South America

South America
Location of South America
Location of South America
Board of Counselors Continental Board of the Americas
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Categories: South America • People

South America is a large continent in the earth's western and southern hemispheres. It is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Antarctic Ocean to the south. It forms the southern part of the Americas; it is connected to North America by land through Central America. South America has an area of 17,840,000 km2 (6,890,000 mi2). Its population as of 2021 has been estimated at more than 434 million.UN 2021 South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America).[1][2][3]

Bahá’í Expansion[edit]

National Assemblies of South America

South America was mentioned by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in Tablets of the Divine Plan in his Tablet to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada on March 8, 1917. In this tablet he stated:

Oh ye believers of God in the United States and Canada! Select ye important personages, or else they by themselves, becoming severed from rest and composure of the world, may arise and travel ... through the great South American republics, such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, French Guiana, Dutch Guiana, British Guiana, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile... Visit ye especially the city of Bahia, on the eastern shore of Brazil. Because in the past years this city was christened with the name, Bahia, there is no doubt that it has been through the inspiration of the Holy Spirt.[4]

The Bahá'í Faith was introduced into South America in 1919 when Martha Root made an extended trip to Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Peru. She introduced the Bahá'í Faith to Esperantists and Theosophical groups and visited local newspapers to ask them to publish articles about the Bahá'í Faith. The first Bahá'í permanently resident in South America was Leonora Armstrong, who arrived in Brazil in 1921.[5] Also in the early 1920's, Miss Leonora Holsapple and Miss Maude M. Mickle arrived in Bahia, Brazil. Miss Holsapple began translating Bahá’í material into Spanish and Portuguese. In 1935, Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Mathews made and extended teaching trip through all of the South American countries.[6]

In 1936, Shoghi Effendi, issued a call at the National Convention for the United States and Canada to establish a permanent center of the Faith in each of the republics of Central and South America. The republics of South America at this time exhibited great extremes of wealth and poverty, culture and education. Their cultures differed greatly and represented numerous racial backgrounds. Political corruption was also prevalent. In 1936, Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Blakely visited British Guiana and Venezuela. They were able to initiate newspaper articles, radio talks and give public lectures. By 1937, there were two additional settlers in South America, Mrs. Isabelle Stebbins Dodge and her husband, in Peru who was engaged in mining activities there.[7]

The First Seven Year Plan (1937-1944)[edit]

In 1937, Shoghi Effendi gave the first systematic teaching plan, the American Seven Year Plan (1937-1944) to the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada. Shoghi Effendi gave the believers in North America the goal of establishing of a center (settling at least one Bahá’í or enrolling one believer) in each republic of Latin America and the Caribbean.[8] The plan was divided in to four periods. During the first period several teaching trips were made to various areas. This lead to study groups in a number of places and the organization of the first Latin American assembly.[9]

The North American believers were invaluable to the establishment of the Faith in Latin America. Travel teachers and pioneers ventured to the South. World War II created many issues with visas and travel arrangements, but the efforts did not cease. Pioneers to Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Colombia reached their posts, established Local Spiritual Assemblies and Bahá’í Groups. Miss Edna True, with experience in a travel bureau was invaluable to assisting in arrangements. Some of the new pioneers were Mrs. Eleanor Smith (Adler), Mrs. Marcia Steward (Atwater), Miss Elisabeth Cheney, and Mr. and Mrs. Roscoe Wood. The teaching stories in the remaider of the plan are too numerous to mention here.[10]

The Second Seven Year Plan (1946-1953)[edit]

After a two year respite, the first seven year plan was followed by a second American Seven Year Plan (1946-1953) to end with the Centenary of the inauguration of the Bahá’í Era. In this second plan, the National Assembly of the United States and Canada was asked to consolidate their gains in the First Seven Year Pan, establish separate National Assemblies in the United States and Canada, and Form National Assemblies for Central America and South America. In 1948, the National Assembly of Canada and the National Assembly of the United States were established. The primary responsibility for Latin America was then assigned to the United States.[11]

