to the Cleveland Junior Federation along with a delegation from Oberlin.

• "Mrs. Elizabeth Edwards Entertains Bostonian", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 19 May 1928, p5. Sadie Oglesby was a guest of Mrs. Elizabeth Edwards on Indiana Avenue for a week in Chicago and was feted at several receptions, including by Mrs. Waters of Friendship House and Mrs. Ethel Butler (this might be Carrie Butler, see African American Bahá’ís by 1925 of New York by 1925.) of 4517 Calumet Ave and other matrons. Oglesby was undertaking a tour for interracial amity work.

• "WHAT THE PEOPLE SAY: PUBLISHES DRAMATIC LIFE OF TOUSSAINT", by Leslie Pinkney Hill, The Chicago Defender, (National edition), Chicago, IL, 19 May 1928, pA2. Leslie Pinkney Hill wrote a letter to the editor to appreciate their coverage of his book on Toussaint L’Ouverture.

• "The Bookshelf: Real Christianity", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Oct 1928, pA1. A positive review of The Bahá'í World volume for 1926–1928 is summarized.

• "Unique Assemblage Meets at Home of Misses Shaw", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Dec 1928, pA4. Albert Vail and known African American Bahá'í Mrs. James Parker gave a talk at the home of Blanche and Emelyne Shaw at an interracial meeting with a list of people attending, and future meetings being talked about.

1929

• "Baha'i movement's Sunday lectures", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 May 1929, p3. Interracially welcoming meetings were held at the Bahá'í Temple during which Albert Vail delivered several talks on Sunday afternoons, promoted as "the only organization in the world where different races congregate and each enjoys to the utmost the pleasures derived from its teachings on an equal basis."

• A Baha'i fundraiser for the Columbus Hill Day nursery in New York was the object of two articles. Many musicians are listed performing: Maude Gaulreax and Elizabeth Singoord, Luther King, Thomasina Talley, Harriet Morgan, Evelyn Sheppard, Thelma Brunder, Gertrude Martin, Sonoma Taliey Swanton, Edward Kinney, Aristine Striggs, Earline Houston King, and Andrades Lindsey.

1930

• "Ohio state news: Cleveland News", by Alexander O. Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, I, 1 Feb 1930, pA5. Louis Gregory is noted giving a talk at Mount Zion Temple.

• "Racial Amity Confab Ends in Portsmouth", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Sep 1930, p2. An article reviews a Race Amity conference at Green Acre, starting with New York NAACP director Robert W. Bagnall's comments. Other speakers included Juliet Thompson, Albert Heist, Rev William Jones; Portsmouth Mayor Fernando W. Hartford welcomed the group, and music was performed by Dorothy Richardson, Ina Braithwaite, Eleanor Wallace, and Dorothy Wood.

• "Music; Miss Lorenza Jordan Cole…", by Cleveland G. Allen, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Oct 1930, p11. Lorenza Jordan Cole and Charlotte Wallace Murray performed at the Bahá'í Center in New York, sponsored by an interracial committee.

• "Race Question Theme of Bahai Conclave", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Nov 1930, p2. The article summarizes three days of conferences and speakers, and was echoed in other coverage.

• Nov 2, at the New York Baha'i Center at 119 W. 57th St with speakers Ludmila Bechtold, Mary White Ovington (NAACP), and Louis Gregory.
• Nov 8, was held at the NY Urban League Center at 204 W. 136yh St with Mrs. Doris of Geneva, J. M Ragland of the Urban League of Cincinnati, Rev Paul Baker (Fed. Council of Church of Christ) and Jessie Faucett Harris.
• Nov 9 at the NY Bahá'í Center with speakers Eugene Kinkle Jones (Sec Nat Urban League), Mary Hanford Ford, and James Hubert (Sec NY Urban League), while Lorenza Jordan Cole performed.

• "New York Society; An evening of evenings…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Dec 1930, p15. The NY Bahá'í Center hosted the Foreign Study Club meeting presided over by Cora Horne and main speaker Mary McLeod Bethune. Among the guests was WEB DuBois, along with many others.

1931

• "Baha'i Temple to Be Opened May 1: To Hold 23d Convention at Wilmette, Ill.", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Apr 1931, p13. The Bahá'í Temple hosts the 33rd National Bahá'í Convention (95 delegates from 50 cities.) There were supplemental articles.

• "Bahais Dedicate Temple of Light: Delegates From 50 Cities Attend Ceremonies", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1931, p2. Louis Gregory and the dedication of Bahá'í Temple with mention of other delegates including Roy Wilhelm, Mrs Stuart French, Mrs Thomas Collings, Carl Sheiller, Siegfried Schopflocker, Horace Holley and Alfred Lunt.

• "Evanston; The 23d annual convention…", by B. M. Garrison, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1931, p10. A summary of the national convention mentions speakers including Martha Root, Louis Gregory, Mr. McDaniels (then chair of NSA.)

• "Bahais Celebrate 81st Anniversary", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 July 1931, p4. A profile of the Faith and a talk by Louis Gregory in ceremonies of opening use of the Temple. There is also a picture of the current state of the building missing its outer shell of ornamentation.

• There are several of articles about a Race Amity meeting at Green Acre. First comes "Bahais Convene". It notes a meeting at the Church of Christ, Portsmouth, NH, on August 21 and the next day at the Green Acre Fellowship house. Among the speakers were William Leo Hansberry, and Bostonians Mrs. Richardson and Miss Wood. Then comes "New Hampshire: Portsmouth, NH". This mentions more of Hansbuerry - from Howard University - and of another meeting held at the People's Baptist Church, and the performance of Chance and sister Ida Northern. Additional comments came from Louis Gregory and Philip Marangella, and a reception afterward at the home of the Tilleys on Dennett St and a list of some of the guests that made it. And finally comes "New Hampshire: Portsmouth, N. H.". Here Louis Gregory is featured speaking at same Baptist Church in Portsmouth with music by North Carolinian teacher Elizabeth Virgil.

1932

• "General News Summary for 1931: Defender Files Give Selected News of Past Year; May 9", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Jan 1932, p4. - Baha'is among year's summery for 1931. The annual review on the date of May 9 notes the Baha'i National Convention of delegates from 50 cities gathering, including a dedication of the Baha'i Temple, which continues in its construction over the last 10 years of construction but can now house meetings in it's main seating area.

• "Music; A feature of the interracial dinner…", by Cleveland G. Allen, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Mar 1932, p11. The article mentions that the Bahá'ís held a dinner reception in honor of NY Urban League and NAACP at the Hotel Shelton with a musical program by Edward Kinney, Southernaires quartet, David Fontaine, and Edward Matthews, who had traveled from Fisk University in Nashville to perform.

• The first known mention of Ellsworth Blackwell is made of him as a "field representative" of The Defender on a trip through Muskegon, OK.

• "Bahai Followers Give Big Offering", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 May 1932, p2. There is a report of the Bahá'ís at the national convention and a fundraising effort to pay for the finishing of the Temple. Zia Bagdadi and Mary Maxwell made the plea for contributions, and many responded, including Agnes Parsons, who took off a necklace, and Zia Bagdadi, who donated a rare Persian coin given to him by 'Abdu'l-Bahá.

• "Michigan States: Detroit News", by Russel J. Cowans, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 May 1932, p12. A long list of speakers at a musical and reception at the home of Fred Hart Williams on Beaubien Street included brief mention of "prominent Bahaist" Mabelle Davis.

• "Eastward Ho!", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 July 1932, p22. The family of Clay Thompson and Miss Doris area pictured - they had visited the offices of The Defender and went on to visit the Bahá'í Temple during their cross-country trek.

• "Mrs. Cora Calhoune Horne, Noted Clubwoman, Dies", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Sep 1932, p4. An obituary of Cora Calhoune Horne includes mention of services led by Bahá'í A. C. Holley, assisted by Nazarene and Presbyterian ministers.

1933

• "The Bahai Faith--What Is It?", by Ioas Monroe, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 May 1933, p10. Ioas Monroe wrote a profile of religion highlighting the fact that the Temple was open for visitors, the questions being asked, and uncited extensive quoting from Shoghi Effendi. He makes the religion familiar in the sense of all religions coming from the East, the history in America dating from 1893, its positive relationship with the religions of the world in general, and Christianity in particular, and briefly of principles of the religion.

• "Michigan State: Muskegon Heights, Mich.; Mr. and Mrs. John Hays…", by Booker T. W. Carter, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 May 1933, p21. There is mention of several people going to the national convention being held in June at the Temple: John & Mrs. Hays, Julius & Mrs Avery, Cora Mitchell. The timing appears to be driven by the goal of completing the external ornamentation of the Temple.

* For the "Hays": African-Americans John A. and Elizabeth S. Hayes, where Elizabeth is a recognized African American Bahá’í by 1925.

* Presently, no further information on Julius & Mrs. Avery.

* Presently, little further information on Cora Mitchell is known.

• "Baha'i Movement Seen as Hope of Religion: New Philosophy Wipes Out All Prejudices Based on Race, Color and Creed Wilmette Temple of Light a Thing of Surpassing Beauty", by Lous T. (sic) Gregory, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 June 1933, p10. Gregory's review of the annual convention of 95 delegates "from Maine to California and from Seattle to Miami, with a greater number of visiting friends" amidst the Temple "in which this gathering meets is also unique among the many structures of the world. Its architecture is strikingly different." Gregory speaks of the teachings like "Here all prejudices are east In the dust from whence they sprang. Here, women and men have the same rights, and neither tries to enslave the other." And Gregory adds, skipping himself: "Among the prominent Colored Baha'is may be mentioned Dr. Alain Locke, Rhode’s scholar and professor of philosophy of Howard university(sic): Mrs. Coralle Franklin Cook, Mrs. Shelley N. Parker of Chicago, Mrs. Lethia C. Fleming of Cleveland, Attorney A. H. Martin, Archbishop R. G. Barrow of Brooklyn, Attorney H. W. Davis of Washington and Dr. Phillips of Pasadena."

• "Century of Progress", by Louis G. Gregory, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Jun 1933, p10. An article by Gregory reviews the 1933 Chicago Exposition, entitled the Century of Progress, which opened May 23 and struggling as it was in the shadow of the Great Depression in America. For African American focus, he also profiles the display from Santo Domingo, an entertainment venue of 50 performers, a filmed presentation of Howard University, and briefly his own return to New Hampshire.

• "Races, Sects Join Hands to Save Humanity: Fellowship of Faiths Seen as Great Help in Solving World's Great Problems Noted Speaker to Talk on Programs Held in Chicago", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Aug 1933, p11. A profile of the World Congress of Religions strikes a tone of succeeding in mutuality of religions vs the 1893 "competitive" attempt. Mirza Shorab is mentioned in the program representating the New History Society for the Vision of Bahá'u'lláh.

• "Random Thoughts: A Prayer", by Nahum Daniel Brasher, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Sep 1933, p10. There is a quote of the "I lay all my affairs in Thy hand" prayer and then expands on the use of the prayer in a story referencing interactions of an atheist who supported equality of the races, a Christian observing silence, and The Society of Unity by Charles Fillmore, despite his racist belief. He goes further and quotes the Bible "Lift up your heads, O ye gates…" but is satisfied with his answer as a Christian.

• "Charming Visitor", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Sep 1933, p7. Abbott gave Winifred and Azalia Phillips, of St. Louis, a personal tour of the Baha'i Temple as part of their entertainment by him while they were in town for the World's Fair, en route to Wellesley College.

• "Random Thoughts", by Nahum Daniel Brascher, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Nov 1933, p10. The writer notes hearing the announcement of the special observance of Abdu'l-Baha's birthday at the Temple (which tended to be observed on the Day of the Covenant in later November.) He praises it "Here is a world-wide movement of peace, love and human brotherhood that must command the good will and attention of all serious minded people regardless of basic faiths." and that literature was available.

1934

• "Baha'i Lecturer Feted by friends", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Jan 1934, p3. Ruth Moffett spoke at her home at 1500 Magnolia St, where Cora Willis' MCed a birthday reception, including a mixed-race event of friends back from Europe.

• "Bahai Temple completed", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Mar 1934, p4. The Tribune photo of the completed exterior of the Temple is reprinted.

• "Visit Bahai Temple", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Mar 1934, p6. The 20th Century Woman's Club visited the Temple as part of a series of events.

• "Ohio State News: Cleveland News; Opening her East Cleveland home…", by Alexander O. Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Mar 1934, p19. A "Mrs. Sandra (white)" gave a Bahá'í talk at Cornelia Nicken's home on E. 83d St.

• "Benediction", by Abdu'l-Baha, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 May 1934, pA6. A short quote and prayer of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's is published. It is published again May 12.

• "Lack of culture our greatest handicap says R. S. Abbott: Editor Also Scores Our Self-Segregation Tendencies as a Hindrance", part 15, by Robert. S. Abbott, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 May 1934, p12. In Abbott's editorial on issues he compliments the Faith for sincerely desegregating, the basis of this in Bahá'u'lláh's teachings, and he hopes people of either race do not segregate from each other.

• Abbott spontaneously addressed the audience of the last day of the national convention, about June 3, announcing himself as a Bahá'í.

• "Motor to Bahai Meet", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 June 1934, p3. The family of Paul and Mrs. Schoeny, attending the national convention from Phoenix, are pictured while visiting The Defender offices as guests of Abbott. They were given a tour and a luncheon across two days of visits at the offices.

• "Baha'i Delegates end 26th Annual Convention: Followers of Faith gather at Temple in Wilmette", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 June 1934, p4. Gregory is highlighted in national convention coverage, either giving talks or presiding at several sessions. Abbott also spoke to the delegates, as did Mabry Oglesby of Boston, Ida Finch of Seattle, Georgia Wiles of Tennesee, and others.

• "Churches not playing proper role in war against prejudice; Baha'i Movement stands alone as enemy of color bar, says Editor", by Robert S. Abbott, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Jun 1934, p12. Abbott's editorial series how Christian Churches do not fight the prejudice of segregation while "Bahaism" "…stands revealed as the supreme expression of all those modern religious tendencies animated by social ideals which do not repudiate the reality of spiritual experience but seek to transform it into a dynamic striving for unity."

A series of quotes of 'Abdu'l-Bahá from Foundations of World Unity are serially published across June and July:

* "A New World Order: Baha'u'llah's Message of Social Regeneration - The Baha'i Peace Program", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 June 1934, p11. A few paragraphs of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. They are from a talk at Foundations of World Unity from the 2nd and 23rd paragraphs edited together to appear as one quote.

* "A New World Order: Baha'u'llah's Message of Social Regeneration - The Question of Socialization", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 July 1934, p10. A couple of paragraphs of 'Abdu'l-Bahá from Foundations of World Unity are published.

* "A New World Order: Baha'u'llah's Message of Social Regeneration - The Spiritual Foundation", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 July 1934, p11. A couple paragraphs by 'Abdu'l-Bahá - first paragraph from 25 May 1912, Huntington Chambers, Boston, Massachusetts and the second from 2 May 1912, Talk at Hotel Plaza, Chicago, Illinois edited into one quote.

• "Baha'i Faith", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Aug 1934, p18. A series of talks at the Bahá'í Temple are listed, though this publication date has all of them in the last weeks: Albert Windust twice and Zia Bagdadi inbetween.

• "Mrs. Robert S. Abbott Now 'At Home' with Husband", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Sep 1934, p1. An article summarizes the second marriage of Robert S. Abbott.

The series "A New World Order" again picks up and diversifies with quotes from Bahá'u'lláh, 'Abdu'l-Baha, and Shoghi Effendi:

* "A New World Order", by Abdu'l-Baha, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 22 Sep 1934, p5. A few paragraphs from 8 June 1912 Talk at 309 West Seventy-eighth Street, New York, The Promulgation of Universal Peace by 'Abdu'l-Bahá are published.

