West Indies

Map of the Intilles with Island Groups

The West Indies is an island subregion of the Americas bordered by the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It is composed of 13 independent countries and 18 dependencies in three archipelagos: The Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Lucayan Archipelago. The Greater and Lesser Antilles are sometimes simply referred to as the Antilles.

Island Groups[edit]

The islands of the West Indies present a mixture of the native cultures and the colonizing countries that settled there along with the effects of the slave trade that passed through the islands. The colonizing forces included the Spanish, Swedes, Denmark, British, French, the Netherlands, and the United States. By the early to mid 20th century only Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States had territories in the West Indies. Most of the colonies became independent since then. There are several ways to arrange the the islands, for this article they will be arranged as outlined on the map.

Saint Martin Island provides an interesting scenario. The island is divided between the Netherlands territory of Sint Maarten in the southern part of the Island and the French territory of Saint Martin. It has been so divided since 1648 but maintains an open border between the two sides. Unification of the island is supported by the population of both sides. However, the Netherlands and France continue to resist the unification.[1]

Northern Islands[edit]

Greater Antilles[edit]

The Greater Antilles are composed of a few of the larger islands lying in the northern Caribbean and a few others in the Caribbean Sea and south of the Gulf of Mexico. They are[3]:

Virgin Islands[edit]

The Virgin Islands are divided between the British and United States. The Virgin Islands generally form part of the larger Leeward Island and Lesser Antilles groups but are kept separate here as they are generally referred to as the Virgin Islands in the Bahá’í literature and eventually are all part of the National Assembly of the Virgin Islands.


Leeward Islands[edit]

The Leeward Islands represent the northern region of the Lesser Antilles composed of[4]:

French Antilles[edit]

Windward Islands[edit]

The Windward Islands represent the central to southern part of the Antilles consisting of[5]:

Leeward Antilles[edit]

A Leeward Antilles is a chain of islands in the southern part of the Lesser Antilles along the southeastern fringe of the Caribbean Sea just north of Venezuela (not part of the Leeward Islands). They include [6]:

  • ABC Islands (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
  • Federal Dependencies of Venezuela
    • La Blanquilla Island
    • La Orchila Island
    • La Sola Island
    • La Tortuga Island
    • Las Aves Archipelago
    • Los Frailes Archipelago
    • Los Hermanos Archipelago
    • Los Monjes Archipelago
    • Los Roques Archipelago
    • Los Testigos Islands
    • Patos Island
  • State of Nueva Esparta (Venezuela)
    • Coche Island
    • Cubaguq Island
    • Margarita Island
  • State of Falcón (Venezuela)
    • Paraguaná Cora Island

Southern Islands[edit]

These islands are somewhat separate from the other island groups

Bahá’í History[edit]

The goals of the various plans were often vague as to exactly which islands were included. Sometimes the islands are referred to in groups such as the East Leeward and West Leeward Islands which are not well defined. Another example is the island of Saint Martin. The island is divided between the French territory of Saint Martin and the Dutch territory of Sint Maarten. Several of the references are simply to Saint Martin.

Early Developments[edit]

The West Indies are mentioned in the Tablets of the Divine Plan, a collection of tablets written by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in 1916 to 1917 to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. In the "Tablet to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada" written on April 8, 1916, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá states:

Likewise the islands of the West Indies, such as Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the islands of the Lesser Antilles, Bahama Islands, even the small Watling Island, have great importance; especially the two black republics, Haiti and Santo Domingo, situated in the cluster of the Greater Antilles. Likewise the cluster of the islands of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean have importance.[9]

Then on March 8, 1917, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá wrote to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada:

Therefore, O ye believers of God in the United States and Canada! Select ye importantpersonages, or else they by themselves, becoming severed from rest and composure of the world, may arise and travel throughout ... the group of the West Indies islands, such as Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Santo Domingo, and the group of islands of the Lesser Antilles, the Islands of Bahama and the Islands of Bermuda...[10]

In 1927 Miss Holsapple visited the United States from Bahia Brazil and as she returned, she made contact with individuals and groups in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Curacao, Danish West Indies and Barbados.[11]

From 1932 to 1938, Miss Ella Robarts was spreading the Faith in Bridgetown, Barbados.[12][13][14][15] Leonora Holsapple visited some of the islands of the West Indies including Barbados where Miss Ella Robarts was residing. In about 1933, Keith Ransom-Kehler visited several of the West Indies islands.[16][17]

