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Categories: Africa • People

Africa is the second largest continent in the world, making up about a fifth of the world's land.[1] It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Indian Ocean to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. There are 54 fully recognised and independent countries in Africa, and 14.7% (1.216 billion) of the world's population lives there.[1]

The Bahá'í Faith in Africa has a diverse history. It is the third most widespread of the organized Abrahamic religions in Africa after Christianity and Islam.[2] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) lists many large and smaller Bahá'í populations in Africa,[3] with Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa and Zambia among the top ten numerical populations of Bahá'ís in the world in 2005, and with Mauritius among the highest in terms of percentage of national population.

Bahá'u'lláh, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi all travelled to Africa at various times.

History[edit]

Ministry of Bahá'u'lláh[edit]

The earliest presence the Bahá'í Faith in Africa was likely in Egypt with Bahá'ís arriving in the country as early as 1863,[4] with Hájí Mírzá Haydar-`Alí being arrested for teaching the Faith in the country and exiled to Khartoum in either 1862 or 1863. He remained imprisoned in Sudan for nine years.[5][6][7] Bahá'u'lláh was briefly in Egypt in 1868 during His exile to `Akká from Edirne.[8]

Notable Bahá'ís present in Africa during the Ministry of Bahá'u'lláh include Nabíl-i-A`zam, who was imprisoned in Egypt in 1868,[9] and Robert Felkin, who later became a Bahá'í, who published a number of books in Egypt in the 1880s.[10] In 1892 two Bahá'ís traveled to the West from Egypt and were responsible for the earliest American Bahá'ís around 1894.[11] The first Egyptians to become Bahá'ís accepted the Faith some time prior to 1896.[12]

Ministry of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá[edit]

Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl-i-Gulpáygání

Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl, was an early prominent Bahá'í to live in Africa and was instrumental in the early activity of the community of Egypt during the Ministry of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. He moved to Cairo in 1894 and lived there for several years, teaching the Faith during his time there.[12][13] He was successful in converting some thirty of the students of Al-Azhar University, the foremost institution of learning in the Sunni Muslim world, and also became friends with writers and magazine publishers, with many articles that he authored appearing in the Egyptian press. When Nasiru'd-Din Shah was assassinated in Iran in 1896 an enemy of the Bahá'ís, Za`imu'd-Dawlih, spread a rumour that the assassination had been performed by Bahá'ís in order to cause a massacre of the Bahá'ís in Egypt. Abu'l-Fadl defended the Bahá'ís and stated that he himself was a Bahá'í and al-Azhar University later decreed that he was an infidel.[12]

Abdu’l-Bahá

‘Abdu’l-Bahá lived in Egypt for several years and met with several western Bahá'ís there including Stanwood Cobb,[14] Wellesley Tudor Pole,[15] Isabella Grinevskaya,[16] and Louis George Gregory, later the first Hand of the Cause of African descent.[4] ‘Abdu’l-Bahá then embarked on several trips to the West taking an ocean liner for the first one on August 11, 1911.[17] He left on the next trip left March 25, 1912.[18] One of the earliest Bahá'ís of the west and a Disciple of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Lua M. Getsinger, died in 1916 and she was buried in Egypt[19] near Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl.

‘Abdu’l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the followers of the religion in the United States in 1916-1917; these letters were compiled together in the book Tablets of the Divine Plan. The eighth and twelfth of the tablets mentioned Africa and were written on 19 April 1916 and 15 February 1917, respectively. Publication however was delayed in the United States until 1919—after the end of the First World War and the Spanish flu. The tablets were translated and presented by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab on 4 April 1919, and published in Star of the West magazine on 12 December 1919.[20] ‘Abdu’l-Bahá mentions Bahá'ís traveling "…especially from America to Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, and travel through Japan and China. Likewise, from Germany teachers and believers may travel to the continents of America, Africa, Japan and China; in brief, they may travel through all the continents and islands of the globe"[21] and " …the anthem of the oneness of the world of humanity may confer a new life upon all the children of men, and the tabernacle of universal peace be pitched on the apex of America; thus Europe and Africa may become vivified with the breaths of the Holy Spirit, this world may become another world, the body politic may attain to a new exhilaration…."[22]

Ministry of Shoghi Effendi[edit]

Shoghi Effendi, who was appointed the leader of the religion after ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's death, travelled through Africa in 1929 and again in 1940.[23]

Shoghi Effendi at the time of becoming Guardian in 1921. Taken in Haifa.

