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Germany

From Bahaipedia
 Germany
House of Worship in Langenhain near Frankfurt.
Location of Germany
National AssemblyGermany
Statistics:
Total Population
 -  UN 2021[2] 83,408,554
Bahá'í pop.
 -  Bahá'í source 6,000[1] 
 -  Non-Bahá'í source 12,370
History:
Firsts
 -  Local Bahá'í 1905, Dr. Karl Edwin Fisher 
 -  Local Assembly 1908, Stuttgart 
 -  National Assembly 1922, with Austria
1959 
How to contact:
 -  Phone 06192 / 9929-0 
 -  Fax 06192 / 99299-9 
 -  Email info@bahai.de
 -  Address Eppsteiner Strasse 89
65719 Hofheim-Langenhain 
Official Website http://www.bahai.de
Related media
Categories: Germany • People

The Federal Republic of Germany is a country in Central Europe. Irreligion and Christianity are the predominant religions and German is the official language.

The Kingdom of Germany became established as a constituent of the Holy Roman Empire in the early Middle Ages. The German Confederation was formed in 1815 after the Empire dissolved and it formally became Germany in 1866. The Nazi regime established a totalitarian dictatorship in 1933 which remained in power until the end of the Second World War. In 1949 Germany was split into East and West Germany and the countries were governed separately until being unified in 1990.

The Bahá’í Faith was brought to Germany in 1905 and an active community was quickly established steadily developing into the 1930s. The Nazi government outlawed practice of the religion in 1937 however after the end of the Second World War in 1945 the community quickly recovered and experienced growth throughout the 1940s and 1950s becoming one of the leading Bahá’í communities of Europe with the first Mashriqu’l-Adhkár in Europe being dedicated in Germany in 1964. The community has continued to develop and remains active to the present day.

History[edit]

Early Years[edit]

The Bahá’í Faith was brought to Germany in April, 1905, when Dr. Karl Edwin Fisher, a German who had become a Bahá’í in America, returned to the country at the suggestion of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and settled in Stuttgart. He actively taught the religion and by 1907 there were around seven Bahá’ís in the city. That year ‘Abdu’l-Bahá asked the American Bahá’í community to send a travel teacher to assist Fisher and in July, 1907, Alma Knobloch, who was also a German who had declared in America, joined Fisher in Stuttgart.[3]

Knobloch's teaching methods proved more effective than Fisher's and by 1908 the Stuttgart Bahá’í community had grown to thirty members and during that year Sydney Sprague and Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney visited Germany on travel teaching trips. In February that year the Stuttgart Bahá’ís, at the instigation of Alma Knobloch, elected a chairman and four member committee to administrate the community, which was the first Bahá’í administrative body in Europe, and the community began holding regular Friday evening meetings and commemorating Bahá’í Holy Days.[3] In 1909 Knobloch visited Esslingen to teach and a community was established.[4]

Fisher became frustrated that Knobloch had become more prominent in the community than himself and attempted to form a male only committee for Stuttgart in 1909 to supplant the one Knobloch had formed, however ‘Abdu’l-Bahá instructed in a Tablet that such a committee did not need to be formed in Germany yet. Fisher also attempted to establish a separate regular Friday meeting for the Stuttgart community independent of the meeting Knobloch spoke at and in response Knobloch stopped delivering talks and attempted to lower her profile in the community. In January, 1910, Fisher brought a purported psychic medium to a Bahá’í meeting who claimed to channel messages directly from ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and claimed that ‘Abdu’l-Bahá wanted Knobloch to leave Stuttgart however in April the medium failed to psychically heal a Bahá’í then departed the city and after this Fisher stopped actively working against Knobloch for prominence in the community.[5]

The community was able to become more deepened as Bahá’í literature in German began to become more available. Wilhelm Herrigel had established a publishing company for the Faith in 1909 and by 1911 German translations of several Bahá’í books including the Hidden Words were available to the community.[4] When ‘Abdu’l-Bahá visited Paris, France, in 1911 he was unable to stop in Germany and several Stuttgart Bahá’ís traveled to France to meet with Him. While unable to visit Himself ‘Abdu’l-Bahá had Mírzá Aḥmad Sohráb, Mírzá Asadu’llah Isfahani, and Lady Blomfield travel to Stuttgart on His behalf in December, 1911.[4] ‘Abdu’l-Bahá was able to personally visit Germany in 1913 visiting Stuttgart in April and May and attended Bahá’í meetings which were well attended, with the German Bahá’í community being the largest in Europe at the time.[4] He also visited Bad Mergentheim while in Germany, where He visited Bahá’í Albert Schwarz, and Esslingen.[6]