The First Seven Year Plan for America[edit]

In the American Seven Year Plan (1937-1944) the goals for the West Indies were combined with those for Central America. The National Convention of 1939 marked the beginning of intensified efforts to settle in Latin America and the West Indies. Philip Marangella returned to Havana, Cuba for an extended stay and Miss Margaret Lentz went to the Dominican Republic where she remained until 1944. Miss Gwen Sholtis arrived in the Dominican Republic in 1944 when Miss Lentz returned to the United States.[18][19]

In 1937 Mr. and Mrs. Louis Gregory spent some time in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Mr. and Mrs. Shaw stopped in Haiti before going to Jamaica. In a casual conversation with three ladies on a street corner, Mrs. Shaw learned that one of them had worked for Mrs. Maxwell in Montreal and had attended Bahá’í meetings there. In 1940, Mrs. Ruth Blackwell replaced the Shaws in Port-au-Princes, Haiti and was later assisted by Mr. Ellsworth Blackwell. In 1941 Mrs. Amelia Bates visited Haiti.[20][21]

In 1940, Miss Rouhiyyih Jones and Mrs. Katherine Disdier pioneered to Puerto Rico. In 1942, Mrs. Ella Guthrie, Mrs. Edith Marangella, Mrs. Ayned McComb, and Mr. Lucien McComb joined them. In 1943, they formed a Local Spiritual Assembly.[22]

In 1940, Mr. and Mrs. John Shaw resided in Kingston, Jamaica for several months. From 1942 to 1943, Dr. Malcolm King pioneered there. An Assembly was formed in 1943.[23]

In 1940 to 1941, Mr. and Mrs. Philip Marangella were teaching in Havana. In 1940-191 Mrs. Emogene Hoagg joined them. from 1941 to 1942, Miss Josephine Krupa was assisting Mrs. Hoagg. Miss Krupa and Miss jean Silver were there in 1943-1944. A Local Spiritual Assembly was formed in 1942.[24]

While in Puerto Rico, Ayned and Lucien McComb of New York, made every effort to abide by the local customs and were well liked. Sr. Marcelino Castro of Puerto Rico came to the McCombs to study English. They taught him by having him compare the Spanish and English versions of Esslemont. He soon became the first native Puerto Rican believer. Most of the new believers were young. At Ridván 1943, the first Local Spiritual Assembly of the San Juan, Puerto Rico was formed. They were now ready to take their place in furthering the teaching work there.[25] The young Sr. Marcelino Castro became the chairman of the all-Puerto Rican Assembly. While there, the McCombs had a the first child born to Bahá’í pioneers.[26]

By January 1944, two Local Assemblies had been established in the West Indies.[27] In June on 1945, Elena Marsella from Boston went to the Dominican Republic to assist Ofelia Montalvo in the teaching work there. Miss Montalvo later went on to San Salvador. In August, Jean Silver was able to return to her post in Havana, Cuba where she was joined by Josephine Krupa. In the spring of 1946, Havana was visited by Mr. and Mrs. Sala, Mr. Charles Mason Remey, Mr. and Mrs. Baker, as well as other friends from the United States.[28]

The Second Seven Year Plan for America (1946-1953)[edit]

The Second Seven Year Plan for America began in 1946 and would run until 1953. During this plan, one of the major objectives was to form the National Assembly for Central America and the West Indies. During the first years of the plan, extensive efforts were made to establish Local Assemblies in the Central American countries and in the West Indies islands in preparation for establishing the National Assembly. It was announced in 1946 that Mexico and Puerto Rico would be included in the Central American National Assembly.[29] The National Assembly of Central America, Mexico and the Antilles was formed in 1951. It remained under the guidance of the Untied States until the close of the plan in 1953 when it became a fully independent National Assembly at the beginning of the Ten Year Crusade.[30] The specific islands assigned to the National Assembly were not designated.