In pursuing the goal of forming the National Assembly, the Inter-America Committee appointed by the National Assembly of the United States and Canada formulated an energetic schedule of activities. Their goal was to establish the broadest possible basis of representation as possible. Therefore the goal of establishing at least one Local Assembly in each country of South America Otherwise, the country would not be represented at the convention. In order to create unity between the various communities, they created projects common to all the communities and gradually transfer responsibilities to regional areas. Regional committees were appointed and committees acting for all of the communities. Annual conferences with school sessions attended by individuals from each area were conducted. In the first year, eleven local Assemblies and the number of Bahá’ís doubled throughout Latin America. There were five Assemblies in Colombia, four in Chile, and three in Brazil. Several Assemblies were incorporated before Ridván 1950.[12]

In 1950, the transition of responsibility was nearly complete beginning a new stage in the evolution of the Administrative Order in Latin America. the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of South America was elected. For the first three years, it remained under the direction of the National Assembly of the United States. In 1953 with the completion of the transition period, the National Assembly of South America represented an independent pillar of the World Order.[13]

Ten Year Crusade and Beyond[edit]

At the beginning of the Ten Year Crusade the National Assembly of South America the goal of setting up a Bahá’í Publishing Trust in Rio de Janeiro. Between the National Assemblies of South America and Central America, they had the goal of establishing twenty National Assemblies in twenty Republics. The first step in this direction occurred in 1957 with the creation of two National Assemblies splitting South America. Hand of the Horace Holley represented the Guardian and the National Assembly of the United States in the formation of the National Assembly of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela in Lima Peru. Hand of the Cause 'Alí-Muhammad Varqá represented the Guardian and Mrs. Margery McCormick reprinted the National Assembly of the United States in the formation of the National Spiritual Assembly of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay in Buenos Aires.[14]

In 1961, the major goal of the Ten Year Crusade to establish new National Assemblies was won. In South America the National Assemblies of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela were created.[15]

This left only 3 adjacent small countries to be established: French Guiana, Guyana (British Guiana) and Surinamé. They were initially assigned to Brazil for development and reassigned to the British Isles in 1964 for the Nine Year Plan (1964-1973).[16][17] In 1970, The National Assembly of Guyana, Surinamé and French Guiana was formed.[18] In 1977, it was dissolved with the creation of the National Assembly of Guyana[19] and the National Assembly of Surinamé and French Guiana.[20] Finally, in 1984 the National Assembly of French Guiana and the National Assembly of Surinamé were established.[21]

Major Developments[edit]

Among the more significant developments across South and Central America for the religion has been the building of the last continental Bahá'í House of Worship in Chile, a program of developing Bahá'í radio stations in several countries, relationships with indigenous populations, development programs like FUNDAEC, and the Ruhi institute process began in Colombia.

House of Worship in Chile[edit]

Main article: Bahá'í House of Worship

In late 2002, the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Chile and the Universal House of Justice, the international governing body of the Bahá'ís, announced a competition for the design of the first Bahá'í House of Worship for South America, to be built near Santiago (33°28′35″S 70°30′42″W / 33.476423°S 70.511649°W / -33.476423; -70.511649)[22] though the general decision to have the first temple of South America was set since 1953.[23] The selected design was designed by Siamak Hariri of Toronto, Canada,[24] and fabrication of components began in 2007.[25] The temple was inaugurated in 2016.[26] Its sides are composed of translucent panels of alabaster and cast glass. The interior structure is a lattice structure of steel supporting the inside of the upper dome.