In 1914 Mason Remey and George O. Latimer visited Germany during a travel teaching tour of Europe and Latimer noticed that the crowds at their meetings in Germany were the largest in Europe despite the onset of the First World War.[7] Knobloch continued to actively teach in Germany throughout the First World War and through her efforts Bahá’í communities were established in Leipzig and Hamburg before her departure from Germany in 1920 and she had also proclaimed the Faith in Berlin, Chemnitz, Degenloch, Gera, Gotha, Munich, and several other small towns.[8] In 1921 the German Bahá’í community established the monthly periodical Die Sonne der Wahrheit.[9]

Inter-War Development[edit]

After the Ascension of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in 1921 His successor Shoghi Effendi, Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith, summoned Bahá’ís from across the world to the Holy Land in early 1922 for consultation on the future of the religion and Albert and Alice Schwarz of Germany attended. As a result of the consultations it was concluded the administration of the Faith needed to be further developed and Shoghi Effendi instructed the Schwarz's to pursue the establishment of a National Spiritual Assembly in Germany,[10] leading to the election of the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany and Austria later the same year.[11]

In 1926 the German National Spiritual Assembly began publishing Bahá’í Nachrichten, a periodical of news on the Bahá’í community of the country.[12] As of 1926 there were Bahá’í communities in twenty-five cities in Germany,[13] and thirty-seven by 1928,[14] with the Faith receiving considerably more public attention in the late 1920's than previously.[15] Around 1928 the National Spiritual Assembly appointed a committee to foster collaboration between Bahá’ís and other groups and the committee oversaw the publication of several German language booklets.[16] In November 1928 Martha Root began an extensive travel teaching trip across Germany which lasted until June, 1929, during which she visited all major cities, delivered talks at all Universities in the country, and spoke at several Esperanto events.[17]

In the early 1930's Bahá’í communities were established in Heidelberg and Bremen and in 1931 a property was dedicated in Esslingen which was intended to become a training school for Bahá’ís modelled on the Green Acre school in the United States,[18] and it went on to host an annual Summer School with the first being held in 1932.[19][20] In 1933 the Nazi party assumed power in Germany and youth movements of Germany were disbanded with all youth activities being placed under the jurisdiction of a state commissioner ending Bahá’í youth activities in the country,[21] although in 1934 the Bahá’í community was granted permission to hold meetings.[22] In 1935 the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany and Austria formally adopted a Declaration of Trust and By-Laws,[23] and around the same time it established a National Archives.[24] Teaching work was stimulated by international Bahá’ís in 1935 with American Bahá’ís May Maxwell and her daughter Mary making a teaching tour and Helen Bishop also visiting German communities,[25] as did Khodadad and Shirin Fozdar of India and Charles Bishop who visited from Switzerland.[26]

Throughout the 1930's teaching work was conducted across Germany by local Bahá’ís under the direction of a National Teaching Committee with Hermann Grossmann, Adelbert Mühlschlegel, and Eugen Schmidt travelling to conduct the majority of the teaching activities planned by the Committee.[27] As of 1936 there were well established Bahá’í communities in Stuttgart, Esslingen, Goeppingen, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Leipzig, Hamburg, Dresden, Rostock, and Warnemunde, and teaching success in Northern Germany prompted a committee for teaching in the countries north to be appointed at the suggestion of Shoghi Effendi.[28]

Persecution[edit]

On May 21, 1937, Heinrich Himmler, chief of the Gestapo, issued an order banning the practice and administration of the Bahá’í Faith in Germany and all Bahá’í institutions disbanded as a result with the archives of the National Assembly and Local Assemblies being seized. Bahá’í literature and mementos were also seized from individuals.[29] German Bahá’í Herma Mühlschlegel arranged to have regular singing lessons in Zurich, Switzerland, with her trips to Switzerland allowing her to correspond with Shoghi Effendi and report on the situation in Germany, however she was unable to bring his replies back into Germany instead having to memorize their contents,[30] however their last correspondence was in 1938 with the German community being cut off from Shoghi Effendi and the international Bahá’í community until 1945.[31]

