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Coverage of the Baha'i Faith in the Pittsburgh Courier

From Bahaipedia

Coverage of the Baha'i Faith in the Pittsburgh Courier begins in October 1912. Digitazation at present covers 1911 through 1977.

Coverage begins noting individuals who are known Baha'is or who make a point of being identified as Baha'is - a "Mrs. Davis" in October in 1912 followed by Louis Gregory in 1924 and Mrs. Henry P. Payne in 1927. Initially coverage is uneven with highs and lows in the 1920s but is broadly more consistent across the late 1920s. In the 1930s there is a clear rise in the reputation of the Faith even if there are controversies sometimes - and also clearly a rise in local events, and overall a mixture of local coverage and nation-wide. Elsie Austin and Ludmila Van Sombeek make their first appearances as does the Baha'i House of Worship in Wilmette. The 1940s begin noting the passing of prominent black publisher Robert Sengstacke Abbott known as a Baha'i though the news of his conversion to the Faith was not mentioned. However there are several stories more of individuals known to be Baha'is. But Baha'is also participated in a protest and the circumstances of it were noted approvingly by the Guardian though only as part of a general disapproval of an event. Again there was a profile of the religion and its distinction from common experiences with black/white society. A clear increase in coverage appears in the 1950s; most years is this decade have more than one mention and none fail to mention the Faith or someone who was a Baha'i. Activities of Baha'is in Africa make the news as does the US national convention and the national interracial committee of the Baha'is, and the local Spiritual Assembly of Pittsburgh as well as the 1955 wave of persecution in Iran. The 1960s begin with coverage of the persecution in Morocco, noting activity of Baha'is in New Orleans as well as international and national level Baha'i response. However coverage is alittle reduced compared to the 1950s; on the other hand Robert Hayden, though not identified as a Baha'i, had several articles about him. The 1970s, though cut short by the end of digitized coverage of the newspaper, also proportionally has less coverage though the growth of the Faith particularly in South Carolina was noted along with the founding of Louis Gregory Baha'i Institute, of black Baha'i leaders giving talks or positions of authority/responsibility appear. And Dizzy Gillespie becomes known as a Baha'i.

Firsts[edit]

The first mention so far found in the Pittsburgh Courier occurs when a "Mrs. Davis" from Mount Washington, what is today a suburb of Pittsburgh, holds a meeting at her home for a club.[1] After her talk noted in the newspaper there is a break in coverage until the 1920s.

In the 1920s some 15 articles across the decade some up. But the first story in the period actually occurs not until 1923,[2]meaning the pace is even higher - 15 articles in seven years yields a rate of 21 for the decade. However this first known article is not because the article mentions the Faith but because a known Baha'i, Samuel A. Allen, was appointed executive secretary of the Boston Urban League. Indeed the next note in May 1924 is also because of a known Baha'i and not because the article mentions the Faith.[3] In this case there is mention of Hallie Queen who was entertaining Dr. Du Bois. This is followed by mention of another Baha'i but not the Faith, in the person of Helen Underhill.[4] In October 1924 comes the first mention of the Faith when Louis Gregory comes to Pittsburgh.[5] A Baha'i sponsored "interracial society" meeting (a race amity meeting?) is noted in November.[6] Then another Baha'i, but not the Faith perse, is noted in 1926, Cora Calhoun, who was the editor-in-chief of the Empire State Voice for the New York State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, was noted in the newspaper.[7] A complaint of the extremes of society groups away from the norm in 1927 is noted mentioning the Faith briefly.[8] Again later 1927 there is mention of a Baha'i but not the Faith itself.[9] This one is of Nettie Craig Asberry being re-elected president of the Colored Women's Clubs of Pittsburgh. However later in 1927 there is a direct mention of the Faith because Mrs. Henry P. Payne "wife of our prominent undertake" has gone to Green Acre where the national convention (or a conference on peace?) was being held.[10] In late 1927, now a banner year for direct or indirect mention of the Faith, there is mention of known Baha'i Cora Calhoun Horne (now married), then representing the Brooklyn black women in a national integrated meeting of women clubs.[11] 1928 begins with another known Baha'i, Stanwood Cobb, gives a paper at a meeting being covered out of DC.[12] Just a week later there is notice of a meeting in Pittsburgh at the home of Mrs. Alexander Martin of a relative of Shoghi Effendi on a tour talking on the Faith.[13] An unclear story occurs a couple months later that is torn but appears to again mention Mrs. Alexander.[14]