* "A New World Order - The educators of humanity" by Abdu'l-Baha, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 29 Sep 1934, p11. A couple of paragraphs edited from 3 May 1912 Talk at Hotel Plaza Chicago, Illinois, The Promulgation of Universal Peace are published.

* "A New World Order - Signs of Chaos" by Baha'u'llah, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 29 Sep 1934, p11. A paragraph from Proclamation of Bahá'u'lláh is published.

* "A New World Order - World Community" by Shoghi Effendi, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 13 Oct 1934, p11. A couple of paragraphs from The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh by Shoghi Effendi are published.

* "A New World Order - The Sovereign Remedy" by Baha'u'llah, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 29 Sep 1934, p11. An excerpt from the Tablet to Queen Victoria, The Summons of the Lord of Hosts, by Bahá'u'lláh, was published.

* "A New World Order - Ordeal" by Shoghi Effendi, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 27 Oct 1934, p10. A small excerpt from The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh by Shoghi Effendi is published.

* "A New World Order: Renewal of Faith", by Shoghi Effendi, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Dec 1934, p11. A paragraph of Shoghi Effendi's from The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh is published.

* "A New World Order: World Reconstruction", by Shoghi Effendi, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Dec 1934, p11. Two paragraphs from Shoghi Effendi from The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh are published.

* "A New World Order" by Abdu'l-Baha, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 22 Dec 1934, p11. A couple of paragraphs from Selections From the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá are published.

• "Baha'is Explain Tenets of Faith", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Sep 1934, p5. A series of meetings on the religion were arranged in Lima, Ohio. Mrs. Frank(Dorothy) Baker and Shannaz Waite spoke at meetings previous meetings.

• "Baha'is Hold Second Youth Conference", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Oct 1934, p2. The Young People's Committee of the Local Assembly of Teaneck announced the second youth conference in Englewood NJ, to be held mid-October. Horace Holley was the keynote speaker.

• "Famous Tragedienne gives series of Baha'i Lectures", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Oct 1934, p13. Madame Barry-Orlova had given a series of talks in Milwaukee and was now set to give another series in Chicago across October: 3 at Masonic temple, 3 at Bahá'í Temple, and 3 at the "Lake View" building.

• "Baha'i leader praises Dr. Thomas Elsa Jones", by Louis G. Gregory, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Oct 1934, p14. Gregory, as chair of the National Baha'i Committee for Race Amity, writes a letter to Abbott as editor of The Defender about an event in September near Fisk University focusing on the innocence of Thomas Jones in an incident and commending some "whites" at Fisk "of unusual caliber" who reflect qualities Gregory sees in the Bahá'í Faith.

• "Baha'i Activities - December Calendar", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Dec 1934, p4. A month of activities across December at Baha'i Center and Temple are listed. Speakers included Fanny Knoblock, Shahnaz Waite, Howard Colby Ives, Madame Barry-Orlova, and Elahi Kalantar.

• "Baha'ism called the religion that will rescue humanity: Christianity has proved faithless to its trust, says Robert S. Abbott; Praises Mohammedanism", part 44, by Robert S. Abbott, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Dec 1934, p11. Abbott's editorial scathingly reviews Christian history and teachings. It had promise and can be rightly interpreted, but it has failed to materialize that promise and can too easily be interpreted wrongly. He praises Islam and the Quran to some extent but holds forth most strongly for the Baha'i Faith both on principle and action: "The frontiers of civilization will not, appreciably, be advanced and the souls of nations will not be retrieved from the abomination into which they have sunk, unless the fundamental principles embodied in the teachings of Abdu'l-Baha are faithfully and fervently embraced."

• "Defender Forum", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Dec 1934, p14. A Q&A column asks if the Faith welcomes all races by "D. L. H." The answer is firmly yes.

1935

The "A New World Order" series of quotes continues into February:

* "A New World Order: Intolerance a Consuming Fire", by Bahá'u'lláh, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Feb 1935, p11. A quote from Bahá'u'lláh from "Excerpts from Bahá'í sacred Writings", The Baha'i World, v4, pp105-6 is published.

* "A New World Order: The Dawn of World Peace', by 'Abdu'l-Bahá, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Feb 1935, p11. A couple of paragraphs of 'Abdu'l-Bahá from [1] and [2].

* "A New World Order: Structure of Modern Civilization", The Chicago Defender (National edition), 16 Feb 1935, Chicago, IL, p11. This is a quote from Shoghi Effendi from The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh is published.

* "A New World Order: Necessity for a Quickening Power", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Feb 1935, p10. Includes two quotes of Shoghi Effendi. The first is from World Order of Bahá'u'lláh as is the second.

• "Random Thoughts: Make words the tool of your needs", by Nahum Daniel Brascher, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Feb 1935, p12. After discussing a play, the writer picks up how he noticed a member of the audience and sought out a discussion with him about the play and his comments on the radio recently. This discussion arrived at a public disagreement about inter-racial marriage to which Madame Barry-Orlova, pointed to as a Bahá'í lecturer, also attending the play and near enough to their public discussion, chimed in on their discussion amounting to the need to erase the color line and impressing Brascher culminating in saying "Love. Faith. Action" saying it was this that proved to the writer what "true power" was.

• "Honored", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 May 1935, p17. Amidst a longer review of a presentation on "Divine Science" by another at Northwestern University in Fisk Hall, it is mentioned briefly that Prof. (Albert) Vail spoke on the Faith to Charles Braden's class.

• "Fort Wayne, IND", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 May 1935, p19. The quick summary of black society in Fort Wayne, Indiana, mentions Mrs. Lulu Alexander of Columbus, Ohio, had been a guest of William and Mrs. Smith of Forth Wayne on her way to the national convention.

• "Bahai(sic) Lectures", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 May 1935, p17. A brief mention of a series of talks at the Baha'i House of Worship lists Albert Windust, Elahi Kalantar, and Ruth Cornell.

• "With the Magazines: 'Equations in Civilization' by Benoy Kumar Sarkar.(In World Order.), The Chicago Defender (National edition), 29 Jun 1935, p16. A review of a World Order article by Sarkar is published, summarizing divided society based on pseudo-scientific ideas like race and inviting scholars and people to study a broader reality.

• "Society" by "The Matron", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, July 1935, p9. Amid a review of Chicago black society, it is mentioned Amelia W. Pupelly of New York had visited the Temple and was staying at 4412 South Parkway, (it is presently unknown who's home that was.)

• "Baha'is present program to help race relations", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Sep 1935, p18. Amidst the season's classes since July and planned on through August, there is a series of classes specifically on race at Green Acre by Genevieve Coy, both of similarities and distinctiveness of races and that many distinctions are, in fact, consequences of social and cultural respect. It is an overlap that Leslie Pinkney Hill had spoken at a Unitarian Conference on race relations at the nearby Isles of Shoals, just off-shore of Portsmouth. However, there is no mention of the religion or Green Acre classes.

• "Finish Bahai(sic) Temple Filigree", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Aug 1935, p20. A photo and comments on the status of the Temple and that another stage is done - the clerestory - again commenting that "Members of our Race are especially invited to attend the services."

• "Mme. Orlova speaks for local Bahai's", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Sep 1935, p12. 'Orlova' Gita Barry Brown gave a well-received talk to an audience of 75 at the home of M. D. & Mrs. Roach, of 6505 Langley Ave, back on August 24.

• "With the Magazines: 'Social Disruption in the South', by Kathryn Coe and William H. Cordell, (In World Order), The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Sep 1935, p16. There is a summary of a World Order article on the distressing effect of cotton policy causing wholesale evictions of tenant farmers, especially in Arkansas and Mississippi, for more than a year, despite the rise of overall wealth in society.

• "Descendant of Baha'i Founder to visit city", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Nov 1935, p12. Ruhi Effendi Afnan speaks in Chicago from October 26 to November 6 for a conference amidst a tour. The conference was to dedicate the completed clerestory. Mountfort Mills was also a speaker at the conference. Afnan would also speak at the Sunday afternoon talk at the Temple.

• "Fort Wayne, IND", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Nov 1935, p18. Mrs. Harry Alexander, Mrs. Daisy Hall, and friends from Columbus, Ohio, stayed over at Mrs. Virginia P. Smith's home in Fort Wayne en route to the conference at the Bahá'í Temple.

• "Honor Founder of Baha'is(sic) on His Birthday", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Nov 1935, p12. The observance of the Birth of Bahá'u'lláh at the Temple in Foundation Hall. A broad profile of Bahá'u'lláh is published. Contact for further information is provided: Nina Matthisen, member of the National Bahá'í Publicity Committee with a phone number.

• "Illinois State News: Champaign-Urbana", by Helen J. Hite, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Nov 1935, p20. Ruhi Effendi Afnan "of the Baha'i International Center" had given a lecture series at the University of Illinois and a tea at Garetta Busey's home, assisted by Mrs. H. G. Hells.

• "Feast marks Baha'i Rites for 'Covenant', The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Nov 1935, p10. A profile of the Bahá'í "Day of the Covenant" is published at the Foundation Hall of the Bahá'í House of Worship.

• "Cincinnati, O", by Marion Hubbard, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Dec 1935, p23. There is mention of Elsie Austin hosting weekly meetings on the Bahá'í Faith at her home in Cincinnati.

1936

• "The world issue of Race(Editorial from the World Order), The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Jan 1936, p4. An editorial by "H.H." (Horace Holley) on race issues is reprinted from World Order magazine, in which he traces the rise of circles of unity which has ended in modern definitions of race, the new Baha'i approach, and reformulates the unity of Christianity and briefly of other religions, when true to its teachings.

• "Promote Race Amity", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Jan 1936, p12. A picture and caption highlights the New York Spiritual Assembly holding a series of race related events: four public race amity conferences, a study and discussion class, and a race fellowship meeting. Speaker for the events will include Mountfort Mills, Mrs Bishop Lewis, Elmer Carter, J. A. Rogers, Genevieve Coy, Mrs. M. B. Trotman, Mrs Elsa Brakeley, Horace Holley with Coy leading the study class.

• "Bahai's(sic) hold Race Amity Assemblies", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Feb 1936, p.4. A follow-up on the New York Bahá'ís holding race amity meetings started in November and continued into March was published. Speakers for the conferences included Mrs. Elsa Russell Blakely, Mrs Bishop Lewis, and Mountfort Mills. Genevieve Coy led the class and then there was a fellowship meeting led by Anthony Jochim. The next conference would be presided over by Mrs. M. B. Trotman with talks including Elmer Carter and Horace Holley. A YWCA would host the final meeting in March presided over by Mrs. Bishop Lewis and a talk by Coy, J. A. Rogers, and Mountfort Mills.

• "New Book sets forth growth of Baha'i in 40 Countries", by Robert S. Abbott, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Feb 1936, p5. Abbot does a book review of the new Baha'i World volume with an endorsement like "The doctrinal pronouncement of the religion commands itself particularly to us blacks.… It has none of the artifices and surface disciplines of other faith. It forsakes wealth, social prestige and other means of public influence." The article is accompanied by a picture of the Bahá'í House of Worship "nearing completion" with the outer ornamentation done.

• "Cincinnati, O.", by Marion M. Hubbard, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Mar 1936, p23. Louis Gregory spoke at the Hotel Alms in Cincinnati on the Sunday previous.

• "Baha'i Body To Hold Fellowship Meeting", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Mar 1936, p15. The Bahá'ís announced a "Fellowship" meeting at the Center at 116 S. Michigan Blvd.

• "Cincinnati, O.; Organizations", by Marion M. Hubbard, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Mar 1936, p19. Louis Gregory spoke at Elsie Austin's home in Cincinnati.

• "World Chaos is theme of Bahai meet: Spiritual phase of the current crisis to be discussed", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 May 1936, p17. A brief summary of the Bahá'ís and holding the national convention, noting the Faith in the US and Canada had 69 "centers" (assemblies) closing with a talk "Bahá'u'lláh's Message to a Chaotic Age".

• "The Twenty-Eighth Annual Baha'i Convention closes: Bahai's end 28th Annual Conference", by Vera B. Slaughter, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1936, p4. A mass picture of the delegates was published with summary article of the convention - talks by Dorothy Beecher Baker, Albert Windust, Montfort Mills, Louis Gregory (Mrs Gregory was in Yugoslavia.)

• "New York visitor is guest of Mr. Abbott", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1936, p21. Mrs. A. G. (Ludmila) Bechtold was a delegate to the national convention, with a reception by P & Mrs. Seville at one events and then Mr. & Mrs. Abbott took her on a motor tour including visiting the publication offices of The Defender.

• "World Unity As Baha'i Theme", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 May 1936: p. 17. Ruth Moffett spoke at the Bahá'í Center on Race Amity presided over by Ame Thurman.

• "Baha'is mark anniversy of Holy Message: Prophetic Announcement Made 92 Years Ago", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 30 May 1936: p. 5. A review of the observance of the Declaration fo the Báb, and quotes from Nabil's narrative and rise of Bahá'u'lláh. Sarah Walrath will give a talk at the Temple the following Sunday on the Báb.

• "Baha'is Note Martyrdom of Founder", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 July 1936, p12. A brief review of the history of the Báb's culminating in observation of the Martyrdom of the Báb.

• "Baha'i Activities: Free lectures no collections", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 July 1936, p12. Summary of Martha Roots travels and contacts, the first time back in the US since 1931. And there are comments on the failure of WWI to end international problems. For further information, the contact given is Philip Marangella at a phone number.

• "Baha'i Activities: No Lectures No Collections", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Sep 1936, p15. A list of a month of Bahá'í activities at the Center (noon and evening programs) and Temple is published. Speakers include: Philip Marangella, Ruth Moffett, Mrs. CA Ullrich, Edna Eastman, Arthur Agnew, Allah Kalantar, Monroe Ioas, Lenore Morris, Sarah Walrath, and Albert Windust.

• "Defender Religious Editor Baha'i Speaker", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Oct 1936, p9. The Bahá'ís are hosting a talk at the Center with the The Defender religious editor Rev. Richard Keller and Linda Taylor, Bahá'í Youth Chairman.

• "Thomas Payne, Ex-PO Worker, visits Editor", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Oct 1936, p4. Thomas Payne visits Abbott and, among many events, given a tour to the Temple.

• "Neighborhood Baha'i". The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Oct 1936: p. 11. A regular meeting was being held at the E & Mrs. Edwards home at 6309 Champlain Ave. Elizabeth Edwards offered the talk in Edwards' home.

• "Dr. Seaman to open Baha'i lectures: A. L. Foster, Dr. Tashiro, Charles Good also on Programs", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Oct 1936, p11. The Race Amity Committee of Chicago announced a series of lectures with Mrs. Fred Mortesen's chair at the Bahá'í Center. Speakers included: Philip Seman (Jewish People's Institute), Isamu Tashiro (Japanese traveler), A. L. Foster (Chicago Urban League), and Charles Good (WPA tours of Board of Education), with each keynote speaker with a Baha'i giving a short talk - Mabel Ives, Carl Scheffler, Albert Windust, Mrs. Philip Marangella, and Mumford Mills.

1937

• "Joe Louis, Haile Selassie--Most Colorful Figures In 1935, …Take Tumble In 1936…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Jan 1937, p1. The Bahá'í National Convention is briefly mentioned in an annual review of events in 1936.

• "Students hear exponent of Baha'i Faith: A. & I. State College told Order's Scope - Tennessee Institution Is Visited By Austrian, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Jan 1937, p7. A European History class at A&I State College in Nashville taught by M. R. Eppse was addressed by Mrs. A. G. (Ludmila) Bechtold. In the same article, it is mentioned Albert James, a graduate, had joined the religion and others had visited the college over the last five years.