Bahá'í Radio[edit]

Main article: Bahá'í radio

Since the 1960s there has been interest in mass media to promote and support development projects. This was followed by a view that the service of the community of the religion was through the participation of the community and spread of information. At a series of UNESCO conferences Bahá'ís consulted and the consensus of opinion lead to advancing the issues until in 1978 a conference was held in Ecuador.[27] At that conference researchers summarized developments along these lines and noted challenges such projects faced and a few ways such projects failed while also noting that village radio stations seemed to be a nice fit because of the necessary quality of communication in a society. The Bahá'í Radio project in Ecuador served as a means to study the process of the two trends by setting up a community radio station of the community for the community - and may have been the first such project in all Latin America aimed at serving the campesinos as its primary purpose with development oriented programming.[27] It mixed national music forms with public service features (lost and found, messages to individuals, official communications, but looking to develop more.) The project was studied through faculty from Northwestern University from 1980–1982, and briefly in 1983, and reviewed Bahá'í Radio projects in Peru and Bolivia as well and resulted in a PhD by Kurt John Hein in 1985 following which he took up service at WLGI Radio Bahá'í.

Since 1977, Bahá'ís have established several radio stations worldwide, particularly in South America. Programmes broadcast may include local news, music, topics related to socio-economic and community development, educational programmes focusing on indigenous language and culture, and Bahá'í introductory and deepening material.[28]

Indigenous peoples[edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith and Native Americans

The Bahá'í Faith and Native Americans has a history reaching back to the lifetime of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, the head of the religion near the turn of the 20th century and has multiplied its relationships across the Americas. Individuals have joined the religion and institutions have been founded to serve Native Americans and have Native Americans serve on Bahá'í institutions.

By 1963 Bahá'í sources claim members of some 83 tribes of Native Americans had joined the religion.[29]:19 Among the Central and South American indigenous there are substantial populations of native Bahá'ís. An informal summary of the Wayuu ( a tribe living in La Guajira Desert) community in 1971 showed about 1000 Bahá'ís.[30] The largest population of Bahá'ís in South America is in Bolivia, a country whose population is estimated to be 55%–70% indigenous and 30%–42% Mestizo, with a Bahá'í population estimated at 206,000 in 2005 according to the Association of Religion Data Archives.[31]

Relationships between North American and South American Indian populations have been fostered by North American Indians. The idea for a Trail of Light occurred during preparations for the first Bahá'í Native Council in 1978. Another inspiration for the Trail of Light was the concept of promulgating the religion among the indigenous peoples in the Pacific Rim that was described by the Hand of the Cause Rahmátu'llah Muhájir in 1978. The Trail of Light, also known as Camino del Sol, was defined as a process whereby native Bahá'ís engaged with diverse native peoples about a number of issues including promulgating their religion as well as organizing councils for the people and encouraged discovery of mutual cultural links across the native peoples. The first Trail of Light traveling trip by 22 members of the religion occurred spontaneously immediately after the council.[32][33] In 1985 the Trail of Light project began its work in Colombia.[34]

FUNDAEC[edit]

Main article: FUNDAEC

FUNDAEC, the acronym in Spanish for “The Foundation for the Application and Teaching of the Sciences”, is a non-profit, non-governmental organization that focuses on training and development in the rural areas of Colombia and other countries in Latin America. It was created in 1974 in Colombia by a group of scientists and professionals led by Farzam Arbab then a visiting professor to the University of Valle in 1970. In 1974 FUNDAEC was initiated as a Colombian NGO based on Bahá'í consultations with Colombians starting in the 1970s which developed a number of projects like a secondary curriculum centered on skill development for living in the countryside and minimized urbanization for example.[35] According to Gustav Correa, director of FUNDAEC in 2002, it was originally inspired by a quotation from Bahá'u'lláh - "Baha'u'llah talks about man as 'a mine rich in gems of inestimable value.' He says that 'education can, alone, cause it to reveal its treasures, and enable mankind to benefit therefrom'.[36] Its founding ideals included not seeing the people as masses of undernourished people, overwhelmed by problems and needs-housing, employment, sanitation, education, but instead to consider the participants of its programs as irreplaceable resources in a self-sustaining process of change.[37] FUNDAEC was officially instituted as a private development foundation based in Cali, and has developed a number of development projects[38] centered around a goal that rural populations should not only benefit from higher education, but should also actively participate in creating and generating knowledge and technologies, to improve their quality of life and standard of living FUNDAEC sought to dispel the image of the poor farmer whose life must be planned and managed by more privileged members of society.[39]