In 1929 there is a longer story covering Mrs. Payne.[15] In it she is noted being received by several Baha'is at various receptions held around convention: Louis Bourgeois, Hattie Johnson, Margaret Bruder, Mrs. Samuel White, Dr. Zia Bagdadi. Julia Brown, and Martha Page - and then visited with family. But the 1920s close out again noting a Baha'i but not the Faith in the coverage of work done by George Henderson.[16]

Clearly a number of Baha'i African Americans were highlighted in this era so their personal voyages of faith was part of their prominent service, yet it was less visible and only a few made a point of it being visible - locally most notably Mrs. Payne. Additionally the 1920s have highs and lows - 4 articles occur in 1924 and 1927, while no articles appear in 1920, 1921, 1922, and 1925. Coverage is broadly more consistent across 1927, 1928, and 1929. But all articles are based on reviewing people even if some events are mentioned. No profiles or summaries of the religion are presented of any length.

Progressing[edit]

1930s[edit]

With 16 articles the total rate of coverage is comparable to the 1920s however this decade the coverage, as things ended in the 1920s, was more evenly spread year to year. Things begin with well known national level Baha'i Harlan Ober talking to a boys club in Pittsburgh.[17] Following the previous pattern, however, the next article related to the Faith so far identified is that of a Baha'i, Ann Redman Berry, in a letter to the editor.[18] However in 1931 we have the first profile of the religion, though done in a syndicated column by Ernest Rice McKinney.[19] McKinney was a leftist reformer leader.[20] The column outlines the "12 principles" often noted of the religion in various formulations,[21] which McKinney sees contrasted with how Christianity has been promulgated and underlines the theological points of the unity of humanity as equality of belief as well as race.[19] He also dwells on the points that science and religion, as well as seeing through one's own eyes, are all "strange" to his appreciation of religion.[19] And he's struck that Baha'is think "religion should be the cause of unity among mankind" in the face of a history with wars based on religion, (as he frames the issue in the column.)[19] But all in all he says: "It is one of the very few religious movements that I would urge Negroes to join."[19]

After McKinney's coverage, it is some 6 months to the next coverage.[22] In it, it notes that Baha'i Doris McKay spoke at the meeting on the Faith, and also that Mrs. Payne attended. 3 months later the unnamed society editor was a guest of T.E.A. McCurdy at Greenacre (never naming the place but noting many details of the place,) and mentions others also in their company - George Goodman and Mrs E. T. Wallace.[23]

A year later in summer 1933 there is notice of Alain Locke speaking at the Baha'i House of Worship and the overall atmosphere and high spirit of the place - but doesn't mention he was a Baha'i or that the meeting was a race amity event and part of a series.[24] A year later there is a (typoed) Baha'i meeting with talk by Marie Taylor with music by several women held at Mrs. Payne's - Elizabeth Dorsey, Margaret McDaniel, Ruth Stevenson, Margaret Hays, Charlotte Enty-Catlin.[25] This is followed a week later by another meeting at Mrs. Payne's with Walter Buchanan, Wendell Parr noted giving talks.[26]

Another year later, in January 1935, L. E. Coles offers a review of friendship and lifestyle of the Baha'i family of the Bechtolds, featuring [[Ludmila Ott Bechtold Van Sombeek"Lyudmila] in both their personal and active freedom from prejudice and her struggle to be accepted as sincere.[27] Ludmila was a native Austrian who fled WWI and began to make news a few years after joining the religion when she served on the board of a black day school for black children in Brooklyn in 1929.[28] A few months later Allen McDaniel presents about working on Baha'i Temple construction at a local school.[29] and Shoghi Effendi's relative returned in October to speak.[30]

1937 breaks with controversy when Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois reacts to information of a segregated meeting of the Baha'is.[31] News of this event was controversial inside and outside the religion but it turns out to mostly have been a miscommunication.[32] Meanwhile alittle over a week later Baha'i Dora Guiliford had returned from a conference in Seattle and noting some of the Baha'is she had met there.[33]

In 1938 Elsie Austin was noted giving a couple local talks.[34] At the end of that summer a few names are listed considering a Baha'i "vacation spot", Louhelen Baha'i School Llewellyn Bahá'í school) for some ladies of Pittsburg: Gerty Grey, Madalyn Robinson, Lela Jackson, and Buean Johnson.[35] Then ending the year a photograph of a race amity dinner in Pasadena, California, is published.[36]

So in the 1930s there is a clear rise in the reputation of the Faith even if there are controversies sometimes - and also clearly a rise in local events, and overall a mixture of local coverage and nation-wide.