• "Louis Gregory, Baha'i Leader, Wife in Haiti", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Mar 1937, p2. The Gregorys are commented on as being on vacation in Haiti, encouraged to explore Black society, and interviewed by The Defender.

• "Baha'i Youth in 2nd Annual Gathering: Symposium on religion at Worship House", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Mar 1937, p13. An International Bahá'í Youth conference is held at the Temple. Linda Taylor is named Chair of the Chicago Bahá'í Youth and speaking. Joe Marangellt and Pari Zio spoke, and Clarence LaRocque was the conference chair.

• "City Bahais Greet Miss Martha Root", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Mar 1937, p2. The previous Friday, Baha'is met Martha Root in a closed meeting on her way from Chicago to California before her next trip to the Orient.

• There are two announcements of the marriage of Shoghi Effendi and Mary Maxwell on April 10, 1937 of the previous date out of Montreal.

• "U. Of C. Attache will address Chicago Baha'is", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Apr 1937, p5. Mrs. Wendell Green, Univ. of Chicago and Cook County League of Women Voters, was the third in a series of Race Amity Committee of Chicago at the Center, Mrs. Fred Mortensen chair.

• "Fort Wayne", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 May 1937, p11. Lulu Alexander and friends of Columbus were guests of Virginia Smith of Fort Wayne en route to the national convention in Chicago.

• "Canada, US Baha'is close 29th Congress: Writer Sees' Religious History in Making", by Nahum Daniel Brascher, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 May 1937, p9. The writer summarizes the final day of the National Bahá'í Convention. There was music from the Elsie Breeding Glee Club, who also learned a Bahá'í song. Speakers to the audience of 2000 included Dr. Dickson (radio editor of The Chicago Tribune), while Montfort Mills was the keynote.

• "Home is Scene of Book Review Mrs. F. Sanford's: Mrs. Kalantar, Dr. G. W. Prince Speak", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Aug 1937, p14. Mrs. Florida Thomas Sanford hosted a reception at which Bahá'í Mrs. Emily Kalantar, wife of Alahi, secretary to former Persian ambassador, gave a talk reviewing Some Answered Questions. Those present the more than twenty included Ellsworth Blackwell, the Mortensens, and others.

• "Around the Hub in Boston, Mass.; Mr. and Mrs. Gross" by C. Elliott Freeman, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Nov 1937, p23. George and Mrs. Gross of Westminster Ave, Boston, called prominent Bahá'ís, returned from a trip to Binghamton, NY, and Scranton, PA, accompanied by Countess DeLanti of Rome and Irene Forte. In New York, they had had a reception at the Hotel Arlington. In Scranton, they had been received by Mrs. Gross' parents, A. & Mrs. Jones, and other events, including a Bahá'í meeting in the Hotel German in Boston, where Harlem Ober spoke. Forte and the countess also performed musical selections.

• "Speaks to Bahais", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Dec 1937, p10. H. H. Jones of Klay, Liberia, gave a talk at a meeting at the Robert Lee & Mrs. Moffett home.

• "Speaks at Tuskegee", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Dec 1937, p3. Gregory is noted speaking to the Tuskegee student body the previous Wednesday.

1938

• "Those Long Services", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Jan 1938, p16. Among diverse church services and a relative fall in attendance of long services, the Bahá'í Temple services are noted no more than 1 or 1.5 hrs vs 2 or 3 hrs (with much time for announcements.)

• "Resume Work On Baha'i Tabernacle", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Feb 1938, p11. An article notes the resumption of work on Temple finishing the gallery-level ornamentation, by the Earley Studios of Rosslyn, VA.

• "Poro Happenings", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Mar 1938, p15. Lloyd Norris performed at the Bahá'í Center of Chicago back on March 3, followed by a talk by Pearl Ntsiko of South Africa.

• "Deltas give a warm welcome party for Soror Elsie Austin of Ohio is Breakfast guest", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Apr 1938, p15. Bahá'í Elsie Austin, then assistant state attorney of Ohio, was received by the Delta Sigma Theta chapter of Chicago while being a guest of Margaretta Turner.

• "Baha'i guests attend Amity Banquet at Y: 300 followers present as Group holds program preceding confab", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Apr 1938, p7. An Amity Banquet was held before the national convention at the Central YMCA the previous Saturday, with the majority of representatives of various faiths who had spoken the past year present. The Welcome was by Albert Windust; the MC was Nellie French, song by Joanne Young, and piano by Pearl Laube. The Convention followed the next week. Maybe Elsie Austin attended since she was in town.

• "Poro Happenings", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 May 1938, p14. Louis Gregory and Lloyd Norris were among the guests of Lester Brown and Mr. Pulley of The National Forum. Additionally, Clifford Edison will lead visitors to Temple: Josephine Dunn, Irma Haynes, R. Woodward, and Lloyd Norris.

• "Debonnaires in fourth annual Benefit Tea", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Jun 1938, p15. Ruth Moffett spoke on the program of the Debonnaire Girls club.

• "Mrs. Mahdah Paton Is Guest Speaker", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 June 1938, p15. Bahá'í Mahdah Paton was the speaker at the art recital at the studio of Annette B. White the previous Sunday.

1939

• "Disciples of Baha'i Close 4-Day Meet", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 May 1939, p11. An article reviews of the national convention. Mrs. E. R. Mathews of Colorado Springs told stories of the progress in South America during the Seven Year Plan. There's a brief review of the Episode of the Báb, the time of Bahá'u'lláh and then 'Abdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi. The Convention started with Amity Meetings with talks by: Isemu Tashiro(philanthropist), Philip Seman (Jewish Inst), A L Foster (Exec Dir Urban League), Mrs. Wendell Green (League of Women Votes), Dean Charles Gilkey U. of Chicago Chapel, P. R Hershey Northwestern U., Gun Hsing Want (former vice Consul of China), Rev. F A Laxmana (Dir Filipino Community Center.)

• "Leaders of Baha'i Faith Pay visit to Publisher: Spreading the Baha'i Movement", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 May 1939, p23. A photo, caption, and article note Bostonite delegates to the national convention of Ether Gross and Vernita Mason (mother is Mahdah Paton, who is the daughter of Lord and Lady Torrence) who visited Abbott at his home. Both spoke at the Amity Meeting opening the Convention. Mason had worked some years early promoting the religion in Chicago among youth, spoke to a youth meeting during the convention, and was received by Fisk graduate Mrs. White and Mrs. Florence Sanford. Both were guests of William and Mahdah Paton while in town, and William was a trained opera singer. On the way home, both were to speak in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and Binghamton, New York.

• "Drippings from other Pens: Can Education bring World Peace?", by Bertha Hyde Kirkpatrick, (from World Order,) The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Aug 1939, p15. A reprint of an article from World Order magazine.

• "California - Berkeley, Calif", by D. G. Gibson. The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Sep 1939, p23. Sociologist E. Harold Mason of Berkeley tours across religions, including meeting Bahá'ís in Philadelphia and New York.

• "Mrs. Martin, named to School Board, dies: Won position by big vote in Cleveland", by Gene Ray, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Nov 1939, p1. A biographical article of the favored local lady Mary (Brown) Martin, who converted to the Bahá'í Faith and served on the assembly, and died 12 days after winning the school board position for the third time.

1940

• "Baha'i Leader Enroute To Chicago For Confab", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Jan 1940, p9. Gregory is mentioned coming to join a conference at the Temple and stoping along the way, giving talks in Windsor the previous Friday at the Hotel Norton Palrmer for a mason's group and in Detroit the Monday after, where he gave a talk at the home of Robert & Mrs. Davis.

• "Thousands mourn at Bier of Editor Abbott: Notables and lowly in Final Tribute", by David H. Orro, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Mar 1940, p1. Though there are several articles profiling Robert Abbott upon his passing, few mention he was a Bahá'í. In particular, in this one, there is a confused mention of the Bahá'ís at the funeral service on a number of points. First, Albert Windust was given the title 'Rev' when he spoke among the many presenters, and second, he was mentioned as Chair of the "National Assembly of Chicago".

• "Hundreds Express Grief At Editor Abbott's Death", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Mar 1940, p8. Among the very many noted attending the funeral service, in the last column, far right, is mentioned "Sarah S. Wallace, secretary of Spiritual Assembly of Baha'is".

• "To launch drive for Abbott Memorial: Douglass students in memorial services for Robert S. Abbott", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Mar 1940, p19. Gale Welch Jr read a Bahá'í prayer at the school memorial of Douglass elementary school by its Negro History Club.

• "Quest for Equality: an autobiography" Part 8, by Robert S. Abbott, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 May 1940, p4. An entry autobiographical in a series by Abbott being posthumously published mentions the hard work of setting up his business, arguing against being driven by forces outside of us towards destiny which was suggested by "(a) young Persian friend of mine, a profound student of the Baha'ist cult…." This was probably Ali Kuli Khan.

• "Give Joint Recital", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 May 1940, p5. A picture and caption show performers Theodore Stone and Margaret Bonds giving a recital at the New York Bahá'í Center the previous Sunday. A followup mention specifies this performance was May 12 at the Center on W. 57th St. They were under the management of Randolph-Vinton and spent the summer doing a series of concerts.

1941

• "Cincinnati Corner", by Marion Hubbard, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Mar 1941, p11. The Cincinnati Bahá'í Assembly would host a Race Unity program the next Sunday following the national initiative with talks by Dorothy Beecher Baker on "Steps to Peace" and Louis Gregory on "The Racial Basis of the New Civilization".

• "Miss Edna G. Reynolds…", The Chicago Defender (National edition) , Chicago, IL, 21 June 1941, p16. The Marriage of Bahá'í Edna Reynolds and Phillip Savilles takes place at the Center in town and planning to live in Chicago.

• "Baha'i Announces October Dates Of Public Meetings", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Oct 1941, p5. A series of talks at the Center and the Temple: Monroe Ioas, Edward Struven, Sarah Walrath, Albert Windust, Flora Hottes, Alice Cox.

1942

• "Dustin' off the News: Finally, we get an honest word out of Africa", by Lucius C. Harper, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Jan 1942, p1-2. An article bemoans two issues of Christian failure in Africa: divisions of sects and divisions of race (weaknesses he says Islam does not have.) However, on the second page there is brief mention of Bahá'í Faith at top saying "There is only faith - of a foreign origin - the Baha'i Movement, that accepts him without labeling him 'colored'."

• "Thoughts To-day: Baha'is talk brotherhood; mean it", by Nahum Daniel Brasher, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1942, p15. The annual Bahá'í Convention, and underscoring practices in North and South American countries, set the "highest standards of world brotherhood".

• "Honored", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 July 1942, p13. Vivian Wesson is pictured and mentioned as a Chicago Bahá'í Assembly member and committee worker, who is going to go pioneering to Brazil.

• "Lights and Shadows",The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Oct 1942, p14. An article of poetry selections includes one by Chester Leon Wyatt, "a student of the Bahá'í teachings", "Bless the Words", praising 'Abdu'l-Bahá.

1943

• "4 Editors Debate On Negro, War", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Jan 1943, p6. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "18 Win Places On Race Relations Honor Roll", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Feb 1943, p8. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "DR. HILL HONORED", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Feb 1943, p6. Leslie Pinckney Hill is mentioned.

• "Give Points On Visits To Soldiers", by Thelma Thurston Gorham, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Feb 1943, p16. An article by later Bahá'í Thelma Thurston Gorham.

• "Dr. DuBois 75, Honored On Birthday", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Mar 1943, p1. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "DEDICATE NEW USO CENTER IN ANNISTON: ROLE OF NEGRO IN ALL WARS TOLD", by Thelm a T. Gorham, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Mar 1943, p6. An article by later Bahá'í Thelma T. Gorham.

• "The Heritage of All Men", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Mar 1943, p14. Elmer Carter's statement of separate-is-not-equal in unemployment benefits, in the November special issue of the Survey Graphic, is strongly affirmed by the Bahá'í National Race Unity Committee; Alica Cox speaking for the committee, argues that most had sought white and black biracial progress with segregation, but true progress needs to proceed with unity.

• "Honor Sengstacke At Testimonial Luncheon: MRS. BETHUNE HONORS DEFENDER PUBLISHER", by Albert Barnett, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Apr 1943, p3. Robert Abbott is mentioned.

• "Alain Locke To Lecture In Haiti", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Apr 1943, p7. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Delta Sigma Theta Ends One Day Meet: Plan Aid To War Organizations", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Apr 1943, p16. Elsie Austin is mentioned.

• "Widow At Dedication Of Rube Foster Field", by Thelma Thurston Gorham, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Aau 1943, p16. Later Bahá'í Thelma Thurston Gorham wrote an article.

• "'Broadway' Goes To The Army And So Do Scribes", by Thelm a Thurston Gorham, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Aug 1943, p18. Later Bahá'í Thelma Thurston Gorham wrote an article. She interview Faynard Nicholas of the Nicholas Brothers, who joined the Bahá'í Faith at some point as well.

• "New Book Out On Race History", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Aug 1943, p20. Alain Locke was mentioned.

• "CAPT. ROBERTS ASSIGNED TO WASHINGTON", by Thelam T. Gorham, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Aug 1943, p10. Later Bahá'í Thelma Thurston Gorham wrote an article.

• "Wac Sergt. Weds MP Tech Sergeant At Ft. Huachuca", by Thelma Thurston Gorham, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Aug 1943, p17. Later Bahá'í Thelma Thurston Gorham wrote an article.

• "Negro Congress Plans Fight On Army Jim Crow", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Oct 1943, p6. Lethis C Fleming is mentioned.

• "MIXED DANCING BARRED BY USO", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Nov 1943, p4. Matthew Bullock is mentioned.

• "Defender Editor Honored At D.C. Bureau Smoker", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Nov 1943, p2. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Cheney Graduates Enjoy Gala Homecoming, Dance", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Nov 1943, p1. Leslie Pinckney Hill is mentioned.

• "Leslie Hill Speaks At U. of C. Chapel", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Nov 1943, p20. Leslie Pinckney Hill is mentioned.

• "National GRAPEVINE: Can You Take It?", by Charley Cherokee, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Dec 1943, p15. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "'Peace' Debate At Gary Church", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Dec 1943, p16. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "HERE TO YONDER: BOOKS ARE FRIENDS", by Langston Hughes, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Dec 1943, p10. Alain Locke is mentioned.

1944

• "Harlem's Carver School Draws Capacity Classrooms", by Ramon Lowe, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Feb 1944, p8. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "MARK NEGRO ACHIEVEMENT WEEK", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Mar 1944, p17B. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "FOLKS AND THINGS 'ROUND WASHINGTON", by Venice Tipton Spraggs, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Mar 1944, p15. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "PLAN DRIVE FOR ABBOTT LIBERTY SHIP", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Mar 1944, p14. Robert Abbott is mentioned.

• "To Name Liberty Ship For Robert S. Abbott", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Mar 1944, p1. Robert Abbott is mentioned.

• "Broadway Sees '3 Is A Family' By Harlemites", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Apr 1944, p8. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Mrs. Edna Abbott, Editor's Widow, Dies In Michigan: Passes Away", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Apr 1944, p1. Robert Abbott is mentioned.

• "Eric Waldron, Novelist, Lost In German Air Raid", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Apr 1944, p1. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Music Teachers To Meet At Howard U.", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Apr 1944, p18. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "National GRAPEVINE; 'Ye Shall Know the Truth'", by Charley Cherokee, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 May 1944, p13. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Swinging The News" by Al Monroe, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 May 1944, p8. A review of Chicago Society mentions that Lauretta Noisett-Moore attended the national convention as a delegate.

• "Carver Portrait Is Presented To Smithsonian Inst.", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 May 1944, p6. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Swinging The News; Blame Ignorance…", by Al Monroe, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 May 1944, p8. Bahá'í Lauretta Noisett-Moore was a delegate to the Bahá'í National Convention.