The history of the religion in Kenya has an interesting precursor. Before joining the religion, Richard St. Barbe Baker served in the country in 1920 under the Colonial Office as Assistant Conservator of Forests.[24] There he saw the wide scale deforestation[25] going on. While there he intervened in a case of a colonial officer against a Kikuyu worker - taking a blow aimed at the worker. The struggle would eventually alienate him from the service.[24] He developed a plan for re-forestation where food crops were planted between rows of young native trees. Because of lack of funds St. Barbe consulted with the Kenyans themselves, approaching the Kikuyu Chiefs and Elders, and together they arranged for three thousand tribal warriors to come to his camp and with the assistance of the Chiefs fifty were selected to be the first Men of the Trees. They promised before Ngai, the High God, that they would protect the native forest, plant ten native trees each year, and take care of trees everywhere. Immediately then leaving Kenya, St. Barbe offered a paper at a Congress of Living Religions in the Commonwealth about the Bantu religion following which he was introduced to the Bahá'í Faith because of "his genuine interest in another's religion struck a sympathetic chord with the Bahá'í principles."[24][26]

At the other extreme of the continent the Bahá'í Faith in South Africa struggled with issues under the segregated social pattern and laws of Apartheid in South Africa. The Bahá'í community decided that instead of dividing the South African Bahá'í community into two population groups, one black and one white, they instead limited membership in the Bahá'í administration to black adherents, and placed the entire Bahá'í community under the leadership of its black population.[27][28][29] In 1997 the National Spiritual Assembly presented a Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa which said in part:

Abhorring all forms of prejudice and rejecting any system of segregation, the Bahá'í Faith was introduced on a one to one basis and the community quietly grew during the apartheid years, without publicity. Despite the nature of the politics of that time, we presented our teachings on unity and the oneness of humankind to prominent individuals in politics, commerce and academia and leaders of thought including State Presidents.... [b]oth individual Bahá'ís and our administrative institutions were continually watched by the security police.... Our activities did not include opposition to the previous Government for involvement in partisan politics and opposition to government are explicitly prohibited by the sacred Texts of our Faith.... During the time when the previous Government prohibited integration within our communities, rather than divide into separate administrative structures for each population group, we opted to limit membership of the Bahá'í Administration to the black adherents who were and remain in the majority of our membership and thereby placed the entire Bahá'í community under the stewardship of its black membership.... The pursuit of our objectives of unity and equality has not been without costs. The "white" Bahá'ís were often ostracized by their white neighbours for their association with "non-whites". The Black Bahá'ís were subjected to scorn by their black compatriots for their lack of political action and their complete integration with their white Bahá'í brethren.[27][28][29][30]

To the west the Bahá'í Faith in Morocco began about 1946.[31][32]

Enoch Olinga

Wide-scale growth in the religion across Sub-Saharan Africa was observed to begin in the 1950s and extend in the 1960s.[33] In 1953 the Bahá'ís initiated a Ten Year Crusade during which a number of Bahá'ís pioneered to various parts of Africa following the requests of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.[34][35] It was emphasized that western pioneers be self-effacing and focus their efforts not on the colonial leadership but on the native Africans[36] - and that the pioneers must show by actions the sincerity of their sense of service to the Africans in bringing the religion and then the Africans who understand their new religion were to be given freedom to rise up and spread the religion according to their own sensibilities and the pioneers to disperse or step into the background.[36] Among the figures of the religion in Africa the most senior African historically would be Enoch Olinga. In 1953 he became the first Bahá'í pioneer to British Cameroon, (moving from Uganda) and was given the title Knight of Bahá'u'lláh for that country.[37] Ali Nakhjavani, and his wife along with Olinga and two other Bahá'ís travelled from Uganda to Cameroon - the other Bahá'ís were dropped along the way in other countries. As the number of Bahá'ís grew in Cameroon new Bahá'ís left the immediate region to pioneer in other surrounding areas, each becoming a Knight of Bahá'u'lláh including Ghana, and Togo. Because of the successive waves of people becoming Knights of Bahá'u'lláh, Enoch Olinga was entitled "Abd'l-Futuh", a Persian name meaning "the father of victories" by Shoghi Effendi.[38] He was appointed as the youngest[39] Hand of the Cause, the highest appointed position in the religion. A biography published in 1984 examined his impact in Cameroon and beyond.[40]

Contemporary history[edit]

Bahá'í House of Worship, Kampala, Uganda.