1940s[edit]

There is there is about the same level of coverage in the 1940s, despite WWII, with 18 articles mentioning the Faith. However the first one notes the death of Robert Sengstacke Abbott,[37] publisher of the Chicago Defender (see Coverage of the Baha'i Faith in the Chicago Defender,) noting he was a Baha'i and Baha'i services were part of his burial. He had joined the religion in 1934 upon finding that the national convention was free of prejudice.[38] A week later there was coverage of a Tennessee meeting sponsored by Baha'is about peace and ending racism - and active members serving at the national level were introduced..[39] A month later an introduction of a book studying the reality or lack of reality of race was presented noting Alain Locke wrote it, though not that he was a Baha'i.[40] In the Fall George Henderson's school is covered again, though again it is not noted he was a Baha'i.[41]

In 1941 coverage opens noting a talk at the NY Baha'i Center,[42] and another story echoes the ideas presented by columnist Alice Simmons Cox out of Chicago.[43] This is followed in the Fall by a conference held in Milwaukee highlight the Baha'i ideals again.[44]

In 1944 there was notice of the service of Corneff Taylor though not that he was a Baha'i serving in a non-combatant role.[45] Two months later another national columnist profiles the Baha'is and their teachings noting he had spoken at their meetings often and had a decidedly different reaction to the "news" that some famous individuals were not white but colored.[46]

In 1945 God Passes By was reviewed by a contributor from Mississippi.[47]

In 1946 Elsie Austin's comments at a local event were noted (alittle contrasted with those of another black woman speaker at another event),[48] and Austin was speaking at another local event next week.[49]

In 1947 the 25th anniversary of the reading of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's Will was observed and noted in the newspaper.[50] Notice of this articles was commented on by Baha'is in a letter to the editor published a few months later.[51] But a week after the observance there a is notice of Corneff Taylor (Baha'i) running the Red Cross outside of Paris following WWII.[52] Late in 1947 there was a protest which Baha'is participated in - visible in a picture published in The Pittsburgh Courier[53] which was commented on by the Guardian when asked by Ellsworth. Blackwell (and comment on that made it into Lights of Guidance,) which says:

"In connection with the subject matter of Mr. Blackwell's letter and your reference to it, the Guardian feels that, as he said in his letter to Mr. Blackwell, there was no objection at all to the students taking part in something so obviously akin to the spirit of our teachings as a campus demonstration against race prejudice. The Bahá'ís did not inaugurate this protest, they merely were proud to have a voice as Bahá'ís in such a protest, took part, and he thinks they did quite right and violated no administrative principle."[54]

In 1948 there was a picture of the Bahá'í House of Worship in March followed by a thank you letter to the editor in April by Anna Hanel.[55] And that Fall, and closing out the 1940s, there is a notice of Elsie Austin participating in a White House reception and contributing a Bahá'í prayer, perhaps the first ever mentioned in the White House.[56]

1950s[edit]

At some 27 articles there was much more than pervious decades. Most years is this decade have more than one mention and none lack any mention, direct or indirect. And a reference to Louis Gregory's career was briefly summarized at the end of 1950 was the first one this decade.[57] A about a month later there was a brief notice of Dorothy Dunomore mentioning John Shurcliff (probably) for World Religion Day held in the area.[58] Dunmore also contributed comments noting an unnamed Declaration of the Bab in Cleveland.[59] That Fall there was a letter to the editor by Baha'i Presley Holliday then of DC who says he found out about the religion at a NAACP meeting in Portland in 1925.[60] A year later Baha'i Helen Underhill is mentioned as an active artist if not specifically that she was a Baha'i.[61]

In 1953 Baha'i Margaret Danner's poetry was noted, but not that she was a Baha'i.[62] But about a month later the African Conference at Kampala for the Faith was profiled.[63] Later two advertisements by the Courier specifically noted an upcoming article on the Faith[64] but no such article has been found. Never the less a second mention by J. A. Rogers in his column appeared in April again noting the integrated meetings of the Baha'is.[65]