• "BOOKS; New Works", by Ben Burns, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Jul 1944, p13. Leslie Pinckney Hill is mentioned.

• "Iowa: Cedar Rapids", by G. H. Montgomery, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 June 1944, p17. Reviewing Cedar Rapids society mentions Ruth Collins Blackburn visiting her brothers after attending the Bahá'í Centennial Convention.

• "LAIN LOCKE AT HAMPTON", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Jul 1944, p11. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Marian Anderson Triumphs In Recital In Hollywood", by Ivan Harold Browning, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Jul 1944, p6. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Fight To Crack White City Jim Crow Rink", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Sep 1944, p11. Ellsworth Blackwell is mentioned.

• "Non - Partisan League Plans 19-State Drive", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Sep 1944, pp1,4. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Locke Hails Non-Partisan League As Sound Move", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Oct 1944, p6. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Non-Partisan League Elects New Officers", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Oct 1944, p1. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Famed French Negro Author Tells Scribe How He Defied Nazis In Paris", by Edward Toles, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Oct 1944, p8. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "32 Leaders Join In Backing World Bill Of Rights", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Dec 1944, p5. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Greater Cincinnati; Attorney Elsie Austin…", by Ruth Hubbard, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Dec 1944, p15. Elsie Austin is mentioned.

1945

All of the known mentions of the religion are indirect through well-known African American Bahá'ís, most commonly Alain Locke.

• "Howard Odum Wins New Bernays Racial Award", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Jan 1945, p18. Leslie Pinkney Hill is mentioned.

• "Alain Locke Guild Anniversary", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Feb 1945, p17. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Kappa Alpha Mu Chapters To Meet", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Feb 1945, p5. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Taft Knifes FEP Bill Despite GOP Promises" by Harry McAplin, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Feb 1945, p1. Elsie Austin is mentioned.

• "Stars Aid IFRG In Fight For International Unity In Films", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Apr 1945, p17. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "N. Y. Inter-Racial Gallery Presents Best Of Flourishing New Negro Art", by Ramona Lowe, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 19 May 1945, p5. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "History Of Defender Related In New Book", by Arna Bontemps, and Jack Conroy, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Jan 1945, p4. A review of Robert Abbott's history, without mentioning the Faith.

• "Ben Burns - Off the Book Shelf", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Jun 1945, p13. Robert Abbott is mentioned.

• "State Legislature In Tribute To Robert S. Abbott", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Jul 1945, p5. Robert Abbott is mentioned.

• "Second Thoughts: Charting Man's Future", by S I Hayakawa, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Sep 1945, p13. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Ms. Bethune Rips Home Rule: Urges America Clean Own House First", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Oct 1945, p7. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Wallace Gets First Willkie Award From Africans" by Venice Spraggs, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Nov 1945, p3. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Five Scholars In Lead For Fisk U. Presidency", by Fred Atwater, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Nov 1945, p1. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "In the Crisis for November", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Nov 1945, p12. Later Bahá'í Thelma Thurston Gorham is mentioned.

• "DuBois Due Back In U.S. From Pan-African Confab", by George Padmore, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Dec 1945, p1. Alaine Locke is mentioned.

1946

• "MILWAUKEE NEWS" by V C Bevenue, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Jan 1946, p10. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Fisk Trustees Hedge On Naming Negro President", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Feb 1946, p1. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "GETS NEW POST: DR. ALAIN L LOCKE", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Feb 1946, p1. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "U.S. Colony in Haiti takes hands off policy in revolt", by Enoc D. Waters Jr., The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, Feb 23, 1946, p4. An American educational commission in Haiti from the US Office of Inter-American Affairs, associated via its head Max Bond with an American Negro colony as it was called, included Malcolm King arriving as a Bahá'í pioneer, from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

• "Negro's Achievements Made As Americans, Says Dr. Locke", by Marjorie Peters, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Mar 1946, p6. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "MILWAUKEE NEWS", by V C Bevenue, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Mar 1946, p11. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Laud Sororities For Success Of Art Exhibit", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Mar 1946, p19. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Mission Sends Four Members To Liberia", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Apr 1946, p19. Georgia DeBatiste Falkner is mentioned.

• "A STRATEGIC ADVANCE", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 May 1946, p14. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Michigan: Kalamazoo", by Pauline B. Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 June 1946, p21A. Joy Earl of Detroit, is mentioned as a speaker on intercultural relations at YWCA sponsored by Bahá'ís in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

• "World Brotherhood Urged By Jurist", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Jun 1946, p22. Leslie Pinckney Hill is mentioned.

• "1,000 Teachers Expected At Meeting", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Jun 1946, p4. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Mrs. Pansy Green Feted At Party In Berkeley", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Aug 1947, p17. Later Bahá'í Thelma Thurston Gorham is mentioned.

• "National GRAPEVINE: Alpha To Omega" by Charley Cherokee, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Oct 1946, p13. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Conference Probes U.S. Reaction In China", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Oct 1946, p7. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Illinois State: Danville", by Ruby Chambers, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Oct 1946, p19. Bahá'í youth Taylor Thomas was the guest speaker at a Nonpariel Club of Community Guild, speaking on race relations and community improvement in Danville.

• "‘World Dinner Seeks Africa, U.S. Harmony", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Nov 1946, p7. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Oust Bilbo Move Grows. Authors Head New Group", The Chicago Defender'[ (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Nov 1946, p2. Alain Locke is mentioned.

• "Jan. Survey Graphic Analyzes Segregation", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Dec 1946, p8. Alain Locke is mentioned.

1947

• "California: Berkeley", by D. G. Gibson, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Mar 1947, p19A. Anthony Quen Seto "chairman of the Baha'i National Spiritual Assembly of San Fransico," talked at the Cosmos anniversary ball of the Cosmos Social club in Berkeley, California.

• "Parole Board Chief Bullock Attends Prison Directors Meet", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Oct 1947, p2. A profile of Baha'i Matthew Bullock includes mentioning a guest of Hugh & Mrs. MacBeth in Los Angeles and they attended several Baha'i meetings, and they also held a reception for Bullock.

• "Speaking Out: from the New South", by Robert Durr, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Nov 1947, p14. A review of Daniel Johnson Fleming's book Brining Our World Together quotes him on Baha'i views: "The promulgation of the achievement of community is the basic social task of every individual privileged to receive the Bahai Cause. To deny oneself participation in execution of this task is to deny oneself the greatest job, and peace that can come to an individual.", among other comments.

1948

• "Speaking Out: From The New South - For the advancement of her race", by Robert Durr, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 June 1948, p14. The Defender reprinted the entirety of an article by Gertrude Schurgast from the June 1947 edition of World Order magazine, which is basically an interview of a black friend and learning her family history, which featured them facing racist insults and difficult times.

• "Speaking Out: From The New South - America Leads", by Robert Durr, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 July 1948, p14. Durr offers various quotes of Shoghi Effendi from World Order of Baha'u'llah for a few paragraphs (see [3]).

• "Speaking Out: From The New South - Racial Unity", by Robert Durr, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Sep 1948, p14. Durr quotes an editorial by Gertrude K. Kenning published in World Order.

• "Speaking Out: From The New South - Great religions in our schools", by Robert Durr, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Sep 1948, p14. Durr reviews universal education but forbids all religion from being mentioned, while religious institutions were fading in their influence. argues decline of religion amidst civic gathering points, suggests unity in diversity of religion be taught in schools and that the Baha'i Faith should be included. He quotes a comment of Dorothy Thompson saying, "The Purest Forms of Christianity".

• "World Baha'ists Preach 'Oneness of Mankind'", by Albert Barnett, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Nov 1948, p7. Barnett notes that major denominations on their stances of race and the Baha'i Faith are very deserving for their very distinguished stances on race, its Temple, and colored members at national levels of service in the religion - Elsie Austin and Louis Gregory.

1949

• "miami: Jim Crow begins where airport's island of freedom ends, but oldtimers look back and say,'Things are so much better'", by Romona Lowe, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Jan 1949, p13. In a review of the Jim Crow climate of Miami, the Baha'is are mentioned as "less demonstrative" against the bigotry, but that a black woman is "the leader" of the mixed group.

• "Heads mixed Baha'i group in Florida", by Romona Lowe, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Feb 1949, p9. A focused profile of African American Olive Alexander, who chairs the Miami Assembly, "proof positive that the Baha'i attempt to live up to the principles they profess." However, the group has to meet in homes because of being denied interracial meeting spaces not only for being under a black woman, but of Chinese and Jewish members. Alexander had been director of the James E. Scott Community Association, giving educational programs for women groups.

• "A project in friendliness changes attitudes of hostile neighbors", by Mabelle S. Perry, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Dec 1949, p4. Mr. and Mrs. Shelby Steele, a racially mixed couple in Pheonix, were aided by Baha'is from both Phoenix and Chicago to renovate the home for the couple and the interactions attracted neighbors.

1950

• "The lure of lucky numbers", by Wesley Watkins, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Feb 1950, p1. A brief mention of Baha'is and the use of "9" is in a long list of cultural connections with the use of numbers.

1951

• "The Baha'i House of Worship modern saga of religious world", by Albert Barnett, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Oct 1951, p11. An article profiles the Temple and its history, architecture, and quotes over the doors.

• "B'hai(sic) talk at TSU", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, Nov 17, 1951, p5. A post through the Associated Negro Press (ANP) mentions A. K. Kalantar being a speaker at HBCU Texas Southern University.

1952

• "Phoenix couple greets 200 on Golden Date", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Feb 1952, p8. The wedding anniversary of Baha'is Dee E. and Mrs. Williams with a crowd of generations and friends having a party for them in Phoenix.

• "Religion and Church--Great Balance-Wheel of Civilization", by Albert Barnett, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Sep 1952, p11. An article mentions the Baha'i Temple briefly among efforts of the business of church and religion.

1953

• "Headliners", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, Apr 4, 1953, p2. A brief mention includes Elsie Austin on a trip to India for the Baha'is.

• "Baha'i Worshippers to dedicate Temple May 2", by Mattie Smith Colin, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Apr 1953, p9. The National Spiritual Assembly of the United States is pictured, naming the members and officers, along with a story on the upcoming dedication of the Temple.

• "Majestic Baha'i Temple dedicated near Chicago", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1953, p7. An article consecration of Baha'i Temple ceremonies and history noted.

• "Ruhiyyih Khánum", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 May 1953, p4. Ruhiyyih Khanum and Amelia Collins are pictured coming for the dedication of the Baha'i Temple, followed by a talk at the Medinah Temple.

• "New Yorker On Project In Haiti", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 June 1953, p16. The National Assembly of Haiti, through its chair Maurice LaFleur, sponsored a project on hearing and speech issues to be supervised by The New Yorker via Mary Helen Harden's New York Health Clinic.

• "Open free Schools in Baha'i Work", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 July 1953, p7. The three traditional Bahá'í Schools then existing - Geyersville, California, Green Acre, Maine, Louhelen, Michigan, plus a fourth temporary school in Colorado Springs, particularly for pioneers preparing to go to Latin America, were all hosting classes "designed to foster the spirit of fellowship in an atmosphere of trust and goodwill" included a focus on ethics and religion.

• "Mrs. Joy Earl…", The Chicago Defender (National edition) , Chicago, IL, 29 Aug 1953, p3. A closeup picture of Joy Earl is published noting her visiting the US after traveling/teaching English through Japan as well as speaking to audiences there about the Bahá'í Faith.

• "Calendar Club takes extended Northside Tour", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Sep 1953, p14. The Morgan Park Calendar Club did a tour and included stopping to see the Bahá'í Temple before continuing along small towns along the Wisconsin state line. Names are listed of attendees.

1954

• "Foreign News", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 May 1954, p6. A brief survey of news out of Africa notes Elsie Austin wrote a letter to the newspaper on her work in Africa, and the newspaper calls her " a missionary" in Morocco for the Bahá'í Faith after resigning from her position in government. She compared the way others call natives Moors, whereas they preferred to be called Arabs, and compares it to whether people in America who wish to be called Negroes or Colored.

• "Alain Locke rites held in New York", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Jun 1954, pp1,2. An obituary of the death of Alain Locke is published. However, the biographical sketch of his life does not mention his status or work as a Bahá'í. Several other articles into early 1955 similarly laud and extend coverage, but none of them mention his connection with the Faith.

1955

• "People, Places and Things", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 June 1955, p8. In a broad review of brief news mentions, the fact that the International Baháʼí Council, a temporary institution working under the Guardian in preparation for the election of the Universal House of Justice, had requested Bahá'í communities send communiques to protest events in Iran to Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi and the government.

• "Michigan: Kalamazoo", by Pauline Byrd Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 July 1955, p20. The society writer from Kalamazoo mentions a personal trip of hers to Chicago including a mention of the Bahá'í Temple in a list of stops.

• "Baha'i Community", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Aug 1955, p2A. The Bahá'ís bought an advertisement featuring the Temple and gardens and Abbott, wishing Abbott and The Defender on its golden anniversary.

1956

• "Cincinnati Roundup", by Roy B. Parker, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 May 1956, p8. Two Bahá'ís are noted elected to the Local Assembly: Jennie McFarland, and Kay Austin.

• "Bahai wedding for Hollywood pair announced", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 June 1956, p19. An article covers the Baha'i wedding planned for Robert Dix (son of Richard Dix) and Janet Lake.

• "Don't forget the Church when you speak of 'Integration, 1956'", by Albert Barnett, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 June 1956, p9. Bahá'ís are listed among "pioneering" religions that teach and practice universal brotherhood; however, the rest of the column lists a variety of Christian churches and ministers and their specific cross-racial actions and presences.

• "Day by Day: (column by) Marion B. Campfield", guest columnist Gertrude Gipson, Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 July 1956, p14. Amidst a flurry of brief surveys of society she mentions meeting magazine editor Ben Waller and a visit to the Bahá'í Temple and on to Northwestern University.

• "Set Talks on World Problems", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Oct 1956, p17. Marilyn Bierman was the moderator for for a series of meetings by a panel with Lorraine Fleming and Hopton Howell to talk at the Larabee YMCA sponsored by the Bahá'ís.

• "Baha'i(sic) is grateful", by Horace Holley, Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Nov 1956, p11. A brief thank you letter to the editor is in appreciation of a story on the Bahá'í Temple from November 3, though no such article has been found in the Daily or National editions. However a substantial article appears on the 10th, following:

• "Baha'i Faith based on World Unity and Tolerance", by Albert Barnett, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Nov 1956, p7. A near-page-sized profile of the history of the Bahá'í Temple, its Central Figures, goals like raising more Temples in the world, and some prominent members like Abbott himself, are mentioned, and that Joy Earl, lately of Cleveland and Detroit, was to speak at an observance at the Temple before going back to Japan that December. Other, presumably African American, Chicago Bahá'ís are also listed: Kathelynea Kellum, Ellsworth Blackwell, Gloster Edwards, Earl Winston, Clarence Spigall, Edgard Edwards, Isabel Washington, and Robert Williams.

• "Likes Article", by Charles M. Hanson, Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Dec 1956, p9. A short letter to the editor by Charles M. Hanson of Duluth, Minnesota, was in appreciation of the article of November 10th, which he found while attending a Bahá'í conference in St. Paul, Minnesota. He bought many editions and gave them to friends.

• "Report shows all-time high for financial support of our Churches", by Albert Barnett, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Dec 1956, p9. An article notes the Bahá'ís being a rare exception in raising money, including for the Temple, not by "passing the plate", among a general picture of successful contributions among churches.

1957

• "Special Fetes Mark Negro History Week", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Feb 1957, p17. In a profile of events for Negro History Week, the Bahá'ís are noted holding a reception at Fine Arts Building chaired by Earle Render. Speakers will be Samuel Stratton and Charlotte Linfoot. A profile of Baha'is mostly quotes a statement, comes after, and noting materials on the religion are available at the House of Knowledge on South Michigan Ave.