Ruhi institute[edit]

Main article: Ruhi institute

The Ruhi Institute is an educational institution, operating under the guidance of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'í Faith in Colombia.[40] The general idea of an institute in Bahá'í terms originates with the beginning of the Nine Year Plan (starting in 1964) designated by the Universal House of Justice. The institute or training institute was especially for countries where large-scale expansion was taking place to meet the needs of the thousands who were entering the religion. At that time, the emphasis was on acquiring a physical facility to which group after group of newly enrolled believers would be invited to attend deepening courses. Over the years, in conjunction with these institutes as well as independent of them, a number of courses—referred to, for example, as weekend institutes, five-day institutes, and nine-day institutes— were developed for the purpose of promulgating the fundamental verities of the religion and how to serve it.[41] Since its founding the program of courses developed first in Colombia has been adopted for work around the world and across age groups and studied in a variety of applications.[42][43]

Countries[edit]

Bolivia[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia begins with references to the country in Bahá'í literature as early as 1916.[44] The first Bahá'í to arrive in Bolivia was in 1940 through the beginning of the arrival of coordinated pioneers, people who chose to move for the growth of the religion, from the United States. That same year the first Bolivian joined the religion.[45] The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in La Paz in 1945[46] and the first Indian formally joined the religion in 1956 which soon spread widely among that subculture.[47] The community elected an independent National Spiritual Assembly in 1961.[48] By 1963 there were hundreds of local assemblies.[29] The Bahá'í Faith is currently the largest international religious minority in Bolivia.[49] The largest population of Bahá'ís in South America is in Bolivia, a country whose general population is estimated to be 55%-70% indigenous and 30%-42% Mestizo, with a Bahá'í population estimated at 217000 in 2005 according to the Association of Religion Data Archives.[31]

Brazil[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith in Brazil started in 1919 with Bahá'ís first visiting the country that year,[48] and the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly in Brazil was established in 1928. There followed a period of growth with the arrival of coordinated pioneers from the United States finding national Brazilian converts and in 1961 an independent national Bahá'í community was formed. During the 1992 Earth Summit, which was held in Brazil, the international and local Bahá'í community were given the responsibility for organizing a series of different programs, and since then the involvements of the Bahá'í community in the country have continued to multiply. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 42211 Bahá'ís in 2005.[31]

Chile[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith was first mentioned Chile in Bahá'í sources as early as 1916, with Bahá'ís visiting as early as 1919 but the community wasn't founded in Chile until 1940 with the beginning of the arrival of coordinated pioneers from the United States finding national Chilean converts and achieved an independent national community in 1963. In 2002 this community was picked for the establishment of the first Bahá'í Temple of South America which the community is still prosecuting.[48]

The permanent Chilean Bahá'í community dates from the arrival of Marcia Stewart Atwater, born in 1904 in Pasadena, California, who arrived in Chile on 7 December 1940.[50] The first Chilean to accept the Bahá'í Faith was 12-year-old Paul Bravo, which was followed by his family becoming Bahá'ís. Then in 1943, Chile's first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was elected. Following the election of the Regional Bahá'í Spiritual Assembly of South America in 1950, Chile established its independent Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly in 1961. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 26000 Bahá'ís in 2005.[31]

Colombia[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith in Colombia begins with references to the country in Bahá'í literature as early as 1916,[51] with Bahá'ís visiting as early as 1927.[52] The first Colombian joined the religion in 1929[53] and the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in Bogotá in 1944[54] with the beginning of the arrival of coordinated pioneers from the United States and achieved an independent National Spiritual Assembly in 1961.[48] By 1963 there were eleven local assemblies.[29]:16, 19, 77 In the 1980s institutions were developed in Colombia that have influenced activities inside and independent of the religion in other countries: FUNDAEC[55][56] and the Ruhi Institute.[57] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 70000 Bahá'ís in 2005.[31]