By 1953, several of the islands were open to the Faith.[31]

  • Bermuda
  • Cuba
  • Dominican Republic
  • Haiti
  • Jamaica
  • Martinique Island
  • Puerto Rico

The Ten Year Crusade (1953-1963)[edit]

The goals of the Ten Year Crusade were expansive. Shoghi Effendi made it clear that although goals were assigned to specific National Assemblies, any community was welcome to satisfy those goals. The West Indies were assigned to one of three National Assemblies as listed below.[32]

  • United States
    • Consolidate Puerto Rico
  • South America
    • Open Leeward Islands
    • Open Windward Islands
    • Open Dutch West Indies
    • Open Margarita Island
  • Central America, Mexico and the Antilles.
    • Open Bahama Islands
    • Consolidate Cuba
    • Consolidate Bermuda
    • Consolidate Dominican Republic
    • Consolidate Haiti
    • Consolidate Jamaica
    • Consolidate Martinique Island

Additionally, the Crusade had goals of forming National Assemblies in Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti.[33] By Ridván 1954, achieving these goals were well underway. The Bahama Islands, Saint Thomas Island (Virgin Islands), the Dutch West Indies, the Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands were all opened to the Faith.[34]

Some of the early arrivals in the West Indies gaining the title of Knights of Bahá’u’lláh were:[35]

  • Gerald and Gail Curwin, Bahama Islands, 1953.
  • Maurice and Ethel Holmes, Bahama Islands, 1953.
  • Andrew and Nina Mathisen, Bahama Islands, 1954.
  • Benjamin and Gladys Weeden, Leeward Islands, 1953.
  • Earl Render, Leeward Islands, 1953.
  • David Schreiber, Leeward Islands, 1954.
  • Charles and Mary Dayton, Leeward Islands, 1954.
  • Elsi Schreiber, Saint Thomas Island, 1954.
  • Esther Evans, Windward Islands, 1953.
  • Lillian Middlemast, Winward Islands, 1953.

In 1956, it was reported that Haiti had been the focus of much work. Mrs. Dee Worth, the National Teaching Committee secretary, spent the months of August and September in Haiti, collaborating with the pioneers, Mr. and Mrs. Ellsworth Blackwell in efforts to consolidate the communities of Port-au-Prince, Saint Marc and Cap Haitian. Work was also being done in the cities of Liancort and Gonives. The National Teaching Committee of the Bahamas was woking in Curacao, Isla Margarita, the Bahamas and Bermuda, and a youth group was formed in Nassau, Bahamas.[36]

The First National Spiritual Assembly of the Greater Antilles, 1957

At Ridvan 1957, the National Assembly of Central America, Mexico and the Antilles was modified to include only Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Noneuras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico. The name was changed to the National Assembly of Central America and Mexico. In 1958 the name was again changed to the National Assembly of Central America, Mexico and Panama. Also in 1957, the National Spiritual Assembly for the Greater Antilles was formed with its seat in Kingston, Jamaica. United States National Assembly member Dr. Katherine True represented the United States at the Convention and opened the convention until a permanent chairperson could be elected. Her first action was to introduce her mother Hand of the Cause Mrs. Corinne True. She then asked her daughter Mrs. Arna Perron to read the Guardian's message. The jurisdiction of the National Assembly of the Greater Antilles included Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti Puerto Rico, and Jamaica.[37][38] According to the web site Bahá’í History of the Caribbean 1920 to 1984, the Leeward, Windward, and Virgin Islands were all assigned to the National Assembly of the Greater Antilles.[39]

At Ridván 1961, four new National Assemblies were formed in the Greater Antilles. The new National Spiritual Assemblies and Hands of the Cause attending the Conventions are:[40]

The U.S. territory of Puerto Rico was reassigned to the United States.

National Spiritual Assemblies of Cuba (1962), Dominican Republic (1961), Haiti (1961), and Jamaica (1962)

In 1962, the islands were distributed between the various National Assemblies were assigned the other West Indies were divided as follows.[41]

  • Brazil
    • Martinique
    • Barbados
    • Windward Islands
  • Dominican Republic
    • Saint Barthélemy
    • Antigua and Barbuda
    • Saing Eustatius
    • Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • Saint Martin Island
    • Anguilla
    • Saba
    • U.S. Virgin Islands
  • Jamaica
    • Saint Lucia

Also in 1962, Jamaica gained independence from the British and the Cayman Islands remained a British territory.[42]

By the end of the Crusade in 1963 many of the islands had been opened.[43]