• "Baha'i New Year", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Mar 1957: p. 3. There is a brief mention of Bahá'ís observing Naw Ruz across the country and at the House of Worship.

• "Baha'is Slate Annual Meeting", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, Apr 20, 1957, p21. A larger profile of the Bahá'ís and its meetings, notes the national convention and the news of raising 11 new national assemblies, amidst the progress of the Crusade and a presence in 250 countries and territories, "almost double that of four years ago" and progress on the Archives Building on Mt. Carmel.

• "Double Safety", by "A Baha'i", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Apr 1957, p9. An anonymous writer writes about encouragements for cleanliness that ought to spread around the world and other suggestions where a good idea provides more than one result.

• "The People Speak: Power Of Bible", by "A Baha'i", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 May 1957, p11. Presumably, the same writer writes about God in world developments, that the UN should recognize the Bible in making decisions, and countries should send wisest leaders rather than materially minded geniuses.

• "Baha'i (sic) set Race Amity Day, June 9", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 1 June 1957, p3. The second annual Race Amity Day is observed, and the article reviews the complexity of race relations around the world, extensive quotes from the National Assembly, and highlights the first Amity convention and the overall worldwide progress of the religion.

• "On Billy Graham", by "A Bahai, Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, I, 4 June 1957, p11. "A Baha'i", presumably the same writer as of late, writes a letter to the editor asking Billy Graham to enlighten south leaders on race relations amidst hypcracy of the past and in private.

• "God A Cure For Vice", by "A Baha'i", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 June 1957, p11. Presumably the same writer writes a letter about vice, evil, and turning to God, contrasting with too much relief and "ADC" from consequences makes people lose faith, become immoral, and affects them and the next generation.

• "Members of the Cosmopolitan Chamber of Commerce…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), 20 Jul 1957, p4. Ellsworth Blackwell was listed among attendees at a Chamber of Commerce meeting, representing Golder State Mutual Insurance.

• "Baha'i Discuss Race At YMCA", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 24 July 1957, p8. William Allison, of Depaw University and, who returned from pilgrimage with his mother, was scheduled to give a talk at the Washington Park YMCA on Indiana Avenue.

• "Off the Record: F. H. Hammarabi", by Lee Blackwell, Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Aug 1957: p. 8. Vivian Wesson is back from West Africa giving, combining with Charles Thompson, giving a talk in a program at the House of Knowledge on South Michigan Ave directed by F. H. Hammurabi.

• "Mrs. Dorothy Homer…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Dec 1957, p22. A UN "Bookshelf" of material is donated to the Countee Cullen Branch of the New York Public Library by the National Bahá'í Committee on the UN represented by Mrs. Walter Blackwell, H. Borrah Kavelin, Frank B. Sawyer, and Isabelle Silk for Human Rights Day.

1958

• "Elsie Austin gets NCNW post", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Jan 1958, p4. A profile of Elsie Austin, back from Morocco Bahá'í activities, was named executive director of the National Council of Negro Women

• "New Faces in Old Places", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, Jan 18, 1958, p2. Again Elsie Austin it noted as a Bahá'í and other new and old positions.

• A photograph of three visitors to the Bahá'í Temple was published twice in June-July:

• "Summer Setting", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 24 June 1958, p12
• "Summer Setting", Daily Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 July 1958, p5

• "Lauretta Noisette Moore…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Aug 1958, p22. A picture with camption shows Laurette Noisette Moore, African American by her appearance in the picture, secretary of the New York Spiritual Assembly, is recently married, and the community was hilding a series of talks "Race and Color in the United States" with guest speakers Reginald Johnson of the National Urban League, and Duncan McAlear, New York Assembly vice-chair.

• "12 States Represented at Baha'i Meet", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Sep 1958, p14. - Dallas Texas hosted the first southwest summer school for Baha'is covered a 12 state region. Speakers included Ellsworth Blackwell, Velma Sherrill, and Florence Mayberry.

• "Campus Beat", by Becky Taylor, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, Oct 18, 1958, p21. An article on college campus life notes known Bahá'í Glenford Mitchell joining the staff of the Shaw Journal, (Shaw University of Raleigh, North Carolina.)

1959

• "10 College Representatives Are Named To Who's Who Among Women", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Feb 1959, p15. Dr. Sarah Pereira was one of several Tennessee State University faculty, and one of eighteen members of the Bahá'í Auxiliary Board, was listed among national Who's Who among American Women on college campuses.

• "32 Organizations Participate In NCNW Brotherhood Food Festival", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Mar 1959, p14. In DC coverage, the Bahá'ís of Virginia, Maryland and DC were included in a long list of contributors to the National Council of Negro Women's Brotherhood Food Festival. There was also a second article a week later.

• "Mrs. Thelma T. Gorham Gets $5000 Fund Grant: To Be Used For Study At Stanford", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Apr 1959, p11. Bahá'í Thelma Thurston of Oklahoma City is profiled as among the winners of Funds for Adult Education and a year's leave of absence to go to Stanford University in the School of Communications aiming for a PhD. Also previously a managing editor of The Crisis. She was also a local newspaper editor in Oklahoma City.

• "Negroes, Liberals Go To Aid Of Threatened Press", by Waters, Enoc P, Jr. Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Apr 1959, p. 19. A threatened newspaper of the Arkansas State Press included a December 12, 1958, advertisement quoting 'Abdu'l-Bahá on unity of action. (This is amid the tensions after the Little Rock Nine but the paper went out of business in 1959. This article was repeated a month later: "Negroes, Liberals Go To Aid Of Threatened Press", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1959, p. 12.

• "Pioneer Of Baha'i To Climax Meet", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Apr 1959, p. 6. Hand of the Cause William Sears is covered appearing at 51st US National Convention with talk after attending South African community. There was further coverage of the National Convention a few days later in "1,000 Attend 51st Bahai Session Here", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Apr 1959, p. 5, and listing the elected members of the National Assembly: H. Borrah Kavelin, Horace Holley, Arthur Dahl, Elsworth Blackwell, Charles Wolcott, Charlotte Linfoot, Katherine True, Edna True, and Florence Mayberry. This coverage was extended to note the spread of the Bahá'í Faith in Africa too: "Baha'i Faith Grows In Africa", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Apr 1959, p. 8, which was repeated on 2 May 1959, p. 11.

• "A&T College Recorder Dies In Greensboro", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 June 1959, p. 22. The obituary of Bahá'í Naomi Simmons mentions the Bahá'í, Baptist, and Methodist Churches cooperation for her funeral, and her lifetime of work. The Bahá'ís were represented by Terah Cowart Smith and Kathryn Potter. Van Gilmer has said he sang at her funeral.

• "Gleanings From The Writing of Baha'u'llah", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 25 June 1959, p. 12. A quote from Gleanings, entry CXI, is published.

• "Famed Journalist - Teacher Visits Springfield, Mo.; Addresses Group", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Aug 1959, p. 15. Bahá'í Thelma Gorham was covered as guest speaker in Springfield IL at the community youth center. She called for adaptability to change so that the "spectacle of Little Rock" and other incidents would not happen. She and son Darryl were guests of Count & Mrs Harvey, was given a tour of the city by recent Negro declarants Mr and Mrs Ed Adams, and on returning east after some studies at Stanford had been on a recent trip to the Temple in Chicago as well as The Defender offices. Formerly she was assistant professor of journalism at Lincoln U in Jefferson City, MO, and two of her former students - Lee Blackwell and Eddie Madison - are employed at The Defender.

• "Human Rights Day Marked By Baha'is", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Dec 1959, p. 4. The Human Rights Day was observed by Bahá'ís. The notice was repeated on p. A4.

1960

• "Charles S. Zimmerman…", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, Mar 16, 1960, p. 20. Bahá'í Glenford Mitchell was near the front of, and named in, photo coverage of a civil rights protest march in Raleigh NC, representing a "student sit-in movement", a picket line of Woolworth stores sponsored by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union.

• "Set 52nd Baha'i Meet In Wilmette", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Apr 1960, p. 2. The US National Convention was again summarized, mentioning nearly 400 pioneers had moved to other countries, quoting Charles Wolcott. Hand of the Cause Ruhiyyih Khanum was scheduled to speak.

• "Bernard Lee…", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Apr 1960, p. A7. In a photo of a meeting at the home of John & Mrs. Buford in Chicago for the Alabama State College Alumni, a number of Bahá'ís and friends listened to a talk by Bernard Lee, a student expelled from Alabama State College. Among the known Bahá'ís attending include Henrietta Jennings, and Mr. and Mrs. Ellsworth Blackwell, perhaps others.

• "Baha'is ReElect Chicago Negro", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 May 1960,p. 3. There was then coverage of the election of the National Assembly featuring Ellsworth Blackwell and Amoz Gibson, noted as Negro presence on NSA - others elected included H Borah Kavelin, David Ruhe, Charles Wolcott, Charlotte Linfott, Arthur Dahl, Edna True and Florence Mayberry. There was further coverage in "Baha'i End 52nd Annual Convention", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 May 1960, p. 38. That coverage noted three local observers at national convention - Mr. and Mrs. John Myers, and Irene Gleeden.

• "Baha' is Observe 116th Birthday", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 23 May 1960, p.A2. The coverage marks observance of the Báb's Declaration. Notices repeated in the national edition on 28 May 1960, p. 2.

• "1,600 Areas Celebrate Race Amity Day", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 June 1960, p. 4. The UPI covers the announcement by the NSA, via then secretary Charles Wolcott, of Race Amity Day being held by communities across the US.

• "Vic Finds Peace In Bahai Faith", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 June 1960, p. 4. Here Vic Damone briefly tells of his conversion to the Faith. This story is repeated 10 days later, "Vic Finds Peace In Bahai Faith", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 June 1960, p. 9.

• "'Hot Weather' Specials Spark Woodlawn YW Events", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 23 June 1960, p. 18. A group is noted visiting the Baha'i Temple among cooling events in the heat.

• "Set Rites For Baha'i Leader", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 19 July 1960, p. 19. An obit/memorial for Horace Holley.

• "Baha'is Say Racial Tension Vital Issue", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Sep 1960, p. 20. The NSA releases a statement on racism.

• "Mrs. Lida Dove Rites Saturday", Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Oct 1960, p. 2. The Obit of Lydia Dove is published, noting Bahá'í prayers by Ellsworth Blackwell.

• "Iotas Present Noted Asian Woman At Meet", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Nov 1960, p. 15. Bahá'í Banu Hassan of Laos is profiled, and that he was a speaker of Iota Phy Lambda sorority for American Education Week held at a Congregational Church on South Parkway.

1961

• "Baha'is Observe New Year Rites", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Mar 1961, p. 5. The Bahá'í observance of Naw Ruz is noted via an announcement of the NSA and briefly summarizing Bahá'u'lláh's station among Bahá'ís.

• "Baha'is In Split Over Leadership", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Apr 1961, p. 8. A UPI story on an assembly in Quincy, IL, was going to follow Mason Remey and hold a separate convention.

• "Baha'i Temple", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 1 May 1961, p. 2. The Ugandan Bahá'í Temple is pictured and described.

• "Dr. Sara Martin Pereira", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 May 1961, p. 5. Sarah Pereira is pictured at the 53rd national convention outside the Bahá'í Temple, along with Alejandro Roderiguez and Amos Gibson.

• "Religious Calendar: Men's Day", The Chicago Defender (National edition), May 27, 1961, p. 7. The observance of the Declaration of the Báb was noted as part of the calendar of church services.

• "Summer Program Begins Soon At Woodlawn YW", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 June 1961, p. 14. Baha'i Temple tours are mentioned among a program of the Woodlawn Center YWCA.

• "Baha'is Start New Classes", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 July 1961, p. 5. Firesides are mentioned starting at the Chicago Bahá'í Center which would include a review of the history of the religion.

• "Baha'i Post To Al Reed", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Aug 1961, p. 15. Alfred Reed was profiled after being named head of Public Information Service of the NSA, (see Thelma Thurston Gorham, and Salvatore Pelle.)

• "'Eternal Promise' Lecture Subject", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Aug 1961, p. 5. Margery McCormick was going to give a talk at the Bahá'í Center with slides, now that she was back from her recent pilgrimage.

• "Hugh E. Chance Elected Secretary Of U. S. Baha'is", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, I, 7 Sep 1961, p. 3. Hugh Chance is profiled, having been elected to NSA to replace Charles Wolcott who is now working at International Baha'i Council. Chance gets admin leave as exec. dir. of International Chiropractors Association. Wolcott's election was noted on page 18: "Charles Wolcott", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Sep 7, 1961, p18.

• "Baha'is Set World Peace Day, Sept. 17", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Sep 1961, p. 2. World Peace Day is observed; Charles Wolcott notes the need for promoting unity of humanity is needed for peace, as declared by the religion's Founder.

• "Religious Calendar: Regular Services, by Faith Myers, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Sep 1961, p. 15. An entry of church services notes a talk by Bahá'í Eleanor Sweeney Hutchens is scheduled at the Bahá'í Center.

• "Baha'is Host 11 Japanese At Lunch", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Nov 1961, p. 6. A delegation of the Interfaith Fellowship of Tokyo toured the Bahá'í Temple, and there was a talk by Marcus Bach, who also hosted the delegation.

• "Baha'is Dedicate House Of Worship In Uganda And Sydney, Australia", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Nov 1961, p. 15. Upon the ceremonies of the dedication of the Kampala and Sydney Temples, the Bahá'ís say growth in the religion is noted, and the ongoing work of the German Temple.

1962

• "Says Religion Means Living A Good Life", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Jan 1962, p7. Hugh Chance is quoted briefly speaking for the NSA.

• "Baha'is To Mark Religion Day", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Jan 1962, p3. Hugh Chance talks at the Bahá'í Center for World Religion Day. This is also repeated along with a picture in "Hugh E. Chance", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Jan 1962, p7.

• "Places Of Interest To Children In New Book", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 June 1962, p17. A children's guide book mentions the Bahá'í Temple for sights of Chicago to visit, among many.

• "Church Leaders Divided Over Praying In School", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 30 June 1962, p1. Hugh Chance speaks for the Faith, commenting that prayer is personal and should be kept that way, as a position statement on the question of prayer in schools.
• "Atlanta Schoolmarm on Whirl of Social Courtesies during Savannah, Ga Visit", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 July 1962, p4. Bettey Jane Walker was part of a reception and tour of Savannah State College in Savannah, visiting from Youngstown, Ohio, as part of a tour for the Faith, previously being a teacher in Virginia, Tennessee, Indiana, and Ohio, and a member of Delta Sigma Theta and The Links.

• A series of advertisements featured Winston G Evans, quotes, and talks in Chicago across the October into November:

* Display Ad 3, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Oct 1962, p6.

* Display Ad 6, Chicago Daily Defender, (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Oct 1962, p7.

* Display Ad 65, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Oct 1962, p15.

* Display Ad 11, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Oct 1962, p8

* Display Ad 5, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Oct 1962, p6.

* Display Ad 10, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Oct 1962, p10.

* Display Ad 6, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Oct 1962, p6.

* Display Ad 20, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Oct 1962, p10.

* Display Ad 17, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Oct 1962, p5.

* Display Ad 9, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Oct 1962, p8.

* Display Ad 10, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Oct 1962, p8.

* Display Ad 35, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Nov 1962, p7.

• "FARRAGUT FANFAIR; Our Invitation…", by Jean Cameron, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Oct 1962, p16. Chicago Bahá'í youth invited Cameron to a meeting at Hull House the following Sunday.

• "Urban League Staffers To Talk At Conference", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Oct 1962, p9. The Bahá'ís of Glenview were among the cosponsors of an Urban League-led community meeting on human relations in Highland Park, Chicago.