Troubles have characterized the experience of the Bahá'ís across the Saharan countries. In 1960 with a regime change in Egypt, the Bahá'ís lost all rights as an organized religious community[41] by Law 263[42] at the decree of then-President Gamal Abdel Nasser,[43] which specified a minimum sentence of six months' imprisonment or a fine for any organized activities of the Bahá'ís.[4] All Bahá'í community properties, including Bahá'í centers, libraries, and cemeteries, were confiscated by the government[42] except the cemetery Al-Rawda Al-Abadeyya.[44] Obedience to the government is a core principle of the religion.[45] In 1963 the arrests of Bahá'ís in Morocco had gotten attention from Hassan II of Morocco, US Senator Kenneth B. Keating[46] and Roger Nash Baldwin, then Chairman of the International League for the Rights of Man[47] and would echo in analyses of politics of Morocco for years to come.[48][49]

South of the Sahara, it was a different story. Wide-scale growth in the religion across Sub-Saharan Africa was observed to begin in the 1950s and extend in the 1960s.[33] The foundation stone of the Bahá'í House of Worship in Uganda was laid in January 1958, and it was dedicated on January 13, 1961. The building is more than 130 feet (39 m) high, and over 100 meters in diameter at the base. The green dome is made of fixed mosaic tiles from Italy, and the lower roof tiles are from Belgium. The walls of the temple are of precast stone quarried in Uganda. The colored glass in the wall panels was brought from Germany. The timber used for making the doors and benches was from Uganda. The 50-acre (Template:Hid200,000 m²) property includes the House of Worship, extensive gardens, a guest house, and an administrative center.[50] Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khanum and then chairman of the central regional National Assembly Ali Nakhjavani embarked on 15 days of visiting Bahá'ís through Uganda and Kenya including seeing three regional conferences on the progress of the religion, staying in homes of fellow believers, and other events. She talked to audiences about the future of African Bahá'ís and their role in the religion.[51] She visited Africa again on several trips from 1969 to 1973.[52] In Ethiopia she was received by Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia.[53] In the half hour interview she communicated how she had long admired him because of the way he had conducted himself in the face of the many trials and hardships of his life, and by the way he had overcome them. Selassie gave her a gold medal from his Coronation.[54]

These two regions—north and central Africa—interacted closely in the 1970s. As part of a sweep across several Sub-Saharan countries, the Bahá'í Faith was banned in the 1970s in several countries: Burundi (1974); Mali (1976); Uganda (1977); Congo (1978); Niger 1978. Uganda had had the largest Bahá'í community in Africa at the time.[55]

The Bahá'í Faith is currently the third largest international religion in Chad[57][58] and Kenya.[59]

More recently the roughly 2000[44] Bahá'ís of Egypt have been embroiled in the Egyptian identification card controversy from 2006[60] through 2009.[61] Since then there have been homes burned down and families driven out of towns.[62] On the other hand, Sub-Saharan Bahá'ís were able to mobilize for regional conferences called for by the Universal House of Justice 20 October 2008 to celebrate recent achievements in grassroots community-building and to plan their next steps in organizing in their home areas. Resulting conferences were held in:[63]

  • Lusaka, Zambia was first (among the 750 participants, 550 were from Zambia, 80 from Zimbabwe and 120 from Malawi.)[64]
  • Nakuru, Kenya, (700 Kenyans, 200 Bahá’ís from Uganda, 100 from Tanzania, and 42 from Ethiopia, four came from Mozambique and three from Southern Sudan.)[65]
  • Johannesburg, South Africa, (expecting a maximum of 850 people, but more than 1,000 came the first day and about 1,150 the second day.)[66]
  • Bangui, Central African Republic, (planned for 200 or 300 people but realized early on that they might get double or triple that number. The revised estimates turned out to be correct – when the Baha’is arrived, the conference hall was overflowing with 831 people.)[67]
  • Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo, (with a war close at hand 776 people from attending with 13 people were able to make it from Burundi and four from Rwanda.)[68]
  • Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, (more than 1,000 attending.)[69]
  • Yaoundé, Cameroon, (some 1,200 participants included 90 from Chad, 45 from Congo, 18 from Equatorial Guinea, 20 from Gabon, and 10 from São Tomé and Príncipe, with a high percentage of those attending were youth, ages 12 to 22. )[70]
  • Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, (1,200 participants including people from Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, and Sierra Leone attended.)[71]
  • Accra, Ghana, (about 950 participants were from Ghana itself, joined by 156 Baha’is from Benin, 140 from Burkina Faso, four from Cape Verde, three from Guinea Bissau, 106 from Niger, 137 from Nigeria and about 200 from Togo.)[72]