Ecuador[edit]

The first mention of Ecuador is in the Tablet to the United States and Canada from 'Abdu'l-Bahá.[51] The first Bahá’í to visit Ecuador was probably Mr. John Stearns who pioneered from Jamestown, New York and took up residence in Quito, the capital of Ecuador and the oldest city of South America in about 1939.[58][59] John conducted a regular weekly radio program featuring recordings of symphonic music with readings from the Bahá’í literature.[60] The first enrollment in Ecuador was Sr. Les Gonzales. The first Ecuadorian Bahá’í was a young intelligent boy with an inquiring mind by the name of Eduardo. Several others soon professed themselves ready to become Bahá’ís.[61] Philip Sprague visited the west coast of South America from Panama to Chile between 1940 and 1944. A Local Spiritual Assembly was formed in 1943.[62] John Stearns passed away in 1944.[63] By 1946, there were additional pioneers and a second Local Assembly formed in Guayaquil, Ecuador.[64] By 1950, the Assemblies in Quito and Guayaquil remained active and there was an isolated believer in Amabato.[65]

Guyana[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith in Guyana was first mentioned in Bahá'í sources as early as 1916,[66] the first Bahá'ís visited as early as 1927[67][68] but the community was founded in Guyana in 1953 with the beginning of the arrival of coordinated pioneers and from Guyanese converts. The community elected the first Bahá'íLocal Spiritual Assembly in 1955 and an independent National Spiritual Assembly in 1977.[69] The country has experienced large migrations[70] and the size of the Bahá'í community has also dramatically changed. In the most recent cycle the 2002 national census showed about 0.1%, or 500, Bahá'ís mostly in three of its Regions though Bahá'ís were noted in every Region.[71] However, by 2005 the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 13,000 Bahá'ís.[31] Bahá'ís are now widely distributed across Guyana and represent all major racial groups and regions.[72] The Bahá'í community, while relatively small, is well known for its emphasis on unity, non-involvement in politics and its work in issues such as literacy and youth issues.[73][74]

Paraguay[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith in Paraguay begins after ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, then head of the religion, mentioned the country in 1916.[51] Paraguayan Maria Casati was the first to join the religion in 1939 when living in Buenos Aires.[75] The first pioneer to settle in Paraguay was Elizabeth Cheney late in 1940[48] and the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Asunción was elected in 1944.[48][76] By 1961 Paraguayan Bahá'ís had elected the first National Spiritual Assembly and by 1963 there were 3 local assemblies plus other communities.[29]:15, 108 Recent estimates of Bahá'ís mention 5500[77] or 10,600[31] though the state Census doesn't mention the Bahá'ís.[78]

Peru[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith in Peru begins with references to Peru in Bahá'í literature as early as 1916, with the firstBahá'ís visiting as early as 1919. A functioning community wasn't founded in Peru until the 1930s with the beginning of the arrival of coordinated pioneers from the United States[48] which progressed into finding national Peruvian converts and achieved an independent national community in 1961.[29]:19, 22, 23, 36, 46, 52, 109 The Association of Religion Data Archives(relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 41,900 Bahá'ís in 2005.[31]

Uruguay[edit]

The Bahá'í Faith in Uruguay begins after ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, then head of the religion, mentioned the country in 1916.[51] The first Bahá'í to enter the country was Martha Root in 1919.[79] The first pioneer to settle there was Wilfrid Barton early in 1940 and the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Montevideo was elected in 1942.[48] By 1961 Uruguayan Bahá'ís had elected the first National Spiritual Assembly and by 1963 there were three Local Assemblies plus other communities.[29]:22, 46, 127 Circa 2001 there was an estimated 4,000 Bahá'ís in Uruguay.[80] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 7,300 Bahá'ís in 2005.[31]