• "Baha'is To Observe Anniversary Of 'Prophet's' Visit To City", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Nov 1962, p5. A profile of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's visit to the US was given with talk by John Bustard. He looked at headlines then and now; looking at commentary on war then and now, incidents recalled and people who met Him. Also there was a talk by Borah Kavelin. Pictured were Sara Periera and Amoz Gibson, Mrs. R Javid, and J & Mrs. Yates of Detroit.

• "Religious Symbols Are Background For Premiere Ballet Performance", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Nov 1962, p7. An experimental ballet by Daniel Jordan, current director of activities at the Bahá'í Temple and former Rhodes Scholar, was held as a fundraiser using universal symbols of faiths explored via Jung's collective unconscious for the sake of those suffering mental illness at Mandall Hall at the University of Chicago.

• Display Ad 48, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Nov 1962, p15. An advertisement for H. B. Kavelin's talks at Baha'i Temple for the observance of the Birth of Bahá'u'lláh.

• "Baha'i Protest Hits Arab Religious Persecution', The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Dec 1962, p15. A review of persecution of Baha'is in Morocco and calling for action by the UN. See Bahá'í Faith in Morocco, Persecution.

1963

• "International Jurist To Observe Baha'i Trials', The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Jan 1963, p14. The Morrocan court case against Baha'is was to be observed by an International Commission of Jurists, and the overall situation was profiled by Mildred Mottahedeh, speaking for the Bahá'ís.

• "British Baha'i Appeals for Lives Of 3 In Morocco", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Jan 1963, p14. A UPI story of British Bahá'ís appeals for Moroccan Bahá'ís.

• "27,000 'Blessed In Unity' Living In Robert Taylor Homes; Financial Reasons", by Ernestine Cofield, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Mar 1963, p11. Amid a profile of a Senior citizens housing development, were Bahá'í interracial couple Betty and Edgar Edwards, he retired from running North Central Airlines.

• Display Ad 54, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Mar 1963, p15. A Bahá'í advertisement with quote and contact info for information and meetings.

• "Baha'i Artist Draws Crowds At Art Institute", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Mar 1963, p15. There was a Mark Tobey exhibition at the Chicago Art Institute with the William Seitz book on Tobey for sale, noting the Bahá'í Faith's effect on him.

• Display Ad 6, The Chicago Defender (National edition), 13 Apr 1963, p3. An advertisement noting Amoz Gibson talk at Center the following Saturday evening.

• "Lawndale Staffer To Fly To London For Baha'i Parley", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Apr 1963, p7. Juliette Buford, pictured, goes to the London Bahá'í World Congress with Beth McKenty.

• Display Ad 13, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Apr 1963, p4. "Baha'is believe…" advertisement and contact info.

• "Honor Top Baha'ian (sic) At Chicago Reception", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Apr 1963, p15. A reception for Amoz Gibson and family was held at Juliet Buford's home, with them profiled pioneering among Indians and going to Africa.

• "Simple Talks On Kneel-Ins", by Langston Hughes, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 July 1963, p8. Hughes dialogues with "Simple" about the option to go to any church and lists Bahá'ís among integrated ones.

• "100 Yrs. Of Progress, But Not In Spelling", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Aug 1963, p1. There is mention of Leslie Pinkney Hill amid exhibits at the Century of Negro Progress Exposition at McCormick Place but with spelling errors of "n"egro.

• "Confetti; Mostly Sunny…", by Lillian Calhoun, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), 26 Aug 1963, pA16. Thelma Thurston Gorham was noted taking the position at FAMU for Chuck Smith.

• "Baha'i 4th Observance World Peace Day To Be Held Sunday", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Sep 1963, p15. Eunice Braum of the Baha'i Publishing Trust gave a talk at World Peace Day observance at the Bahá'í Center, which was summarized with quotes.

• "White TV Producer Color Conscious Since Bombings", by William D Laffler, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Sep 1963, p18. A UPI story of Bahá'í Bob Quigley who was talking at World Peace Day observance in Baltimore addressed concern over Birmingham children killed. "I am ashamed to be white," but then a mixed audience joined in prayer, reducing shame (notes Sears family about to move to Uganda.)

• "Anniversary Of Baha'i Religion Observed Mon.", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Nov 1963, p15. Brief mention of the observance of the Birth of Bahá'ulláh to be held at the Temple.

• "Former Producer Of Four Star TV Baha'i Speaker", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Dec 1963, p10. Phillip O'Brien talks at Center for Human Rights Day.

• "TEESEE'S TOPICS; Glencoe Femme Honors Duo", by Theresa Fambro Hooks, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Dec 1963, p12. Lillian Dove held a reception for Vivian Wesson and Valorie Wilson, back visiting from pioneering in Liberia, with a long list of guests.

1964

• "Mt. Carmel Garden To Be Duplicated", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Feb 1964, p18. The design of the Gardens on Mt Carmel, Haifa, are being duplicated at the Temple for the Chicago World Flower and Garden Show at McCormick Place in March. It will center on a fountain with an 8-pointed star and a mural of the World Center.

• "J.W. Work Chorale Festival Singers At Baha'i Center", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Feb 1964, p15. John W. Work Chorale under Delano O'Banion will perform at a music festival held at the Bahá'í Center, returned from South and Latin Americas featuring guitarist Ruben Anthony.

• "Baha'i National Convention Brings Delegates, Observers", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Apr 1964, p14. A Nine Year Plan was presented at the US convention, with undertakings and goals worldwide and in the country, summarized by NSA Secretary David Ruhe.

• "TEESEE'S TOPICS; Los Angeles Visitor…", by Theresa Fambro Hooks, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition). Chicago, IL, 27 Apr 1964, p14. Lisa Montell, visiting for some days for the national convention, was a guest of Defender photographer Barbara Carey.

• "CONFETTI; Miss Marian Anderson…", by Lillian Calhoun, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Apr 1964, p13. Brief note of Marian Anderson presented with rose planting at the Baha'i Temple. (see following)

• "M. Anderson At Baha'i Ceremony Here", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Apr 1964, p29. Contralto Marian Anderson honored with reception and presentation of new variety of rose named for her (first for a living Negro) and attends Temple with Charles Wolcott music supporting song/prayer "Blessed is the spot". Repeated with small variations:

* "Church Calendar; May 3…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 May 1964, p15

* "Marion Anderson Honored At Baha'i Temple This Sun.", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 2 May 1964, p15.

* "Marian Anderson Get Rose Namesake", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 6 May 1964, p5.

• "Baha'i Sponsors U.N. Celebration", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Oct 1964, p16. The Bahá'í Temple will host a UN Day observance - film showings of "Life is Short", "The Widening Gap" were followed by international deserts.

• "Baha'is mark UN Day", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), 28 Oct 1964, p4. Purvis Boyd pictured with Lillie Cloolan and Phil O'Brien at UN Day event.

• "Baha'is Celebrate U.N. Day With Dessert Party", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Oct 1964, p15. The world's poverty was underscored at the UN Day event with the cooperation of North Shore organizations and a review of the progress of UN accomplishments in David Ruhe's talk, but noted Ghandi's comment that 2/3rds of the world was on a forced fast.

• "Matrimonial Bliss", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Nov 1964, p12. Baha'i Ann Hayes and Gerald Arp wed at Baha'i Temple and reception at William Smith's home.

• "Its about the Obeidas", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Dec 1964, p4. Baha'i Clarence Stigsall pictured with Oneida members inc Oscar Archiquette who gave a talk at the Chicago Center. Beth McKenty, for the Baha'i Information Service, also spoke.

• "All-Day Inter Area Meet On Human Relations Set", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Dec 1964, p15. The Bahá'ís of Glenview among list of sponsoring Inter-Community Human Relations Conference.

1965

• "Rose for a Singer from Baha'is", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Apr 1965, p7. Photo of Marion Anderson accepting a rose from Wyatt Cooper, Bahá'í Temple garden manager.

• "YOUR CHICAGO; Of People, Places and Things; Mrs Juliette Buford…", by Ruth H McCoy, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), 6 May 1965, p30. Mention of Bahá'í Juliette Buford, pictured, going on a trip through West Africa on the way to Israel for pilgrimage over about a month after selling her and her husband John's home from Madison Park.

• "Woodlawn Kids Join Baha'i Children's Camp", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 July 1965, p3. Woodlawn Bahá'í Children's Camp, sponsored by the Chicago Assembly, is profiled. Pictured is a group of children gathered at the National Convention.

• "Baha'is Mark End Of Summer Project", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Aug 1965, p23. Bahá'ís gathered, for converts and friends, for a trip to the Temple; there had been a free childcare program for the summer.

• "Baha'is, Special Guests At Tea", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Aug 1965, p17. Baha'is of Chicago, Maywood, and Racine were guests of the Southern Foundation Organization.

• "Trophy for Director", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, Aug 28, 1965, p35. Daryl Gorham, son of Thelmma, was given a trophy for his mother for her work for FAMU.

• "Louis' Sister to Speak At Baha'i Center Here", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Sep 1965, p12. Eulalia Bobo, pictured, sister of boxer Joe Louis, talks at the Bahá'í Center with a preview of her talk.

• "EVERYBODY GOES WHEN THE WAGON COMES; Eulalia Bobo…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Sep 1965, p36. Eulalia Bobo, sister to fighter Joe Louis, talks at Baha'i Center.

• "Joining Operations Washup", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Oct 1965, p8. A photo of the "Soap for Vietnam" program by Bahá'ís - in the photo are: David Kellum, Marie Bohman, Munir Sahari, Elsa Robinson, Lloyd Robinson, Suhay Sahari and chair of drive, Kathelynea Kellum.

• "Baha'is Send Bars Of Soap To VietNam", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Oct 1965, p12. Group gathered soap for Marines for Vietnam headed by Kathelynea Kellum for mitigating disease along with the same picture

• "New Center Director, Staff Plan Challenging Program", by Margaret Smith, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Oct 1965, p23. Lower North Center youth groups have a visit to the Bahá'í Temple on this year's program.

• "Baha'i Speaker", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Oct 1965, p3. William Munson, secretary of the Assembly of Chicago, pictured, to talk at the Temple for UN Day.

• "Baha'is To Honor Sr. Citizen At Fri. Fete", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Dec 1965, p13. Baha'is honor Martin Hayes Bickham, profiled. Talk by F. Kazemsadeh on supporting human rights at reception, Temple and UU congregation.

1966

• "Daley Proclaims Sunday 'World Religion Day'", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Jan 1966, p4. Mayor proclaims World Religion Day for Chicago, was announced by Lloyd Robinson, chair of Chicago Assembly. The article noted Abbot was a Bahá'í.

• "Baha'i Observances At Wilmette Temple", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Jan 1966, p12. William Maxwell to talk for World Religin Day at the Bahá'í Center. Paul, pictured, and Sara Harris will talk at the Bahá'í Temple.

• "…so they may know life's purpose", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Feb 1966, p29. The role of religion in framing a life, mentions Bahá'ís among religions.

• "Baha'i Floral Flag In Flower Show", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Feb 1966, p54. Bahá'ís contributed a flower float American Flag with a mural of the Temple in a Chicago Flower and Garden Show. It was designed by L. Wyatt Cooper, entitled "The Fruits of one Tree, and the Leaves of one Branch."

• "Juliette Buford Elected To Senior Citizen Hall Of Fame", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Apr 1966, p19. Juliet Buford, pictured, was elected to the Chicago Seniors Hall of Fame.

• "In Ten Years - Baha'i Faith Has Doubled", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 14 May 1966, p12. A broad but brief review of the growth of the Faith around the world and in the US.

• "Space Science Lecture Set For Baha'i Center", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 May 1966, p6. Dan Posin, faculties of Univ. of California, Univ. of Panama, Univ. of Montana, to talk at Bahá'í Center.

• "Baha'i Humanity United Featured Pot Luck Meal", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 18 June 1966, p12. Race Unity Day was observed at the Bahá'í Center with a talk by David Kellum.

• "Woodlawn Kids Join Baha'i Children's Camp", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 July 1965, p3. A Bahá'í children's camp was profiled. It was supported by Wilbur Sydney, Morrie Kaplan, volunteer youth - Peter Newport, James Sims, William Smith, Doug Rainer, Jane Van Fleet, Anita Joyce - camp coordinator is James Keene.

• "Sioux Indians join Baha'i Community", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Jul 1966, p16. Sioux Indians from the Standing Rock Sioux Indiana Reservation who are members of the Ft. Yates Baha’i community attended the national convention. Pictured were Lawrence Standing Crow, Emma Flying, Edward Iron Eyes and Sam Flying, being registered by Sarah Pereira.

• "Principal Speaker", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Aug 1966, p6. David Kellum, pictured, was to talk at the Temple.

• "Baha'is To Hear Kellum", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Aug 1966, p17. David Kellum talks at Temple

• "Mix-Marriages OK'd By Baha'i Assembly", The Chicago Defender (National edition), 27 Aug 1966, p12. The National Assembly, while meeting at Geyserville, announced its positive position on interracial marriage, in light of a Supreme Court case happening.

• "Church Highlights; America's Role…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Sep 1966, p14. Kenneth Jeffers to talk at the Temple was briefly profiled.

• "Baha'i World Peace Day To Be Observed Saturday", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Sep 1966, p4. George Hutchinson, former Baptist minister, gave a talk at the Bahá'í Center on World Peace Day.

• "Community Events Calendar; Sunday, October 30; The Quest for Truth", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Oct 1966, p2. Harian Scheffler to talk at the Temple.

• "Community Events Calendar; Friday, November 11", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Nov 1966, p2. Margaret Jensen speaks to talk at the Temple.

• "Community Events Calendar; Sunday Nov 20; Juliette Buford…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Nov 1966, p2. Juliette Buford to talk at the Temple.

• "Mrs. Buford To Address Baha'is", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Nov 1966, p21. Juliette Buford, profiled as a community activist, talks at Temple.

• "Community Events Calendar for the weekend; Sunday November 27; Robert Desatnick…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Nov 1966, p2. Robert Desatnick to talk at the Temple.

• "Baha'is Name New Speaker", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Nov 1966, p14. Robert Desatnick to talk at the Temple.

• "Weekend Calendar of Community events; Sunday Dec 4; Ronald L Hauck…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Dec 1966, p2. Ronald Hauck to talk at the Temple.

• "Traveler To Speak At Baha'i", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Dec 1966, p16. Harriet Terry to talk at the Temple reviewing her travels to several African countries and pilgrimage.

• "Calendar of Community Events; Sunday, Dec 18; Mrs Nancy Jordan…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Dec 1966, p2. Nancy Jordan to talk at the Temple.

• "Calendar of Community Events; Sunday Dec 25; 'The Messiah and The Baha'i Faith'", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Dec 1966, p2. Talk by Mr and Mrs Walker Jensen at the Temple.

1967

• "Calendar of Community Events; Sun day, Jan. 1; Glenford E Mitchell…", The Chicago Defender (National edition) 31 Dec 1966, p2. Glenford Mitchet to talk at the Bahá'í Temple Jan 1.

• "Speakers Mark Baha'i 'World Religion Day'", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Jan 1967, p6. Clarice Weil and David Kellum, Baha'is of Jewish and Christian backgrounds, to speak of World Religion Day at the Bahá'í Temple.

• "Continue Lectures At Baha'i", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Jan 1967, p21. Ray Zarmer to talk at the Temple.

• "Baha'is To Hear Readings", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Feb 1967, p18. Ann Arp, Harlan Scheffler, and Richard McCurdy, talk at the Temple with singing by Carrie Taylor and Clarence Schuette.

• "Zarmer To Address Baha'is", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Mar 1967, p24. Ray Zarmer to talk at the Temple.