1954 opens noting Winston Evans giving a talk on the Faith in Nashville,[66] then that Elsie Austin is in Africa serving the Faith,[67] the funeral services of Baha'i Robert Durr,[68]and ending the Spring run of articles with a brief note on May 1 of the national convention of the Faith.[69] And that Fall there was a biography of "someone you should know" of Elvera Taylor but not that she was a Baha'i.[70]

In the Spring of 1955 there is a curious combination of headlines by staff writer Ric Roberts - "Moslem Mission in America protected by U. S. Constitution" and "Islam Executed Baha'i Founder who predicted coming of Holy Baha'u'llah!"[71] But that summer an article had a photograph of the Baha'i national Interracial committee: Home Dyer, Ludmila Van Sombeek, George Brawley, Bessie Barham, Minnie Lee, Edwin Barham, Ellsworth Blackwell, William Tucker, Lydia Martin.[72] A few months later a there is a notice of a Spiritual Assembly in Pittsburgh and its chairman Writt Richards, mentioning the 1955 wave of persecution of Baha'is in Iran.[73] Another few months later a summary of the Faith is noted for the Pittsburgh list of church activities noting the recent observance of the Birthday of Baha'u'llah.[74]

In 1956 a profile of Margaret Danner Cunningham was published - later she would join the Faith.[75]

In 1957 there was a notice of a Baha'i meeting out of Memphis presented by three women - T. H. watkins. Mrs. James Sims, and Johanna Zimmermann - and had three ministers present along with Willa McWilliams, Mary Louise Rupult and Ludmila Van Somebeek[76] A couple months later "a Baha'i'(unnamed) sent a letter to the editor speaking giving their opinion of the Bible and best course of action.[77] A couple months later mention is made of Lumila Van Sombeek again, with Lillian Evanti; careful readers might recall Ludmila was a Baha'i but the article doesn't note it.[78] That Fall the observance of the Birthday of Baha'u'llah was noted in the paper, closing out the year.[79]

The Spring of 1958 had another significant article on the religion with a spread of pictures and summary review of the religion.[80]

The next article noting the Faith was in later summer 1959 noting that young Fisk graduate and Baha'i Bettihane Walker was pioneering to Haiti and her mother held a large reception.[81] Then late in 1959 a letter to the editor appeared of the Baha'is observing UN Human Rights Day.[82]

1960s[edit]

Somewhat reduced compared to the 1950s at some 21 articles, many of the articles are related to coverage of persecution of Baha'is in Morocco, and Robert Hayben who was becoming well known, though not that he was a Baha'i.

A noteice in March 1960 noted growth of the religion among Indian populations as well as a broad presence on the planet.[83] In June a notice on the Baha'i "Race Amity Day" was published.[84] The Martyrdom of the Bab observance was noted in mid-July.[85] In December there was a brief mention of a Baha'i regional school that had been held in the summer in South Carolina with some 96 participants in an article about the Frogmore, SC community center and its efforts on race relations.[86]

After this initial burst of coverage it is about a year before the next coverage - through it names Thelma Turston Gorham as a Baha'i going to Honolulu for a series of talks for the religion at the University there.[87] The next known article, and after a lapse of a year while also starting another burst of articles, there is a picture of the East-Central African Baha'i regional national assembly had gathered to note the persecution in Morocco. Then Nicholas Amato, chair of the Baha'i Assembly in New Orleans, is noted speaking out on the situation in Morocco in February,[88] and April.[89][90] Then the same community in New Orleans is noted hosting a Race Amity Day event,[91] noting Robter Ancher and Bernice Ward spoke.[92]

The next appearance related to the religion was in May 1964 when there is a brief notice Robert Ancker was a delegate from New Orleans to the Baha'i national convention and brought his family.[93] Then there is a profile of Adelaide Turner because of her work in human relations noting she is a member of the Baha'i Faith.[94]

In later 1965 there is a photo of a Chicago group of Baha'is gathering soap to help issues of disease in Vietnam - noted at David Kellum, Marie Bohman, Munic Sahari, Elsa Robinson, Lloyd Robinson, Suhay Sahari, and Kathelynea Kellum.[95] A year later there is a few articles reviewing a Fisk festival of artists including Robert Hayden, but not that he was a Baha'i.[96] Major coverage that he was a Baha'is was a decade away.[97] The next mention of the Faith in the Courier was itself more than a year later in January 1968 when there is a notice of a Chicago Baha'i conference on the arts centered on Jaleh Khadem.[98] A month later there is brief mention of Baha'is participating in a collective service project.[99] A week later there is a showing of a painting in honor of Robert Hayden,[100] and a reading was held for him.[101] Ending the decade Hayden also is noted giving a reading.[102]