Venezuela[edit]

The first mention of Ecuador is in the Tablet to the United States and Canada from 'Abdu'l-Bahá.[51] In the summer and autumn of 1927, Miss Leonora Stirling Holsapple, a Bahá’í pioneer to Bahia, Brazil visited the United States and on her return she visited a number of territories and countries in the West Indies and South America including Venezuela.[81] In the fall of 1936, Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Blakely made a short visit to Venezuela.[82] In February 1940, Miss Priscilla Rhoads accepted a two year position with a South American family in Miranda, Venezuela to care for their young child, and Emeric and Rosemary Sala settled in Caracas, Venezuela.[83] In the early 1940's, Mrs. Dorothy Baker visited Venezuela.[84] After Shoghi Effendi initiated a Deputization Fund with $5,000 and a cable to the United States Convention, a number of pioneers left for posts in the Americas. Gwen Sholtis went to Venezuela. Gwen sent in her first registration card for Srta. Leonora Marin in 1943.[85] Louise Baker arrived in Caracas in April 1945 and remained on as a pioneer. The first Local Spiritual Assembly was formed in Caracas, Venezuela that year.[86]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "South America. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2001–6. New York, Columbia University Press": "fourth largest continent ..., the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere." Archived from the original 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2017-03-24
  2. ↑ "Countries in Latin America & the Caribbean". lanic.utexas.edu. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  3. ↑ Koontz, Terri. World Studies. Greenville, South Carolina 29614: Bob Jones University Press. ISBN 1-59166-431-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  4. ↑ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1977). Tablets of the Divine Plan. U.S. Bahá’í Publishing Trust. p. 30.
  5. ↑ The Bahá'í Faith: 1844–1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953–1963. Haifa, Israel: Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. 1963. pp. 22, 46.
  6. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 188. View as PDF.
  7. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 188. View as PDF.
  8. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1978). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 16 (1973-1976), Pg(s) 77. View as PDF.
  9. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1978). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 16 (1973-1976), Pg(s) 77. View as PDF.
  10. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 194. View as PDF.
  11. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1952?). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 11 (1946-1950), Pg(s) 38-39. View as PDF.
  12. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1952?). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 11 (1946-1950), Pg(s) 45-46. View as PDF.
  13. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 60. View as PDF.
  14. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 257. View as PDF.
  15. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 258. View as PDF.
  16. ↑ Baha'i News (1961). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 362, Pg(s) 4. View as PDF.
  17. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1974). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 14 (1963-1968), Pg(s) 133. View as PDF.
  18. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 238. View as PDF.
  19. ↑ Baha'i News (1977). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 555, Pg(s) 11. View as PDF.
  20. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1978). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 16 (1973-1976), Pg(s) 219. View as PDF.
  21. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1994). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 19 (1983-1986), Pg(s) 62. View as PDF.
  22. ↑ "33°28'35.1"S 70°30'41.9"W - Google Maps". google.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |day=, |month=, and |deadurl= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  23. ↑ "The Foundation". The Chilean Temple Initiative. The National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States. 2007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ↑ Scott, Alec (2006-07-13). "Higher Power - Toronto architect Siamak Hariri ascends to architectural greatness". Arts - Art & Design. CBC.ca. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ↑ "Fabrication begins on components for Baha'i temple in South America". BWNS. 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  26. ↑ "Die Religion der Bahai - Neues "Haus der Andacht" in Chile". deutschlandfunk.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |day=, |month=, and |deadurl= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Hein, Kurt John (1988). Radio Bahá'í - Ecuador; A Bahá'í Development Project. George Ronald. p. 215 inc. bibliography. ISBN 0-85398-272-4.