Countries[edit]

Country Area
(km²) 		Population Year Density
(per km²) 		Capital
Northern Africa
 Algeria 2,381,740 34,178,188 2009 14 Algiers
 Canary Islands (Spain) 7,492 2,118,519 2010 226 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
 Ceuta (Spain) 20 71,505 2001 3,575 —
 Egypt 1,001,450 82,868,000 2012 83 Cairo
 Libya 1,759,540 6,310,434 2009 4 Tripoli
 Madeira (Portugal) 797 245,000 2001 307 Funchal
 Melilla (Spain) 12 66,411 2001 5,534 —
 Morocco 446,550 34,859,364 2009 78 Rabat
 Sudan 1,861,484 30,894,000 2008 17 Khartoum
 Tunisia 163,610 10,486,339 2009 64 Tunis
 Western Sahara 266,000 405,210 2009 2 El Aaiún
Horn of Africa
 Djibouti 23,000 623,891 2012 22 Djibouti
 Eritrea 121,320 5,647,168 2009 47 Asmara
 Ethiopia 1,127,127 84,320,987 2012 75 Addis Ababa
 Somalia 637,657 9,832,017 2009 15 Mogadishu
East Africa
 Burundi 27,830 8,988,091 2009 323 Bujumbura
 Comoros 2,170 752,438 2009 347 Moroni
 Kenya 582,650 39,002,772 2009 66 Nairobi
 Madagascar 587,040 20,653,556 2009 35 Antananarivo
 Malawi 118,480 14,268,711 2009 120 Lilongwe
 Mauritius 2,040 1,284,264 2009 630 Port Louis
 Mayotte (France) 374 223,765 2009 490 Mamoudzou
 Mozambique 801,590 21,669,278 2009 27 Maputo
 Réunion (France) 2,512 743,981 2002 296 Saint-Denis
 Rwanda 26,338 10,473,282 2009 398 Kigali
 Seychelles 455 87,476 2009 192 Victoria
 South Sudan 619,745 8,260,490 2008 13 Juba
 Tanzania 945,087 44,929,002 2009 43 Dodoma
 Uganda 236,040 32,369,558 2009 137 Kampala
 Zambia 752,614 11,862,740 2009 16 Lusaka
 Zimbabwe 390,580 11,392,629 2009 29 Harare
Central Africa
 Angola 1,246,700 12,799,293 2009 10 Luanda
 Cameroon 475,440 18,879,301 2009 40 Yaoundé
 Central African Republic 622,984 4,511,488 2009 7 Bangui
 Chad 1,284,000 10,329,208 2009 8 N'Djamena
 Republic of the Congo 342,000 4,012,809 2009 12 Brazzaville
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,345,410 69,575,000 2012 30 Kinshasa
 Equatorial Guinea 28,051 633,441 2009 23 Malabo
 Gabon 267,667 1,514,993 2009 6 Libreville
 São Tomé and Príncipe 1,001 212,679 2009 212 São Tomé
Southern Africa
 Botswana 600,370 1,990,876 2009 3 Gaborone
 Lesotho 30,355 2,130,819 2009 70 Maseru
 Namibia 825,418 2,108,665 2009 3 Windhoek
 South Africa 1,219,912 51,770,560 2011 42 Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pretoria
 Swaziland 17,363 1,123,913 2009 65 Mbabane
West Africa
 Benin 112,620 8,791,832 2009 78 Porto-Novo
 Burkina Faso 274,200 15,746,232 2009 57 Ouagadougou
 Cape Verde 4,033 429,474 2009 107 Praia
 Côte d'Ivoire 322,460 20,617,068 2009 64 Abidjan, Yamoussoukro
 Gambia 11,300 1,782,893 2009 158 Banjul
 Ghana 239,460 23,832,495 2009 100 Accra
 Guinea 245,857 10,057,975 2009 41 Conakry
 Guinea-Bissau 36,120 1,533,964 2009 43 Bissau
 Liberia 111,370 3,441,790 2009 31 Monrovia
 Mali 1,240,000 12,666,987 2009 10 Bamako
 Mauritania 1,030,700 3,129,486 2009 3 Nouakchott
 Niger 1,267,000 15,306,252 2009 12 Niamey
 Nigeria 923,768 166,629,000 2012 180 Abuja
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) 420 7,728 2012 13 Jamestown
 Senegal 196,190 13,711,597 2009 70 Dakar
 Sierra Leone 71,740 6,440,053 2009 90 Freetown
 Togo 56,785 6,019,877 2009 106 Lomé
  Africa Total 30,368,609 1,001,320,281 2009 33