1970s[edit]

Though the digital record does not go past 1977 there is less coverage of the Faith anyway - with 6 articles, the rate is of 9 for the decade but less rate than any decade since coverage began. Be that is it may, the first coverage of the decade occurs in February 1971 with note of Margaret Danner and her poetry again, though not that she was a Baha'i.[103] Almost two years later in December 1972 there is an article reviewing the establishment of the Louis Gregory Baha'i Institute.[104] Harold C. Jackson, it's first director, originally from Dallas, was now coming to the area most recently from Los Angeles. The article notes "a recen upsurge of conversions across the South, and particularly in South Carolina" as the reason for the center. Another two years later a conference of Baha'is occurs in St. Louis at the end of the Summer.[105] The following Spring there is an article of a talk at the Baha'i House of Worship in Wilmette by William Maxwell, Associate Dean of Education at North Carolina State University, noting the Naw Ruz observance of Baha'is and generally of the calendar and the influence on him of several Baha'i practices.[106] Almost a year later in January 1976 Dizzy Gillespie had come out with a new biography and the article noted he was a Baha'i.[107] The final article directly related to the Faith in the digital collection that we know of is a January 1977 article anwering a query for a poem that is part of Guy Murchie's Seven Mysteries of Life, not stating that Murchie was a Baha'i[108]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "The Aurora Reading club…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 4 Oct 1912. p. 5.
  2. ↑ "Urban League to convene in Kansas City, Mo". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 4 Aug 1923. p. 2.
  3. ↑ "Miss Hallie Queen…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 17 May 1924. p. 17.
  4. ↑ "Scores in recital". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 31 May 1924. p. 12.
  5. ↑ Elija Hodges (25 Oct 1924). "Who's who in the citizen's club". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 16.
  6. ↑ Elija Hodges (1 Nov 1924). "Who's who in the citizen's club, by Elija Hodges". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 10.
  7. ↑ "Mrs. Cora Calhoun Horne". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 6 Mar 1926. p. 7.
  8. ↑ George S. Schuyler (12 Mar 1927). "Views and reviews". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 20.
  9. ↑ "Washington club women progress". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 23 Jul 1927. p. 6.
  10. ↑ "Peace conference delegate". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 20 Aug 1927. p. 6.
  11. ↑ "Club women meet at Waldorf Astoria". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 24 Dec 1927. p. 6.
  12. ↑ ""No such thing as human race,: says scientist". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 25 Feb 1928. p. 13.
  13. ↑ "Mrs. Alexander H. Martin…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 3 Mar 1928. p. 11.
  14. ↑ ""It…(torn)"". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 19 May 1928. p. 6.
  15. ↑ "Mrs. Payne returns". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 29 Jun 1929. p. 7.
  16. ↑ Floyd J. Calvin (21 Sep 1929). "Henderson business college has large successful alumni". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 14.
  17. ↑ "Mr. Harlan Ober…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 18 Jan 1930. p. 8.
  18. ↑ Ann Redman Berry (24 Jan 1931). "And we agree!". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 6.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Ernest Rice McKinney (14 Nov 1931). "It is my opinion". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 11.
  20. ↑ Ernest Rice McKinney: African American Appalachian, Social Worker, Radical Labor Organizer and Educator, by Pamela Twiss, in the Journal of Appalachian Studies 10.1/2 (2004): 95-110.
  21. ↑ Fifty Baha’i Principles of Unity: A Paradigm of Social Salvation by Christopher Buck, talk presented at the Princeton University on February 21, 2014, in an event sponsored by the Princeton University Bahá’í Club, the USG (Undergraduate Student Government) Projects Board, and Princeton’s Office of Religious Life and then published in Baha’i Studies Review, 18, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Amid the fragrance and color…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 18 Jun 1932. p. 9.
  23. ↑ "Had a grand piece of luck Sunday…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 10 Sep 1932. p. 8.
  24. ↑ "Alain Locke addresses Bahais". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 17 Jun 1933. p. 6.
  25. ↑ "B'hai (sic) programs to foster universal peace movement open series on Sunday". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 19 May 1934. p. 7.
  26. ↑ "Second in Bahai series Sunday at Mrs. Payne's". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 26 May 1934. p. 7.