  • Bahaa Islands
  • Bermuda (Assembly: Hamilton)
  • Cuba (Assemblies: Camaguey, Cienfuegos, Havana, Marianao; Group: Cumanayagua)[44]
  • Dominican Republic (Assemblies: Cabrera, Macoris, Manzanillo, Moca, Santiago, Santo Domingo, Tamboril; Groups: Dajabon, Villa Gonzales; Isolated: Bani, Higuey, Loma Cabrera, Maguana, Mone Cristi, Nigua)[45]
  • Dutch West Indies
  • Haiti (Assemblies: Berard, Cap-Haitien, Duvallon, Liancort, Montlouis, Moreau, Niel, Pinson, Port-au-Prince, St.-Marc; Group: Petionville; Isolated: Gonaives, Hinche, Pilate Riviére, St. Michael-de-la Talaye, Verrettes)[46]
  • Jamaica
  • Leeward Islands
  • Martinique
  • Puerto Rico
  • Saint Thomas (U.S. Virgin Islands)
  • Trinidad
  • Windward Islands

The Nine Year Plan (1964-1973[edit]

At the beginning of the Nine Year Plan (1964-1973) the islands of the West Indies were assigned with the goal of forming a National Assembly for the Leeward, Windward and Virgin Islands.[47]


  • Cuba
    • Cuba
  • Dominican Republic
    • Dominican Republic
  • Haiti
    • Haiti
  • Jamaica
    • Jamaica
    • Cayman Islands
  • United States
    • Bermuda
    • Bahama Islands
    • Turks and Caicos Islands
    • Puerto Rico
    • Virgin Islands
    • Antigua and Barbuda
    • Saint Kits and Nevis
    • Dominica
    • Saint Vincent
    • Barbados
    • Grenada
    • Saint Lucia
    • Guadeloupe
    • Martinique
    • Saba
    • Saint Eustatius
    • Saint Martin Island
  • Venezuela
    • Trinidad and Tobago
First National Spiritual Assembly of the Leeward, Windward and Virgin Islands, 1967

The formation of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Leeward, Windward and Virgin Islands was established at Ridván 1967 with its seat in Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands.[48] The Universal House of Justice was represented by Hand of the Cause Ugo Giachery.[49] The jurisdiction of the new National Assembly included Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saba, Saint Eustatius and Saint Martin Island, Monserrat, Anguilla, Îles de Saintes, Marie Galante Islands, Saint Barthélemy.[50]

The first National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Trinidad and Tobago, 1971.

At Ricván 1971, the National Assembly of Trinidad and Tobago was formed with its seat in Port-of-Sapin. Hand of the Cuse Dhikru'lláh Khádem represented the Universal House of Justice at the convention. Between 1968 and 1973, the number of Local Assemblies grew from one to seventy-two and the number of localities where Bahá’ís reside grew from one to two hundred. In 1972, the National Assembly was incorporated by an act of Parliament.[51]

First National Spiritual Assembly of Puerto Rico, 1972

At Ridván 1972, the National Assembly of Puerto Rico was formed.[52] The National Assembly of the Leeward, Windward and Virgin Islands dissolved. The National Spiritual Assembly of the Leeward and Virgin Islands was formed with its seat in Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands and jurisdiction covering Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Guadeloupe, ile des Saintes, Marie Galante Island, Martinique, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Saint Kits and Nevis, Montserrat, Saint Barthélemy, then Virgin Islands and Saint Martin Island. The National Assembly of the Windward Islands (changed to Barbados and the Windward Islands in 1973) with its seat in Saint Lawrence, Barbados and jurisdiction covering Barbados, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia and Dominica.[53]

Five Year Plan (1974-1979)[edit]

The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahd'(s of the French Antilles; Rirjvdn 1977. The Hand of the Cause 'AU-Mu(lammad Varqd who represented the Universal House of Justice at the inaugural convention is seen at the extreme left, front row. Rowland Estall, of the Continental Board of Counsellors in Central America, is seen at the extreme right, front row.

In Ridván 1977, the convention to elect the firist National Assembly of the French Antilles was held in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe. Hand of the Cause Dr. 'Alí-Muhammad Varqá represented the Universal House of Justice.[54] The jurisdiction of the National Assembly included islands of Désirade, Guadeloupe, Îles de Saintes, Marie-Gante, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, and the territory of Saint Martin on Saint Martin Island[55] with its seat on Guadeloupe Island.[56] The Assembly was registered with the government on January 5, 1979.[57]

First National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahamas, 1978

A year later in 1978, the National Assembly of The Bahamas was elected with Hand of the Cause William Sears representing the Universal House of Justice. Counsellor Lloyd Gardner and Auxiliary Board member Dr. William Tucker also attended. Mr. Glenford Mitchell represented the National Assembly of the United States. The goal of opening five new islands to the Faith was quickly fulfilled when members of the new National Assembly pioneering to four of them and sending travel teachers to the fifth. Within the next year, all remaining goals assigned to the Assembly were achieved.[58]

Seven Year Plan (1979-1986)[edit]

First National Spiritual Assembly of Bermuda, 1981.