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sayre, April Pulley (1999). Africa. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-7613-1367-0.
  2. ↑ Lee, Anthony A. (November 1997). "The Baha'i Church of Calabar, West Africa: The Problem of Levels in Religious History". Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies. 01 (06).
  3. ↑ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hassall, Graham (c. 2000). "Egypt: Baha'i history". Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies: Bahá'í Communities by country. Bahá'í Online Library. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
  5. ↑ Bábí and the Bahá’í Religions, The, 1844–1944, Some Contemporary Western Accounts. Moojan Momen, George Ronald, Oxford, 1981., p 257
  6. ↑ Bahá’u’lláh, The King of Glory. H.M. Balyuzi, George Ronald, Oxford, 1980., p 250
  7. ↑ Stories from the Delight of Hearts: Memoirs of Hájí Mírzá Haydar-‘Alí. A.Q. Faizí, Kalimát Press, Los Angeles, 1980., pp 32-66
  8. ↑ Smith, Peter (2008). An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 0521862515.
  9. ↑ Balyuzi, H.M. (1985). Eminent Bahá'ís in the time of Bahá'u'lláh. The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton. pp. 268–270. ISBN 0853981523.
  10. ↑ Arohanui, Introduction by Collis Featherstone.
  11. ↑ Van den Hoonaard, Willy Carl (1996). The origins of the Bahá'í community of Canada, 1898-1948. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780889202726.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Momen, Moojan (2002-03-04). "Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani, Mirza". Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  13. ↑ Smith, Peter (2000), "Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání, Mírzá Muḥammad" (PDF), A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, pp. 22–23, ISBN 1-85168-184-1, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2011.
  14. ↑ "Glimpsing Early Bahá'í Pilgrimages". Bahá'í News (498): 6. October 1972.
  15. ↑ Graham Hassall (2006-10-01). "Egypt: Baha'i history". Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  16. ↑ Hassall, Graham (1993). "Notes on the Babi and Baha'i Religions in Russia and its territories". Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 5 (3): 41–80, 86. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  17. ↑ "International Council Reviews Progress in Baha'i World Community". Bahá'í News (369): 6. December 1961.
  18. ↑ Abbas, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1929). ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in Egypt. Translated by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab.
  19. ↑ Sears, William; Robert Quigley. The Flame. George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 9780853980308.
  20. ↑ Abbas, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Translated by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab.
  21. ↑ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 47–59. ISBN 0877432333.
  22. ↑ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 82–89. ISBN 0877432333.
  23. ↑ Bahá'í International Community (2003-12-31). "Generation expresses gratitude". BWNS. Bahá'í International Community. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Universal House of Justice (1986). In Memoriam. pp. 619, 632, 802–4 and Table of Contents. ISBN 0853982341. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  25. ↑ Adapted from materials provided by Stanford University, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS. (2007-04-13). "Ancient Coral Reef Tells The History Of Kenya's Soil Erosion". Science Daily.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  26. ↑ "United Kingdom; Richard St. Barbe Baker: 1889-1982". Bahá'í News (619): 7. October 1982. ISSN 0195-9212.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report (1998-10-29). "Regional Profile: Eastern Cape and Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Eastern Cape". Volume Three - Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: 32, 146, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of South Africa (1997-11-19). "Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission". Official Webpage. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of South Africa. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (1998-10-29). "various chapters". Volume Four - Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: paragraphs 6, 27, 75, 84, 102, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 
  30. ↑ Reber, Pat (1999-05-02). "Baha'i Church Shooting Verdicts in". South Africa Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  31. ↑ "News of Other Lands; Geneva Bahá'í Bureau". Bahá'í News (183): 9. July 1946.
  32. ↑ "Legal Recognition, Increase in Centers Reported in Morocco". Bahá'í News (327): 14. May 1958.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Overview Of World Religions". General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  34. ↑ Hassall, Graham (c. 2000). "Egypt: Baha'i history". Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies: Bahá'í Communities by country. Bahá'í Online Library. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
  35. ↑ G. Cameron; W. Momen (1996). A Basic Bahá'í Chronology. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 301, 304–5, 306, 308, 328, 329, 331, 354–359, 375, 400, 435, 440–441. ISBN 0-85398-404-2.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "United States Africa Teaching Committee; Goals for this year". Bahá'í News (283): 10–11. September 1954.