  28. ↑ Smith, Peter (2000). "radio; radio stations". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 287–288. ISBN 1-85168-184-1. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 The Bahá'í Faith: 1844–1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953–1963. Haifa, Israel: Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. 1963.
  30. ↑ "Mass Teaching is the only way to tell the people in time". Bahá'í News. No. 483. June 1971. p. 23.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  32. ↑ "'Trail of Light' Native American teaching effort follows North American Baha'i Native Council". Bahá'í News. No. 594. September 1980. pp. 6–7. ISSN 0195-9212.
  33. ↑ "Alaska - A Baha'i community grows, matures". Bahá'í News. No. 607. October 1981. pp. 1–6. ISSN 0195-9212.
  34. ↑ "'Train of Light' completes successful visit". Bahá'í News. No. 656. November 1985. pp. 1–3. ISSN 0195-9212.
  35. ↑ Rhodenbaugh, Molly Marie (August 1999), The Ngöbe Baha'is of Panama (PDF) (MA Thesis in Anthropology), Texas Tech University, pp. 119–123, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2011 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ↑ "Baha'i-inspired educational system for the poor of the world honored by the Club of Budapest". Bahá'í World News Service. Frankfurt, Germany: Bahá’í International Community. 22 December 2002. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  37. ↑ Arbab, Farzam; Correa, Gustavo; de Valcarcel, Francia (1988). "FUNDAEC: Its Principles and its Activities". CELATER, Cali, Colombia. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  38. ↑ "Historical Overview". Official Website of FUNDAEC. FUNDAEC. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  39. ↑ "Rural Community-based System for University-level Education". International Development Research Centre. 13 March 1998. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ↑ "Statement of purpose and methods". Official Website of the Ruhi Institute. The Ruhi Foundation. 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
  41. ↑ (December 1998). "Extracts From Messages Written By The Universal House Of Justice On The Four Year Plan Related To Training Institutes". The Bahá'í Community of Guelph. Retrieved on 2010-05-12.
  42. ↑ Closson, Rosemary B.; Sylvia Kaye (Jan 1, 2007). "Understanding the Bahá'í Ruhi Institute: A Global Faith-Based Adult Education Process". Adult Learning. 18 (9): 9–11. doi:10.1177/104515950701800103. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
  43. ↑ Stephan Z. Mortensen (2008). The Ruhi Institute Curriculum: A Qualitative Study. ProQuest. ISBN 978-0-549-61544-6. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  44. ↑ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0877432333.
  45. ↑ "Inter-America Addresses". Bahá'í News. No. 142. March 1941. p. 4.
  46. ↑ "Inter-America News; Bolivia". Bahá'í News. No. 176. August 1945. p. 9.
  47. ↑ "Canton Huanuni Indian Assembly Formed In Bolivia". Bahá'í News. No. 323. February 1958. pp. 9–10.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 Lamb, Artemus (November 1995). The Beginnings of the Bahá'í Faith in Latin America:Some Remembrances, English Revised and Amplified Edition. 1405 Killarney Drive, West Linn OR, 97068, United States of America: M L VanOrman Enterprises.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  49. ↑ "Bolivia". National Profiles > > Regions > Central America >. Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  50. ↑ Ruhe-Schoen, Janet (2007). An Enchantment of the Heart – A Portrait of Marcia Steward, Knight of Bahá’u’lláh, First Bahá’í Pioneer to Chile and the Marshall Islands (PDF). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1991) [1916–17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
  52. ↑ Universal House of Justice (1986). In Memoriam. pp. 733–736. ISBN 0-85398-234-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  53. ↑ "Around the World; Colombia". Bahá'í News. No. 577. April 1979. p. 19. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  54. ↑ "Bahá'ís of Bogotá…". Bahá'í News. No. 172. December 1944. p. 11. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  55. ↑ CRECE: Centro de Estudios Regionales, Cafeteros y Empresariales (August 2001). "Successful Alternatives for Rural Education: Tutorial Learning System (TLS) and New School Methodology Rural Post-Primary". Regional Policy Dialogue on Education and Human Resources Training Network, Second Meeting: Secondary Education, Manizales, Colombia: Inter-American Development Bank. Retrieved on May 5, 2008. 
  56. ↑ "Canada – Association's 8th annual Conference". Bahá'í News. No. 634. January 1984. pp. 8–10. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  57. ↑ "The World; Honduras". Bahá'í News. No. 648. March 1985. p. 13. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  58. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1942). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 8 (1938-1940), Pg(s) 37. View as PDF.