  27. ↑ L. E. Coles (5 Jan 1935). "Universal brotherhood is object of the Bahais; prejudice outlawed". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 12.
  28. ↑ * "Arrange a musicale for Columbus Hill Nursery". The New York Age. New York, NY. 19 Oct 1929. p. 7.
  29. ↑ "Famous architect to lecture April 2 on Bahai Temple". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 30 Mar 1935. p. 5.
  30. ↑ "Internationalist at the YMCA Sunday". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 19 Oct 1935. p. 7.
  31. ↑ "The Fall of the Baha'i". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 30 Oct 1937. p. 11.
  32. ↑ The Interracial “Baha’i Movement” and the Black Intelligentsia: The Case of W. E. B. Du Bois, by Christopher Buck, Journal of Religious History, Vol. 36, No. 4, December 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9809.2012.01230.x
  33. ↑ "Mrs. Dora K. Gulliford…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 6 Nov 1937. p. 22.
  34. ↑ "Attorney Elsie Austin was…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 5 Mar 1938. p. 22.
  35. ↑ "Mesdames Gerty Grey,…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 6 Aug 1938. p. 18.
  36. ↑ "More than two hundred persons celebrate…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 31 Dec 1938. p. 3.
  37. ↑ "Abbot buried (continued)". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 9 Mar 1940. p. 4.
  38. ↑ Mark Perry, "Robert S. Abbott and the Chicago Defender: A Door to the Masses", Michigan Chronicle, 10 October 1995
  39. ↑ James C. Dickerson (16 Mar 1940). "Violence is ridiculed as 'peace challenge'". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 18.
  40. ↑ "Looks at Books". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 11 May 1940. p. 7.
  41. ↑ "Leaders in Memphis NAACP drive". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 9 Nov 1940. p. 22.
  42. ↑ William H. Ferris (26 Jul 1941). "World woes due to lack of faith, says Durant". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 14.
  43. ↑ "Recognition of spiritual needs of all stressed". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 3 Apr 1943. p. 15.
  44. ↑ Elisabeth Cheney (27 Nov 1943). "Baha'i movement stressed unity of mankind in peace aims". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 8.
  45. ↑ "The American Red Cross…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 11 Mar 1944. p. 3.
  46. ↑ J. A. Rogers (20 May 1944). "Rogers Says: Cardinal principle of the Bahai Faith is oneness of mankind". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 7.
  47. ↑ Ethel Wright (17 Mar 1945). "A new world fate". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 6.
  48. ↑ "AKA's Tommi Johnson…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2 Feb 1946. p. 8.
  49. ↑ "Atty Elsie Austin…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 9 Feb 1946. p. 8.
  50. ↑ "National Baha'i followers to celebrate". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 18 Jan 1947. p. 10.
  51. ↑ Sina Olsen (15 Mar 1947). "Thanks The Courier for fine article". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 13.
  52. ↑ Edgar A. Wiggins (25 Jan 1947). "Lively negro colony sets pace for rebirth of Paris". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 2.
  53. ↑ "Students protest discrimination at U. of Chicago". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 20 Dec 1947. p. 21.
  54. ↑ Campus Protest Against Racial Prejudice, Lights of Guidance
  55. ↑ Anna Hanel (17 Apr 1948). "Baha'i leader commends Courier". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 7.
  56. ↑ Kay Johnson (23 Oct 1948). "Council members take Tea at White House". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 8.
  57. ↑ "Louis G. Gregory…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2 Dec 1950. p. 7.
  58. ↑ "Sorry we didn't get…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 3 Feb 1951. p. 8.
  59. ↑ "Cleveland's Dorothy Dunmore…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 26 May 1951. p. 8.
  60. ↑ Presely Holliday (3 Nov 1951). "Baha'i would provide panacea for prejudice". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 11.
  61. ↑ "Philly's talented Helen Underhill". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 13 Dec 1952. p. 8.
  62. ↑ "Strange that in the…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 17 Jan 1953. p. 8.
  63. ↑ "Baha'i Faith meeting in East Africa". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 21 Feb 1953. p. 12.
  64. ↑ * "Next week". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 28 Feb 1953. p. 1.
  65. ↑ J. A. Rogers (4 Apr 1953). "Rogers says: Christian Church in US is greatest of our Jim-crow institutions". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 6.
  66. ↑ "Baha'i World Faith…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 30 Jan 1954. p. 16.