  37. ↑ Mughrab, Jan (2004). "Jubilee Celebration in Cameroon" (PDF). Bahá'í Journal of the Bahá'í Community of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Vol. 20, no. 05. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United Kingdom.
  38. ↑ Bahá'í International Community (2003-09-23). "Cameroon celebrates golden time". Bahá'í World News Service.
  39. ↑ Lee, Anthony A. (2005). "Enoch Olinga". In Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates Jr, Henry Louis. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience. 1 (Revised‌ ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 278–279. 
  40. ↑ "Enoch Olinga: The pioneering years". Bahá'í News (638): 4–9. May 1984. ISSN 0195-9212.
  41. ↑ "Baha'i community of Egypt". Official Website of the Bahá'ís of Australia. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Australia. Archived from the original on 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 U.S. Department of State (2004-09-15). "Egypt: International Religious Freedom Report". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  43. ↑ U.S. Department of State (2001-10-26). "Egypt: International Religious Freedom Report". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 El-Hennawy, Noha (September 2006). "The Fourth Faith?". Egypt Today. Archived from the original on January 13, 2007. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  45. ↑ Amnesty International (October 1996). "Dhabihullah Mahrami: Prisoner of Conscience" (PDF). AI INDEX: MDE 13/34/96. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  46. ↑ Rabbani, R. (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá'í World Centre. pp. 414–419. ISBN 0-85398-350-X.
  47. ↑ Cameron, G.; Momen, W. (1996). A Basic Bahá'í Chronology. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 301, 304–5, 306, 308, 328, 329, 331, 354–359, 375, 400, 435, 440–441. ISBN 0-85398-404-2.
  48. ↑ Cohen, Mark L.; Lorna Hahn (1966). Morocco: old land, new nation. Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 141–146.
  49. ↑ Abdelilah, Bouasria. "The other 'Commander of the faithful': Morocco's King Mohammed VI's religious policy". World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies. European Institute of the Mediterranean. Retrieved 2010-06-07. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  50. ↑ UGPulse Uganda
  51. ↑ "Hand of Cause Visits African Villages". Bahá'í News (362): 6–9. May 1961.
  52. ↑ Greg Watson, ed. (2001). "transcript of talks given by Mr. Nakhjavani and his wife". Informal Talks by Notable Figures. Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  53. ↑ Bahá'í International Community (March 2000). "Madame Rúhíyyih Rabbáni, leading Bahá'í dignitary, passes away in Haifa". One Country. Bahá'í International Community. 11 (04). Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  54. ↑ Nakhjavani, Violette. The Great African Safari - The travels of RúhíyyihKhánum in Africa, 1969-73. George Ronald Publisher Ltd. pp. 27–32. ISBN 978-0-85398-456-6.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Smith, Peter; Momen, Moojan (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19 (01): 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  56. ↑ compiled by Wagner, Ralph D. "NIGER". Synopsis of References to the Bahá'í Faith, in the US State Department's Reports on Human Rights 1991-2000. Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  57. ↑ "Country Profile: Chad". Religious Intelligence. Religious Intelligence. http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=122. Retrieved 2008-11-17. 
  58. ↑ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  59. ↑ "Kenya". National Profiles > > Regions > Eastern Africa >. Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  60. ↑ Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (2006-12-16). "Government Must Find Solution for Baha'i Egyptians". eipr.org. Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
  61. ↑ Gonn, Adam (2009-02-24). "Victory In Court For Egyptian Baha'i". Cairo, Egypt: AHN. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-24. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  62. ↑ Reuters (2009-04-03). "Baha`i Homes Attacked in Egypt Village". Egypt: Javno.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  63. ↑ "Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan; November 2008–March 2009". Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  64. ↑ "The Lusaka Regional Conference; 1–2 November 2008". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  65. ↑ "The Nakuru Regional Conference; 8–9 November 2008". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  66. ↑ "The Johannesburg Regional Conference; 8–9 November 2008". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  67. ↑ "The Bangui Regional Conference; 15–16 November 2008". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  68. ↑ "The Uvira Regional Conference; 15–16 November 2008". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  69. ↑ "The Lubumbashi Regional Conference; 22–23 November 2008". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  70. ↑ "The Yaoundé Regional Conference; 29–30 November 2008". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  71. ↑ "The Abidjan Regional Conference; 3–4 January 2009". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  72. ↑ "The Accra Regional Conference; 21–22 February 2009". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Bahá’í International Community. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-21.


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