  59. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1942). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 8 (1938-1940), Pg(s) 146. View as PDF.
  60. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 44. View as PDF.
  61. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 196. View as PDF.
  62. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 197. View as PDF.
  63. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1949). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 10 (1944-1946), Pg(s) 540. View as PDF.
  64. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1949). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 10 (1944-1946), Pg(s) 81. View as PDF.
  65. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1952?). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 11 (1946-1950), Pg(s) 567. View as PDF.
  66. ↑ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
  67. ↑ prepared under the supervision of the Universal House of Justice. (1986), "In Memoriam", The Bahá'í World, Bahá'í World Centre, XVIII: 733–736, 809–811, ISBN 0-85398-234-1
  68. ↑ "A brief history". Official Webpage of the National Assembly of the Baha'is of Guyana. National Assembly of the Baha'is of Guyana. 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
  69. ↑ "Six pillars added to House of Justice; Surinam and Fr. Guiana". Bahá'í News. No. 555. June 1977. pp. 8–9.
  70. ↑ Beaie, Sonkarley Tiatun (19 September 2007). "Chapter I - National Populations Trends: Size, Growth, and Distribution" (pdf). Population and Housing Census. Bureau of Statistics Guyana. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  71. ↑ Beaie, Sonkarley Tiatun (19 September 2007). "Chapter II - Population Composition" (pdf). Population and Housing Census. Bureau of Statistics Guyana. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  72. ↑ "Population and Housing Census 2002 Census" (PDF). Statistics Bureau. 2002. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  73. ↑ "Independent Evaluation of Youth Can Move the World". Varqa Foundation. July 2000. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  74. ↑ "Religion can help fight AIDS, says study" (PDF). One Country. Dec 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  75. ↑ Cameron, G.; Momen, W. (1996). A Basic Bahá'í Chronology. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 254, 263, 458. ISBN 0-85398-404-2.
  76. ↑ Effendi, Shoghi (1944). God Passes By. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 399. ISBN 0-87743-020-9.
  77. ↑ "Republic of Paraguay". Operation World. Paternoster Lifestyle. 2001. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  78. ↑ "CUADRO P11: PARAGUAY: Población de 10 años y más por grupos de edad, según área urbana-rural, sexo y religión, 2002" (pdf). Paraguay. Resultados Finales Censo Nacional de Población y Viviendas. Año 2002 – Total País. DGEEC, Gov of Paraguay. 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  79. ↑ Allmar, Husayn (2007). "Martha Root's Journey to Chile". The Chilean Temple Initiative. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United State. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
  80. ↑ U.S. State Department (2001). "Uruguay -International Religious Freedom Report 2001". The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair. Archived from the original on 7 August 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  81. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1928). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 2 (1926-1928), Pg(s) 27. View as PDF.
  82. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 188. View as PDF.
  83. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1942). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 8 (1938-1940), Pg(s) 37. View as PDF.
  84. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 87-88. View as PDF.
  85. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 187. View as PDF.
  86. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1949). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 10 (1944-1946), Pg(s) 79. View as PDF.

Books[edit]

  • Academic American Encyclopedia. Grolier Academic Reference. 1998. ISBN 0-7172-2068-0.
  • Chernow, Barbara A.; Vallasi, George A. (1993). The Columbia Encyclopedia. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-62438-X.
  • The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition. Brill. 1960. Ref DS37.E523.
  • Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (second ed.). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 0-02-865733-0.
  • O'Brien, Joanne; Palmer, Martin (2005). Religions of the World. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-6258-7.

See Also[edit]



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