In 1939 the German Bahá’ís began to experience more active hostility with former National Assembly member Martha Brauns-Forel being interrogated by the Gestapo and warned for having correspondence with fellow former Assembly member Anna Grossmann, and Paul Kohler being arrested for having a copy of the Obligatory Prayer and sentenced to six months in prison.[32] The treatment of German Bahá’ís was inconsistent with some Bahá’ís being allowed to continue holding informal meetings and possess Bahá’í literature and others being forbidden from having any contact with other Bahá’ís even by mail.[32] Some German Bahá’ís of Jewish descent were murdered in the course of the Holocaust such as the Wertheimer sisters and Lidia Zamenhof. Others were killed in the war while serving in the military or due to bombing.[33]

In 1943 Carla Macco was arrested and sentenced to six months in prison for being an active Bahá’í and a falsified report of her interrogation by the Gestapo was used to justify the arrests of other Bahá’ís in the country labelling them enemies of the state. In December that year Hermann Grossmann had his personal archives documenting the history of the Faith in Germany confiscated although he was able to convince the authorities to transfer a portion to Heidelberg University. Grossmann was also able to secure the release of imprisoned Bahá’ís as he was permitted to speak on their behalf in court and emphasized the Bahá’í principle of non-involvement in politics.[34]

The Post-War Period[edit]

After the end of the Second World War in 1945 German Bahá’í Paul Gollmer began efforts to have the ban on Bahá’í meetings lifted,[35] and with the assistance of American Bahá’í John Eichenauer who was in Germany serving as a non-combatant in the U.S. Army permission was secured with Gollmer beginning to host meetings in his home in Stuttgart immediately.[36] On October 20, 1945, the Local Spiritual Assembly of Heidelberg was elected as the first since the 1937 ban on the Faith and in 1946 the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany and was reformed with the country having four Local Spiritual Assemblies.[37]

The German Bahá’ís immediately rekindled teaching efforts and from 1946 to 1947 the number of Bahá’ís in Germany doubled and by 1947 there were ten Local Spiritual Assemblies in the country. In 1947 the Esslingen Bahá’í Summer School was held again for the first time in a decade.[38] In 1948 the efforts of the German Bahá’í community were given formal structure when Shoghi Effendi entrusted the community with a Five Year Plan with specific goals for the community to consolidate its administration, expand by establishing fourteen Local Assemblies, secure a national Ḥaẓíratu’l-Quds, and resume publication of German language Bahá’í literature.[39] Three German communities were cut off from the rest of the Bahá’í world in 1949 when East and West Germany were established as all Bahá’í activity was prohibited in East Germany upon its formation.[40]

Between 1948 and 1952 six Local Spiritual Assemblies were formed and between 1952 and 1953 nine Local Spiritual Assemblies were formed as a result of concentrated teaching efforts and an influx of Persian Bahá’ís who moved to Germany to complete university studies allowing the community to achieve its goal of fourteen Assesmblies.[41] A National Ḥaẓíratu’l-Quds was also completed in Frankfurt-am-Main in 1953, which had been purchased in 1948 and refurbished from 1950 to 1953.[42]

Community Consolidation[edit]

In 1953 Shoghi Effendi launched the Ten Year Crusade, an ambitious plan for the entire international Bahá’í community, and one of the goals he assigned to the German Bahá’í communities was the construction of a Bahá’í Temple in Frankfurt-am-Main.[43] Another goal set for the Crusade was establishing a Bahá’í community in the Frisian Islands which were partially administrated by Germany. In September that year Elsa Maria Grossmann pioneered to Westerland in the islands remaining there until 1964,[44] and Ursula von Brunn pioneered to Wyk in the islands in October, 1953, both cities in the German part of the islands.[45]

Efforts to secure land for a Temple in Germany were complicated in 1954 when representatives of Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches objected to the construction of a Bahá’í temple citing it as a challenge to Christianity and the authorities refused to allow the Bahá’í community to purchase land. In July, 1956, an architectural design was selected and in 1957 land was successfully purchased in Langenhain, a village near Frankfurt.[46] After the land was secured local church representatives again protested to authorities seeking to have the Bahá’ís denied a building permit.[47]

In July, 1958, a major Intercontinental Conference was held in Frankfurt, Germany, to commemorate the mid-point of the Ten Year Crusade. It was attended by almost 2,300 Bahá’ís from fifty-seven countries and almost half the participants were from Iran. Ten Hands of the Cause attended the Conference and presided over sessions which allowed for consultation on the progress of the Faith in Europe under the Crusade.[48] In 1959 Austria established an independent National Spiritual Assembly with Germany also electing its own independent Assembly for the first time.[49]