• "Calendar of Community Events; Sunday, April 9; "The Divine Plan'", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Apr 1967, p2. There is a talk at the Temple, but the name of the speaker is not stated.

• "Former City Editor To Head Baha'i Unit", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1967, p6. David Kellum, former city editor of Daily Defender was elected Chair of the Chicago Assembly, also delegate to national convention (and to give report.) Other officers include Myrtle Wendler, Ehel Crawford, Clarence Stigall, and Munior Sahari.

• "OVER 1,300 DELEGATES and observers", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 24 May 1967, p23. A photograph of delegates and friends for the national convention. Susan Pelle was a young guide. Erwin Thomas, Joyce Watanabe, Hourolain Maghzi and Robert Walker, pictured.

• "Baha'is Mark Race Unity Day", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 June 1967, p5. David Kellum speaks at Baha'i Center for Race Unity Day.

• "The World Famous…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Jul 1967, p22. A photo of the Bahá'í Temple with a caption on the place and meetings there.

• "Calendar of Community Events; Thursday, July 20; Hull House Senior Center", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 July 1967, p6. Hull House Seniors members group include a visit the Temple in their events list for the day.

• "Couple Weds In Lovely Baha'i Temple Rites", by Margaret Smith, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 22 July 1967, p20. Audrey Emery and Tyrone Chiles marry at the Bahá'í Temple near the Marion Rose Garden.

• "Indians' Helper Baha'i Speaker", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 July 1967, p5. R. Ted Anderson, Yukon Indian Advancement Association and CFWH announcer and operator in Whitehorse, was a speaker at the Bahá'í Center.

• "Calendar of Community Events; Saturday, August 26; The Baha'i Youth…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Aug 1967, p2. Bahá'í youth hold a day workshop on race issues.

• "Church Notes; 'Education for the New Day'", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Aug 1967, p27. Barbara McCurdy was to talk at the Temple.

• "FOR WEEK OF SEPT. 8th--SEPT. 14th; Sunday morning", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Sep 1967, p23. 9am Sunday morning the program "Lamp Unto My Feet" was shown on channel 2 and there was information on channel 5.

• "Chicagoland Church Notes; World Peace Day, Set Sept. 16", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Sep 1967, p23. World Peace Day observance at the Bahá'í Temple with a talk by A H Collestan among church activities.

• "Calendar of Community Events; Roosevelt University Council of 100", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Oct 1967, p11. The NSA cosponsored Roosevelt University Council exhibits of Mark Tobey, and this was repeated:

* "Calendar of Community Events; Roosevelt University Council of 100", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 5 Oct 1967, p13.

* "Calendar of Community Events; ; Roosevelt University Council of 100", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Oct 1967, p9.

• "CONFETTI; Let's ALL Hold Hands…", by Doris E. Saunders, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Oct 1967, p14. Saunders has a cynical comment of the retired Bishop James Pike of Northern California being scheduled to speak at a Bahá'í conference at Palmer House.

• "Ed Berry To Talk At Bahai's Banquet Sat.", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Oct 1967, p6. Edwin Berry (Chicago Exec Directory of Urban League) will talk at a Bahá'í banquet at the Conrad Hilton Hotel, with phone hookup to conferences to six continents.

• "Baha'is To Observe United Nations Day", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Oct 1967, p28. UN Day was observed by Bahá'ís with a program at the Temple of Mazhan Khadem talk noting yielding some sovereignty for a world government and profiled.

• "Loyola Prof. To Address Baha'l Series", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Oct 1967, p28. James Collnan was to talk at the Temple, past editor of Baha'i News.

• "Baha'is To Hear Medic On Nov. 26", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Nov 1967, p26. Hushang Javid, heart surgeon, was to talk at the Temple.

• "Baha'i Assembly Plans Human Rights Day December 15th", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Dec 1967, p3. The North American Bahá'í Office for Human Rights set a Human Rights Day for promoting the International Year for Human Rights, 1968, and will carry out recommendations of Intercontinental Conference from October 1967.

• "Plan Human Rights Day Observance For Baha'is", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Dec 1967, p30. Human Rights Day observance held at the Temple incuding Glenford Mitchel talk, profiled. Notes he co-authored Angry Black South.

• "Calendar of Community Events; Sunday, December 24; A Special Program…", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Dec 1967, p32. A program "Carmel, the Mountain of God" was to be presented at the Temple.

• "Movie Slated At Baha'i House Dec. 30", The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Dec 1967, p28. "Carmel, the Mountain of God" to be shown at the Temple.

1968

• "Aircraft Prexy To Talk At Baha'i Series", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Jan 1968, p7. Ronald Hauck of Illinois Aircraft Corp will talk at the Bahá'í Temple after years in Uruguay and serving on various assemblies, local and national. This was repeated:

* "Aircraft Czar To Speak At Baha'i House", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Jan 1968, p26.

• "19th World Religion Day To Be Observed Saturday", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Jan 1968, p5. World Religion Day presentations by Edgar Chandler of the Church Federation, and Margaret Buke(sic - should be Ruhe), of the Conference of Christians and Jews and the Chair of the Bahá'í Temple Committee, and David Ruhe. Information for this was repeated:

* "Calendar of Community Events; Saturday, January 20; World Religion Day", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Jan 1968, 2.

* "Religion Day Speaker", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Jan 1968, p2.

* "Mayor's Proclamation", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Jan 1968, p5. Pictured were David W. Kellum, chairman of the Chicago Bahá'í Community, Huelene Bishop, Myrtle Wendler, vice-chairman, and Kathelynea Kellum, general chairman.

* "World Religion Day Is Proclaimed Here", by Richard J Daley, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Jan 1968, p5. Daley writes the proclamation.

• "'Communism No Longer World Force' - Canada's Pearson", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Jan 1968, p27. Lester Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada, authored an article in the Winter 1967 issue of World Order magazine, and is summarized in the article in the Defender.

• "Rev. Miller Gets Project Equality Post: Churches Linked To Job Opportunities", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Feb 1968, p10. Bahá'ís were noted among sustainers of Project Equality project in 12 states.

• "Baha'is To Hear Speech In Wilmette", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Feb 1968, p27. Mary Tucker was to talk at the Bahá'í Temple, profiled

• "Top Chemist To Speak At Baha'i House", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Feb 1968: p. 27. - William Baker was to talk at the Bahá'í Temple.

• "Baha'is To Hear Speaker On Sunday", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Mar 1968: p. 26. Robert Hatcher was to talk at the Bahá'í Temple, profiled.

• "Money for Workshop", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Mar 1968, p31. Thelma Gorham receives a donation for a press workshop at FAMU.

• "Baha'i News Editor To Speak Here", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Mar 1968, p27. Eunice Braun was to talk at the Bahá'í Temple, profiled.

• "New Baha'i Teacher Leaders", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 23 Mar 1968, p6. The Bahá'í National Teaching Committee was appointed: William Allison, Lois Goebel, Magdaelene Carney, Albert Porter, and Paul Young.

• "David Kellum To Talk On Faith At Baha'i Sunday", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Apr 1968, p6. David Kellum was to talk at the Temple, profiled, (creator of Bud Billiken Day for children, and chair of Chicago Assembly.) Further information is repeated:

* "Ex-Defender Editor To Talk Sunday", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Apr 1968, p19.

* "David W Kellum…", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Apr 1968, p5.

• "Calendar of Community Events; Monday May 27; John Michnick…", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 May 1968:, p2. John Michnick shows films inc of visit to Bahá'í Temple at Green Center.

• "Bahai's(sic) Elect Negro Secretary At Confab", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 May 1968, p7. Delegates reaffirmed priorities of the Faith and again elected an African American as Secretary on NSA, specifically in list of the elected: Firuz Kazemzadeh, Daniel Jordan, Terre Haute, Glenford Mitchell (Secretary), Charlotte Linfoot, Edan True, Sarah Martin, Paul Petit, and Dwight Allen. In formation of this was echoed:

* "Named Secretary", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 11 June 1968, p13.

* "Baha'i Secretary", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 June 1968, p4.

• "Baha'is To Hear Ohio Teacher", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 June 1968, p27. Grad of Fisk U., Bettijane Walker was profiled, and set to talk at the Bahá'í Temple.

• "What A Busy Juliette Buford!", by Theresa Fambro Hooks, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 June 1968, p17. Juliette Buford was off to attend issues conferences as a representative of Bahá'ís.

• "500 Baha'i Youth To Attend Area Week-End Conference", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Jun 1968, p18. A Baha'i Youth Conference was held at the Baha'i Temple with presenters Firuz Kazemzadeh and Glenford Mitchell.

• "New Baha'i Court Member", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 1 July 1968, p6. David Ruhe of the House of Justice was to speak at the Race Unity event at the Temple.

• "Hospital Lawn, Setting For Annual Garden Tea", by Louise Watson, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Aug 1968, p20. Visitors to city included the Bahá'í Temple among sights to see.

• "U.S. Bah'a'i's(sic) To Attend Conference In Sicily", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Aug 1968, p9. The Palermo Conference is highlighted, and a talk at the Temple by Manucher Javid, as the centenary of banishment to Akka.

• "See it Like it is with Baha'i", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Sep 1968, p6. Advert for film showing on the Bahá'í Faith at the YMCA. Repeated:

* "See it Like it is with Baha'i", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Sep 1968, p8.

* "See it Like it is with Baha'i", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition}, Chicago, IL, 12 Sep 1968, p10

• "National Figures To Talk At Human Rights Banquet", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Sep 1968, p8. Bahá'ís organize the National Conference on Human Rights with speakers inc Clark Eichelberger (Commission to Study the Organization of Peace), Dorothy Height (National Council of Negro Women), and Daniel Jordan (U of Mass professor of education and vice chair of NSA.) Associated information is echoed:

* "Musical Forecast: BLACK SOPRANO IS SOLOIST FOR HUMAN RIGHTS BANQUET", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Sep 1968, p12.

* "Clark M Eichelberger…", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Sep 1968, p19.

* "Calendar of Community Events; Friday, September 13; The National Conference on Human Rights", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Sep 1968, p2

• "Bahai's To Observe World Peace Day Sunday", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Sep 1968, p5. Mention of World Peace Day observance in the US.

• "BAHAI", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Oct 1968, p17 Obit of Jesse O'Kelley.

1969

• "Bahais To Mark World Religion Day", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Jan 1969, p4. Henry McGee was profiled for upcoming observance, and David Kellum, chair of the LSA. Associated articles echoed further:

* "Daddy O Daily", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 11 Jan 1969, p23. Daddy O Daily interviews Mr and Mrs David Kellum in WCFL-TV about World Religion Day.

* "Bahai Religion Day Slated For Sunday", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Jan 1969, p10. World Religion Day, speakers Henry McGee (NAACP Pres in Chicago, Postmaster, Pres Chic Postal union,) and Holmes Daylie (radio and TV personality).

* "Chicagoland Church Notes; Bhai's(sic) Observe", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Jan 1969, p25.

* "A fitting climax…", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 Jan 1969, p5.

• "'It's Time Truth Speaks'", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Feb 1969, p2. AM-WVON station Sunday morning program includes Natalie Dibuond, Assistant Director of Public Information, for Baha'is and others as recent guests.

• "Pelle To Bahais; 'Down To Earth Before Up To Moon'", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Feb 1969, p28. Salvatore Pelle, PI Rep for Bahá'ís, speaks at the Temple.

• "Mrs. Buford In High Gear For Benefit", by Theresa Fambro Hooks, Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Mar 1969, p16. Juliette Buford, human relations coordinator at the National Bahá'í Center, starts up theatre process support.

• "Lecture Series On Baha'i Faith Saturday", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Mar 1969, p2. A series of lectures begins with with Gerald Baruch.

• "Chicagoland Church Notes: BAHAI(sic)-RELIGION-ART", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Apr 1969, p24. Artist and Bahá'í Jaleh Khadem gives a talk at a meeting and profiled.

• "David W. Kellum", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Apr 1969, p5. David Kellum talks and is a delegate to the national convention.

• "Eulalia Barrow Bobo To Speak At Olivet Church", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Apr 1969, p22. A profile of Eulalia Barrow Bobo, pictured, talking at an inter-faith presentation of the Olivet Missionary Society.

• "Baha'i House Marks Anniv.", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Apr 1969, p23. Winston Evans talks at the Bahá'í Temple.

• "'It's Time Truth Speaks'", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 3 May 1969, p2. WVON radio show "It's Time truth speaks" includes interviews of George Savitt and Natalie DiBuono.

• "Today's Events; The 'Ladies Day Out'", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 May 1969, p2. YWCA group goes to the Temple among events.

• "Southside Woman Cops P. R. Award", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 May 1969, p8. Juliette Buford awarded by Public Relations Society of American in NY, profiled.

• "Bahai(sic) Award For Human Rights Aid", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 31 May 1969, p20. Silver Anvil award goes to Juliette Buford for office which sent out 500,000 pamphlets on "What is race?" for Human Rights Year.

• "Calendar Of Events; Sunday, June 8; Members of the Baha'i Faith", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 June 1969, p13. Race Unity Day is observed by the Bahá'ís.

• "Baha'i Meet To Strees Education", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 14 June 1969, p24. Jane Czerniekewsky talks at the Temple and is profiled.

• "G.E. Mitchell Baha'i Speaker", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 5 July 1969, p21. Profile of Glenford Mitchell speaker, Sec of NSA and former head of Dept. of Youth and College Activities.

• "BA'H'A'I(sic) QUESTION ARE YOU RIGHT?", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 19 July 1969, p24. Carol Allen speaks at the Temple.

• "RIAZ KHADEM BAHAI SPEAKER", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Aug 1969, p42. Riaz Khadem gives a talk at the Temple.

• "Race Relations And The Educator: Ill. Human. Relations Unit, WIU Sponsors", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Sep 1969, p6. The Inset picture, not part of the story on a race-issue workshop series, notes the Temple is being cleaned.

• "Baha'is Schedule World Peace Day", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Sep 1969, p6. World Peace Day was observed at the Bahá'í Center with talks by Herbert Donnell Odom (YMCA) and Larry Kramer. This is echoed:

* "CHRISTIAN SCIENCE", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Sep 1969, p24. Bahá'í are noted at the end of an article on a Christian Science program, presenting youth for World Peace Day.

* "DR. GARDNER TAYLOR ON N.B.C. 'ART OF LIVING'", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL. 27 Sep 1969, p24. Baha'i observance of World Peace Day features youth.

• "Park Forest Set To Observe Baha'i Week", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Oct 1969, p5. Westwood Elementary School hosts mass meetings of Bahá'ís with talks by Salvatore Pelle and Linda Marshall; Van Gilmer will provide music.

• "A Baha'i Week Feature", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Oct 1969, p13. Van Gilmer plays music at Park Forest with mass meetings at West Elementary school.

• "Religion In Space Age Topic At Baha'i Meet", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Oct 1969, p12. Col. Salvatore Pelle was to talk at Westwood Elementary school meetings on weekend, followed by Linda Marshall and Van Gilmer music.

• "A new night view…",Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 Oct 1969, p3. A picture of the Temple shows night lighting.

• "Calendar Of Events; Saturday, November 1; The CBS Television…", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Nov 1969, p13. "And His Name Shall be One" episode about the Baha'i Faith. The original broadcast was in 1966 and was replayed nationally in 1967. Afterwards it was shown locally as here.

• "Baha'is Elect Officers At Confab", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Nov 1969, p13. North Illinois unit convention elected delegates - Glenford Mitchell, Charlotte Linfoot, David Kellum, Col. Salvotore Pelle, Walker Jensen, Richard Betts, Natalie Dibuono, Sam Jackson, and Ann Arp.

• "David W. Kellum…", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Nov 1969, p11. A brief profile of David Kellum and being a delegate to the national convention, was pictured.