  67. ↑ "And we didn't that…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 27 Feb 1954. p. 10.
  68. ↑ "Robert Driscoll Durr buried". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 27 Mar 1954. p. 10.
  69. ↑ "Baha'is hold confab". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1 May 1954. p. 12.
  70. ↑ "People you should know". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 27 Nov 1954. p. 28.
  71. ↑ Ric Roberts (21 May 1955). "Moslem mission in America protected by US Constitution…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 20.
  72. ↑ "Faith in action". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 16 Jul 1955. p. 3.
  73. ↑ "Pittsburgh, Pa". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 3 Sep 1955. p. 7.
  74. ↑ B. H. Logan (26 Nov 1955). "Around the world with the Churches". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 14.
  75. ↑ "Margaret Danner Cunningham adds lustre to art scene". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 18 Feb 1956. p. 30.
  76. ↑ 8 "An elegant banquet…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 23 Feb 1957. p. 29.
  77. ↑ "A Baha'i opinion, by "A Baha'i"". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 11 May 1957. p. 10.
  78. ↑ "The incomparable Evanti of Dee Cee…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 13 Jul 1957. p. 15.
  79. ↑ B. H. Logan (16 Nov 1957). "The Church world, On Nov. 12, …". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 12.
  80. ↑ * Julius W. Holder (1 Mar 1958). "(pictures) Followers of World's youngest religion spread the Message". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 33.
  81. ↑ "Bethijane Walker…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 22 Aug 1959. p. 15.
  82. ↑ Rosalyn Lichtblau (26 Dec 1959). "Baha'is state principles". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 34.
  83. ↑ "Bahai Faith shows gains". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 5 Mar 1960. p. 38.
  84. ↑ "Baha'is counteract bias, 'Race Amity Day' promotes oneness". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 18 Jun 1960. p. 38.
  85. ↑ "Baha'is observe 110th anniversary". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 16 Jul 1960. p. 37.
  86. ↑ Trezzvant W. Anderson (10 Dec 1960). "South Carolina co-op lends a lesson in race relations". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 29.
  87. ↑ Shirley Lombard (23 Dec 1961). "Thelma Thurston Gorham is speaker in Honolulu". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 22.
  88. ↑ "Voice concern for brothers". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 9 Feb 1963. p. 16.
  89. ↑ "Nicholas Amato…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 13 Apr 1963. p. 8.
  90. ↑ "Baha'is claim persecution". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 27 Apr 1963. p. 12.
  91. ↑ Butch Curry (15 Jun 1963). "New Orleans skyline". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 8.
  92. ↑ "Baha'is observe race amity day". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 29 Jun 1963. p. 16.
  93. ↑ "Robert Ancker of Kenner…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 16 May 1964. p. 8.
  94. ↑ "Mrs. Adelaide Turner…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 8 Aug 1964. p. 16.
  95. ↑ "Vietnam cleanup committee". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 30 Oct 1965. p. 9.
  96. ↑ * "Great artists glow for Fisk 'Festival'". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 30 Apr 1966. p. 32.
  97. ↑ Harriet Jackson Scarupa (January 1978). "Robert Hayden `Poet Laureate'". Ebony. Vol. 33, no. 3. pp. 78–80, 82. ISSN 0012-9011. Retrieved Dec 24, 2014.
  98. ↑ "Religion, art is topic at Baha'i meet,". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 13 Jan 1968. p. 5.
  99. ↑ "Chicago minister handed key spot". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 17 Feb 1968. p. 2.
  100. ↑ "Named noted negro woman new director of NABOHR". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 24 Feb 1968. p. 5.
  101. ↑ "Kaleidoscope…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 6 Apr 1968. p. 12.
  102. ↑ "The Atlanta University…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 11 May 1968. p. 16.
  103. ↑ "The other two initial…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 27 Feb 1971. p. 13.
  104. ↑ "Gregory Baha'i Institute to train members". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 16 Dec 1972. p. 15.
  105. ↑ "World-wide Bahais meet in St. Louis this week". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 7 Sep 1974. p. 15.
  106. ↑ "Baha'i Temple celebrates 'New Day'". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 5 Apr 1975. p. 15.
  107. ↑ "Dizzy reveals new facts". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 10 Jan 1976. p. 14.
  108. ↑ "Dear Alice…". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 8 Jan 1977. p. 7.
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