In 1960 the Bahá’ís were granted a building permit and construction began on the Temple in Langenhain with Amelia Collins laying the cornerstone on November 20, 1960, in the name of Shoghi Effendi.[50] In November, 1962, the exterior of the building was completed and in 1963 thousands of Bahá’ís visited the almost complete Temple while traveling to the First Bahá’í World Congress in London, England.[51] On July 7, 1964, the Temple was dedicated as the Mother Temple of Europe with almost 1,500 people attending the dedication ceremony which Rúḥíyyih Khánum spoke at, delivering a speech in German.[52]

As of 1963 there were thirty Local Spiritual Assemblies in Germany and throughout the 1960's the German Bahá’í community remained active with its activities being organized under the Nine Year Plan issued by the Universal House of Justice.[53] In 1967 another Intercontinental Conference was held in Frankfurt which was attended by Bahá’ís from across Western Europe who consulted on the work of the Plan.[54] By 1968 Germany had twenty-nine Local Spiritual Assemblies and Bahá’ís resided in an additional one hundred and ninety five localities,[55] and by 1973 there were sixty Local Spiritual Assemblies in the country.[56] In 1970 the National Ḥaẓíratu’l-Quds of Germany was sold and construction began on a new Ḥaẓíratu’l-Quds near the House of Worship in Langenhain.[57]

In the 1970's the quality of the Summer Schools in Germany was improved and several Hands of the Cause visiting to conduct sessions at them. Particular attention was given to having the Summer Schools enhance participants understanding of Bahá’í administration.[58] Efforts to deepen Bahá’í children were also enhanced throughout the decade with an annual weekly children's programme being established at Lake Constance which expanded to programmes being conducted for children across northern Germany and special children's sessions were added to Bahá’í Summer and Winter Schools,[59] and efforts were made to teach the Faith in universities and schools in the context of classes on religion.[60] In 1976 a major youth conference was held in Langenhain,[61] and in 1977 a major conference for Persian-speaking Bahá’ís in Europe was held in Germany.[62]

As of the early 1980's Germany was sustaining several annual Bahá’í summer schools,[63] and also dedicated Children's Summer Schools and Summer Camps.[64] The community also collaborated with the Bahá’ís of Switzerland and Austria on the Bodensee Proclamation Project and with the Bahá’ís of Luxembourg and the Netherlands to establish the Faith in a German speaking area of Belgium.[65] Teaching efforts were impacted in 1981 when Francesco Ficicchia, a disaffected former Bahá’í, published a monograph which distorted and falsified elements of the Faith to criticize the religion,[66] and it was promoted by the Protestant Church resulting in a significant negative public perception of the Faith in German speaking countries.[67] Occasionally authorities attempted to restrict Bahá’í activities due to viewing the Faith as fascistic and politically radical due to Ficicchia's work.[68]

In the mid 1980's the Temple in Langenhain was restored with plans being begun to establish a home for the aged as a dependency, and a special gathering was held in 1984 to commemorate the buildings twentieth anniversary.[69] Also in the mid 1980's the Bahá’í publisher Horizonte Verlag began operating from Rosenheim.[70] In the late 1980's religious restrictions in the Soviet Union began to be relaxed and in 1987 a Conference was held in Langenhein on the situation with a major conference named the Great Eastern Conference then being held in Dieburg which was attended by a member of the Universal House of Justice.[71]

After Re-Unification[edit]

In 1989 the Berlin Wall was brought down and in September 1990 the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany secured official recognition from the government as a religious community for the German Democratic Republic which gave it official standing in the eastern states of the united Federal Republic of Germany when East and West Germany reunited.[72] In 1990 an Eastern European Teaching Conference was held in Hotheim and throughout the 1990's the German Bahá’í community assisted in establishing the Faith in the former Eastern Bloc.[73] In 1991 the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany legally recognized Local Spiritual Assemblies,[74] and in 1992 the Chancellor of Germany sent a message of recognition to an event held to commemorate the Centenary of the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh held in Paulskirche.[75]