• "Liaison Committee Show Helps Needy Families", by Toni Anthony, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Nov 1969, p25. The "Jewish Baha'i Temple"(sic) hosts Mrs Shipp in Gary IN, and then she was scheduled to be in Detroit.

• "BAHA'I'S TO HEAR FRED M. SUDHOP", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Nov 1969, p26. Fred Sudhop was to talk at the Temple.

• "Human Right Day Marks 21st UN Year", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Dec 1969, p13. Bahá'ís were set to hold UN Day at the Center including speaker Mable Eastman in a panel with others.

• "A.M.E. Zion Youth Meet In Mobile", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Dec 1969, p24. Christian youth ad Baha'is would meet over after-Christmas winter break in Mobile AL.

• "Calender of Events; Saturday; Baha'i House of Worship", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Dec 1969, p11. The after open program and tour of the Temple was set.

• "Thief In Night Baha'i Theme", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Dec 1969, p24. Arlene Jenrich was set to talk at the Temple.

1970

• "Baha'i World Religion Day", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Jan 1970, p24. World Religion Day observance at the Temple, Elizabeth Haynes talks, working for the Bahá'ís and Urban League.

• "Baha'i Film Lecturer At U Of C Sunday", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Jan 1970, p28. "A New Wind" was shown at Univ. of Chicago shown by Daniel Jordan with George Stoney, producer. Information of this repeated:

* "Calendar Of Events; Sunday; Chicago Baha'i Community", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Jan 1970, p9.

• "'The New Era' Baha'i Talk", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Jan 1970, p2. Talk by Russell Busey at the Temple.

• "Baha'i Sets Special Speakers Topic For Sun.", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Feb 1970, p26. Mr and Mrs Robert Taylor will speak at the Temple.

• "Baha'i New Year Begins March 21", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Mar 1970, p10. A profile of the coming observance of Naw Ruz. Others similarly echoed:

* "Baha'i New Year Begins Tomorrow", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 21 Mar 1970, p27.

• "Charlie Cherokee Says; Two Southside mothers…", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Apr 1970, p5. Some families, of Pat Potter and Loretta McCall, toured the Bahá'í Temple, ( and that Lloyd Haynes, actor for "Room 222", is a Bahá'í.)

• "Charlie Cherokee Says; Two Southside mothers…", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 16 Apr 1970, p5. The Dunbar’s Music Department will take a 70 choir students to the Bahá'í Temple on April 19.

• "Baha'i'(sic) Growth Reported At 61st Annual Wilmette Meet", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 9 May 1970, p27. Various reports on growth in the Faith are shared, and the new elected NSA - Firuz Kazemzadeh, Dan Jordan, Glenford Mitchell, Charlotte Linfoot, Dwight Allen, Sarah Martin Pereira, Jack McCants, Franklin Kahn, Dorothy Nelson.

• "Baha'is To Hear Kellum", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 May 1970, p2. Area Bahá'ís were to hear David Kellym report on the national convention. Similar reports were done in neighboring areas:

* "Art Center's Auction Produces Good Buys And Satisfied Buyers", by Theresa Fambro Hooks, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 30 May 1970, p19.

• "Baha'i Race Unity Day Set For June 14", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 6 June 1970, p4. Bahá'í Lawrence Kramer statements on effort and importance. Some mention repeats:

* "Baha'is To View Race Unity Day", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 June 1970, p2.

• "2000 Youths Expected For Evanston Baha'i' Conference", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 6 June 1970, p24. National Baha'i youth conference to be held - Amatu'l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum to speak after African tour. There was follow up too:

* "2,000 Baha'i Youth Pledge Action At Evanston World Convention", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 June 1970, p24. National Bahá'í Youth Conference was covered. The lead speaker was Hand of the Cause Ruhiyyih Rabbani.

• "Loyalty To Government: The Baha'i Viewpoint", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 July 1970, p24. Priority of the Faith to build a society requires supporting allegiance, integrity, with practical expression avoiding subversion - a statement from the NSA directly.

• "TYPOVISION; Thelma Thurston Gorham…", by Elizabeth Galbreath, The Chicago Defender (National edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Dec 1942, p17. Galbreath remembers encountering Thelma Gorham in 1940 and that she had married shortly thereafter.

• "Big Fun Weekend For Grambling, Prairie View Alumni Folks; Sunda is a day of rest!; Brunch Gathering…", by Theresa Fambro Hooks, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Oct 1970, p19. The Kellums held a brunch reception at their home for Chair of the Baha'is of Vietnam Le Loc.

• "Park Manor To Present Nelsons", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Oct 1970, p24. Bahá'í Edna Reynolds speaks at a Board of Christian Education.

• "Says spiritual guidance will solve the problems in Vietnam", by Toni Anthony, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Oct 1970, p27. Bahá'í Le Loc was touring US for the Bahá'í of Vietnam, briefly profiles history and condition of the religion in Vietnam.

• "Urban League chief to speak", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Oct 1970, p3. Whitney Young Jr, exec dir of National Urban League will speak at International Education Year luncheon where the 1970 Louis Gregory Award for Service to Humanity will be given to Sesame Street via James Olivero, exec Dir of Southwestern Cooperative Educational Laboratory. The award was established by the US NSA in 1968. Previous winners include Xerox Inc for sponsoring television programs on the UN and "Of Black America", and Clark Eichelberger, chair of the Commission to study of the Organization of Peace.

• "Olinga speaks to Bahais on world social, economic problem", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Oct 1970, p26. Hand of the Cause Enoch Olinga talks as part of tour in the US.

• "Delegates to peace convention", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Oct 1970, p28. Glenford Mitchell attended the World Conference on Religion and Peace in Kyoto, Japan of later October.

• "Femmes Continentale start new chapter, plan gambling fun; New York Gathering…", by Theresa Fambro Hooks, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 24 Oct 1970, p20. Juliette Buford traveled to New York City to attend the International Education Year Symposium and Awards Luncheon.

• "Baha'is celebrate Baha''u'lla'h's(sic) birthday", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Nov 1970, p23. Bahá'í observance in light of International Year of Education, brief profile of Bahá'u'lláh.

1971

• "Baha'is racial equality", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Mar 1971, p13. Coverage of a "wave of converts" in SC noted around headquarters near Dillon SC. Secondary information repeated:

* "Charlie Cherokee Says; Soon you may see…", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 3 Mar 1971, p5. Waves of SC converts noted some in busses to the Temple - Alberta Wildord mentioned leading.

• "Bahai's celebrate Feast of Ridvan", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 17 Apr 1971, p22. A profile of the religion noting Ridvan.

• "Kellum is Baha'i speaker, May 30", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 May 1971, p12. David Kellum to talk at the Temple.

• "Bahai(sic) in dual 127th anniversary celebrations Sunday: Declaration of the Bab Ascension of Baha'u'llah's dates May 23-29", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 May 1971, p33. Declaration of the Báb and Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh to be observed. Some will also attend Jamaican Bahá'í Conference.

• "Mrs. Juliette Buford comes home after two months of travelling", by Theresa Fambro Hooks, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 Jun 1971, p19. A profile of Juliette Bufford, director of the North American Bahá'í Office for Human Rights, who visited relatives in South Carolina and in the Carribean Conference.

• "Kellum hits racial bias in Baha'i talk", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 19 June 1971, p2. David Kellum was to give a talk with Stig Karlberg in Batavia for Race Unity Day.

• "Nab Southsider on kidnap charges", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 4 Aug 1971, p4. Abductor of hitchhikers near the Bahá'í Temple was captured.

• "Former Newsman David Kellum U.N. Day speaker here Sunday", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 20 Oct 1971, p25. Kellum gave a talk for UN Day at the Center.

• "Bahai's(sic) commemorate 154th birthday of Prophet-Founder", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 13 Nov 1971, p19. Glenford Mitchell talk at the observance.

• "Baha'i's mark 'Day of the Covenant' death of 'Abdu'l -Baha", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Nov 1971, p18. 50th anniversary of the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá to be observed on Day of the Covenant at the Temple and with talks at the Bahá'í Center by Heshmat Moayyad, brief profile.

1972

• "Let's bid old year 'adieu' and look ahead to '72", by Martion(sic) Campfield, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 1 Jan 1972, p13. The Kellums entertained the Pelles, Julliett and John Bufford, etc. Repeated with mild correction…

* "Campy's vignette's; Gaiety, glamor… dazzle, dash… mean happy times", by Marion Campfield, Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Jan 1972, p12.

• "World Religion basis for peace-Baha'i's(sic)", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Jan 1972, p14. World Religion Day will be observed in the context of the need to overcome prejudice and issues of peace.

• "Baha'i's Children of Time preludes Intercalary days", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Feb 1972, p16. The University of Ilinois Bahá'í Club and the Chicago Bahá'í Community will sponsor the Children of Time musical roadshow and a followup talk by Glenford Mitchell on campus.

• "Baha'is observe New Year", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Mar 1972, p17. A brief review of Naw Ruz and the Bahá'í presence in the world.

• "Baha'i House dedication in Panama City", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Apr 1972, p16. Thousands of Bahá'ís are expected at the dedication of the Bahá'í Temple in Panama.

• "Baha'i house draws millions", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition) (1966-1973) [Chicago, Ill] 29 Apr 1972: p. 25. Three million people had visited the Bahá'í House of Worship in Chicago. A history profiled including that the land belonged to an Indian woman.

• "'Oneness of mankind' theme of Baha' is race unity day", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 June 1972, p27. Race Unity Day was observed at the Bahá'í Temple.

• "Honors go to Roy Wilkins", Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 5 July 1972, p13. Roy Wilkins, exec Sec for the NAACP wins the Louis Gregory Award for Service to Humanity by the US NSA for his part in the UN International Year for action to combat racial discrimination.

• "Baha'i info chief moves to Hawaii", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 July 1972, p27. Salvatore Pele, former PI Officer, moved to Hawaii.

• "Charlie Cherokee Says: Suddenly '73", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Dec 1972, p5. David and Kathaelynea had went on pilgrimage.

1973

• "Charlie Cherokee Says: Two Chicago area churches…", Chicago Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 19 Feb 1973, p8. The Sepia magazine "America's Most Mixed Churches" article calls the Bahá'ís one of the two most integrated churches in the nation, with the Bahá'í NSA with 3 of 9 Black members.

• "This Sunday: Kellum to address Park Manor man", Chicago Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 8 Mar 1973, p12. David Kellum was the guest speaker to Park Manor Congregational church on the couple's recent Bahá'í pilgrimage.

• "Stoakley Beha'is speaker",Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 12 May 1973, p17. Yvor Stoakley was the keynote speaker for the month's activities in the Batavia Bahá'í community and his most recent trip through the Midwest and the Caribbean for the Faith.

• "Hoosiers to hear Kellum on Sunday", Chicago Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 7 Jun 1973, p11. David Kellum will speak at the South Bend Indiana Race Unity Day event, with his topic summarized.

• "‘Oneness of mankind' theme of Baha' is race unity day", Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 10 Jun 1972, p27. The Chicago observance of Race Unity Day was set with a profile of the reason for the observance and actions of the community.

• "Catholic Capsules; A Baha'i Temple Tour", by Dorothy Drain, Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 14 July 1973, p27. The St James Altar and Rosary Society sponsored a tour of the Bahá'í Temple. There was followup:

* "Catholic Capsules", by Dorothy Drain, Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 28 July 1973, p25.

* "Catholic Capsules; Thirty Three…", by Dorothy Drain Chicago Defender, (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 25 Aug 1973, p25.

• "Climax Week of Celebration: Bahai's observe 80th anniversary in U.S.", Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Sep 1973, p40. A summary history of the religion in the US and spread of the religion, adding the modern day community with David Kellum.

1974

• "Kellum to give Baha'i lecture", Chicago Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Mar 1974, p6. Kellum was the speaker for a series of presentations at the Temple, with follow-up:

* "‘Prayer Sunday' at Temple", Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 30 Mar 1974, p7.

• "Catholic Capsules; An Ecumenical Tour", by Dorothy Drain, Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 6 Apr 1974, p.25. The St Thomas Apostle Guild Tabernacle sponsored a tour of the Temple.

• "World-wide Bahais meet in St. Louis this week", Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 31 Aug 1974, p20. A preview of the First National Bahá’í Conference for America in St. Louis.

• "Chicago Baha'is share Peace day", Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 14 Sep 1974, p18. The community World Peace Day observance, talk by Sam Jackson, with a brief profile of Faith.

• "Baha'i banquet hails UN day", Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 26 Oct 1974, p20. Bahá'ís sponsored a banquet for UN Day with a talk by Bahia Mitchell, wife of (unstated, Glenford Mitchell) Secretary of the NSA, as part of a fundraiser for UNICEF.

• "Bahai's launch expansion", Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL 7 Dec 1974, p22. The Glenford Mitchel talk on the new Plan at the Temple for the monthly gathering of the NSA.

1975

• "Bahai Temple celebrates 'New Day'", by Beth McKinty, Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 29 Mar 1975, p21. Assoc Dean of NCState William Maxwell spoke at the Temple, was summarized, and was formally in Korea and west Africa.

• "Confess Baha'i robbed", Chicago Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 2 Apr 1975, p7. A UPI story covers that the St. Louis Local Spiritual Assembly treasurer is missing, and left a recording admitting to stealing money but that his Will leaves everything to the Bahá'ís.

• "Bahais(sic) 66th convention opened in Wilmette: Temple's 50th year", by Beth McKenty, Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 3 May 1975, p20. Wilmette President Warren Burmeister presented a resolution for the Bahá'ís at their national convention. Attending included Hand of the Cause William Sears.

• "Dr. Lillian Dove, pioneer medic, dies", Chicago Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 19 June 1975, pp1,3. The obituary of Lillian Dove mentions she was in the "Baha'i B'rith"(sic).

• "Baha'i Faith: Seeking to end prejudice", by David Anderson, Chicago Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 18 Aug 1975, p5. A UPI story profiling the Faith. Interviews Dan Jordan and Magdalene Carney.

• "A Token of Highest Hope", Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, Sep 27, 1975, p21. An advertisement pictures the Templ with a brief profile of the religion.

• "Receives world peace award", Chicago Defender (Daily Edition), Chicago, IL, 15 Oct 1975, p13. Dorothy Nelson received the "Pax Orbis Ex Jure" award from the Center Associates of the World Law Conference and was proflled.

• "TEESEE'S TOWN; Dinner Time!" by Theresa Fambro Hooks, Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 22 Nov 1975, p10. The Kellums host a reception for the Blackwells, Marilyn Bierman, Marilyn Cartiero, Benjamin Mashaw. The Blackwells are on their way to Madagasgar.

• "'75 claims noted citizens", by Ted Watson, Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Chicago, IL, 27 Dec 1975, p1. An article epeats the obituary of Lillian Dove being a "Baha'i B'rith".

Further reading

• New Bios, Defender, PBS.org
• History › African American History II › The Chicago Defender by Richard Pierce.
• Chicago Defender, Britannica.
• Southern Distribution of the Chicago Defender, 1919, The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago © 2005 Chicago Historical Society.
• The Chicago Defender, A Voice for an Entire Race, by Aryan Tibrewala, Carbondale Community High School, Carbondale
• About The Chicago defender. (Chicago, Ill.) 190?-1966, The Library of Congress > Chronicling America.
• “African American Bahá’í Newspaper Publishers and Chief Editors, featuring Thelma Thurston Gorham,” Conferences and Webinars, Corinne True Center for Bahá'í History, Mar 28, 2024, by info@corinnetruecenter.org, aired Sunday, Dec. 8.

See also

• Coverage of the Bahá'í Faith in the Carolina Times
• The Baha'i Faith in Ebony and Jet Magazines
• Bahá'í Period of Historical mentions
• Historical mentions of the Bábí/Bahá'í Faiths