The first Convention of Bermuda was held April 24 to 26 of 1981 where the National Assembly of Bermuda was established in Hamilton, the seat of the new Assembly. Hand of the Cause Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum represented the Universal House of Justice at the convention.[59][60]

The First NSA of the Leeward Islands, 1981.

Hand of the Cause Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum also represented the Universal House of Justic at the convention electing the National Spiritual Assembly of the Leeward Islands with its seat in Saint John's, Antigua. The jurisdiction of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Leeward Islands included the islands of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Matin.[61][62][63]

The First National Spiritual Assembly of the Virgin Islands, 1981

The National Assembly of the Virgin Islands was formed as an independent National Assembly in 1981 with the election this year of the National Assembly of the Leeward Islands. The seat of the Assembly remained in Saint Johns on Saint Thomas Island.[64][65][66]

The First NSA of the Windward Islands, 1981.

The National Assembly of the Windward Islands was also formed in 1981 with its seat in Kingston, Saint Vincent. Hand of the Cause Dr. 'Alí-Muhammad Varqá represented the Universal House of Justice at the convention held April 24 to 26.[67][68]

The National Assembly of Barbados became an independent National Assembly in 1981 and was separated from the Winward Islands with its seat in Saint Lawrence. The convention was attended by Hand of the Cause 'Alí-Muhammad Varqá.[69][70]

The National Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was formed in 1981 with its seat in Kingstown.[71]

The First NSA of Dominica, 1983

The National Assembly of Dominica was formed in 1983 with its seat in Roseau.[72][73] Hand of the Cause Dhikru'lláh Khádem represented the Universal House of Justice at the convention held from May 29 to 30.[74]

The National Assembly of Saint Lucia was formed in 1983 with its seat in Castries.[75][76] Hand of the Cause Dhikru'lláh Khádem represented the Universal House of Justice at the convention held from May 29 to 30.[77]

The First NSA of Grenada, 1984. (L to R) Jackie Stratton, Clifton Joseph, Graeme Stratton, Izzat Ghaem-Magahimi, Beverly Commisoning, Eileen Hill, Barbara Winner, John Truss, Arthur Winner.
The First NSA of Martinique, 1984.

The National Spiritual Assembly of Grenada was formed in 1984 with its seat in Saint George's.

The National Spiritual Assembly of Martinique was formed in 1984 with its seat in Fort de France.

The National Spiritual Assem Bly of Guadeloupe was also formed in 1984 with its seat on Guadeloupe Island.

1986 and Beyond[edit]

By 1986 there were only six territories left in the National Assembly of the Leeward Islands. The territories were Anguilla, Antigua And Barbuda, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Sint Maarten. In 1991, the National Assembly of the Leeward Islands was dissolved and the territories were split between the National Spiritual Assemblyies of East Leeward Islands and the West Leeward Islands. The National Spiritual Assembly of the East Leeward Islands included the islands of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat. The National Spiritual Assembly of the West Leeward Islands included the islands of Anguilla, Saba, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Martin.[78][79]

In 2003, the Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin on Saint Martin Island voted to separate from Guadeloupe through a referendum. The separation was fully enacted by 2007.[80]

The National Spiritual Assembly of the Leeward Islands was reformed from the remainder of the National Spiritual Assemblies of East and West Leeward Islands in 2006.[81]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Saint Martin (island)". Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ "Lucayan Archipelago". Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ "Greater Antilles". Wikipedia.
  4. ↑ "Leeward Islands". Wikipedia.
  5. ↑ "Windward Islands". Wikipedia.
  6. ↑ "Leeward Antilles". Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ "Barbados". Wikipedia.
  8. ↑ "Trinidad and Tabago". Wikipedia.
  9. ↑ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1977). Tablets of the Divine Plan. U.S. Bahá’í Publishing Trust. p. 30.
  10. ↑ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1977). Tablets of the Divine Plan. U.S. Bahá’í Publishing Trust. p. 30.
  11. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1928). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 2 (1926-1928), Pg(s) 27. View as PDF.
  12. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1933). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 4 (1930-1932), Pg(s) 274. View as PDF.
  13. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1936). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 5 (1932-1934), Pg(s) 432. View as PDF.
  14. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 511. View as PDF.
  15. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1939). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 7 (1936-1938), Pg(s) 560. View as PDF.
  16. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1936). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 5 (1932-1934), Pg(s) 523. View as PDF.
  17. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 996. View as PDF.
  18. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 996. View as PDF.
  19. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 192-193. View as PDF.
  20. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 996. View as PDF.
  21. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 193. View as PDF.
  22. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 996. View as PDF.
  23. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 996. View as PDF.
  24. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1942). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 8 (1938-1940), Pg(s) 689. View as PDF.
  25. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1949). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 10 (1944-1946), Pg(s) 797. View as PDF.
  26. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1949). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 10 (1944-1946), Pg(s) 436-437. View as PDF.
  27. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 9 (1940-1944), Pg(s) 334. View as PDF.
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  29. ↑ Baha'i News (1946). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. No 188, Pg(s) 3. View as PDF.
  30. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 60. View as PDF.
  31. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 267-270. View as PDF.
  32. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 268-270. View as PDF.
  33. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 270-271. View as PDF.
  34. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 719-721. View as PDF.
  35. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 449-457. View as PDF.
  36. ↑ Baha'i News (1957). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 311, Pg(s) 5. View as PDF.
  37. ↑ Baha'i News (1957). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 312, Pg(s) 7. View as PDF.
  38. ↑ Baha'i News (July 1957). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 317, Pg(s) 13-14. View as PDF.
  39. ↑ Pat Paccassi. "Bahá'í History of the Caribbean 1920 to 1984".
  40. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 258. View as PDF.
  41. ↑ Pat Paccassi. "Bahá'í History of the Caribbean 1920 to 1984".
  42. ↑ "Cayman Islands". Wikipedia.
  43. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 461-519. View as PDF.
  44. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 995. View as PDF.
  45. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 995. View as PDF.
  46. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 1000. View as PDF.
  47. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1974). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 14 (1963-1968), Pg(s) 127-130. View as PDF.
  48. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 155. View as PDF.
  49. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1974). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 14 (1963-1968), Pg(s) 473. View as PDF.
  50. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1974). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 14 (1963-1968), Pg(s) 155. View as PDF.
  51. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 219-220. View as PDF.
  52. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 218. View as PDF.
  53. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 218. View as PDF.
  54. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1981). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 17 (1976-1979), Pg(s) 333. View as PDF.
  55. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1981). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 17 (1976-1979), Pg(s) 158. View as PDF.
  56. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1981). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 17 (1976-1979), Pg(s) 157. View as PDF.
  57. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1981). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 17 (1976-1979), Pg(s) 247. View as PDF.
  58. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1981). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 17 (1976-1979), Pg(s) 162. View as PDF.
  59. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 515. View as PDF.
  60. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 171. View as PDF.
  61. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 107. View as PDF.
  62. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 171. View as PDF.
  63. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1994). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 19 (1983-1986), Pg(s) 62. View as PDF.
  64. ↑ Baha'i News (1981). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 605, Pg(s) 3. View as PDF.
  65. ↑ Baha'i News (1981). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 605, Pg(s) 17. View as PDF.
  66. ↑ Pat Paccassi. "Bahá'í History of the Caribbean 1920 to 1984". Rick Berry.
  67. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 171. View as PDF.
  68. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 515. View as PDF.
  69. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 501. View as PDF.
  70. ↑ Pat Paccassi. "Bahá'í History of the Caribbean 1920 to 1984". Rick Berry.
  71. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1994). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 19 (1983-1986), Pg(s) 62. View as PDF.
  72. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 107. View as PDF.
  73. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 171. View as PDF.
  74. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 515. View as PDF.
  75. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 107. View as PDF.
  76. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 171. View as PDF.
  77. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 515. View as PDF.
  78. ↑ Patricia Paccassi. "East Leeward Islands".
  79. ↑ "Chronology of the Bahá'í Faith - Date 1991, sorted by date, descending". Bahá’í Library Online.
  80. ↑ "Guadeloupe". Wikipedia.
  81. ↑ "The Five Year Plan 2001-2006 (Summary)/Appendices".
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