In 1992 the Local Spiritual Assembly of Erfurt was established as the first in former East Germany and by the end of the year there were two Local Spiritual Assemblies and fifty Bahá’ís in the region.[76] In 1993 the Local Spiritual Assembly of Leipzig was elected for the first time since 1937.[77] In 1995 Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer authored a lengthy correction of misconceptions in Ficicchia's book titled Making the Crooked Straight which was successful in correcting public misconceptions about the religion in Germany in acedemia.[78] In 1996 a Bahá’í Women's Forum for Germany was established,[79] and in 1997 a Bahá’í delegation had an audience with the President of Germany to mark the 75th Anniversary of the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany and Austria.[80]

In 2000 a thirty minute documentary about the history of the Bahá’í Faith filmed in Germany and Haifa was broadcast in Austria, France, Germany, and Luxembourg,[81] and the same year a Bahá’í exhibit at Expo 2000 held in Hanover was visited by 500,000 people.[82] In 2005 a celebration of the Centenary of the Bahá’í Faith in Germany was held in Stuttgart and attended by over 1,800 people including Ian Semple who opened the event and delivered two speeches. As of 2005 there were 106 Local Spiritual Assemblies in the country.[83] In 2007 a plaque in Bad Mergentheim commemorating ‘Abdu’l-Bahá visiting the town was re-erected, having previously been removed by the Nazis.[84]

Recent Years[edit]

In 2009 a major Bahá’í Regional Conference was held in Frankfurt which was attended by 4,600 people making it the largest ever Bahá’í conference in Germany. Bahá’í core activities across Europe were consulted upon at the event.[85] A major international youth conference was also held in Frankfurt in 2013 at which European youth consulted on how they could contribute to the material and spiritual development of their communities.[86]

In 2017 the Bahá’í community of Germany sponsored a series of forums on the role of religion in society which resulted in a major conference on religious pluralism in March that year which gathered representatives of government, civil society, media, and religious groups.[87] In 2019 the German Bahá’í Office of External Affairs organized many gatherings across the country to provide opportunities to consult on the role of youth in society.[88] In 2024 Bahá’ís from across Europe attended a commemoration of the 60th Anniversary of the Bahá’í Temple in Langenhain.[89]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ https://www.bahai.de/gemeinsames-handeln/die-bahai-gemeinde-in-deutschland
  2. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Robert H. Stockman (Spring, 1996). "The Bahá’í Faith in England and Germany, 1900–1913". World Order. Vol. 27, no. 3. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. p. 31.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Robert H. Stockman (Spring, 1996). "The Bahá’í Faith in England and Germany, 1900–1913". World Order. Vol. 27, no. 3. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. p. 38.
  5. ↑ Robert H. Stockman (Spring, 1996). "The Bahá’í Faith in England and Germany, 1900–1913". World Order. Vol. 27, no. 3. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. p. 37.
  6. ↑ https://news.bahai.org/story/524/
  7. ↑ Star of the West, Vol. 5, No. 13, p 201
  8. ↑ Robert H. Stockman (Spring, 1996). "The Bahá’í Faith in England and Germany, 1900–1913". World Order. Vol. 27, no. 3. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. p. 39.
  9. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1928). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 2 (1926-1928), Pg(s) 30. View as PDF.
  10. ↑ Earl Redman, Through the Pilgrim's Eye, Volume 1: Building the Administrative Order, 1922-1952, George Ronald: Oxford, 2016, p 46
  11. ↑ Sonne der Wahrheit‘, 1922-1923, Vol. 2. No 07, p. 110; Vol. 2. No 08, p. 124f.; Vol. 2. No 09, p. 141ff.
  12. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1928). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 2 (1926-1928), Pg(s) 30. View as PDF.
  13. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1926). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 1 (1925-1926), Pg(s) 108. View as PDF.
  14. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1928). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 2 (1926-1928), Pg(s) 187. View as PDF.
  15. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1928). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 2 (1926-1928), Pg(s) 28. View as PDF.
  16. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1928). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 2 (1926-1928), Pg(s) 30. View as PDF.
  17. ↑ M. R. Garis, Martha Root: Lioness at the Threshold, George Ronald: Oxford, 1983, pp 308-312
  18. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1933). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 4 (1930-1932), Pg(s) 67. View as PDF.
  19. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1936). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 5 (1932-1934), Pg(s) 29. View as PDF.
  20. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 433. View as PDF.
  21. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1936). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 5 (1932-1934), Pg(s) 377. View as PDF.
  22. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 134. View as PDF.
  23. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 284. View as PDF.
  24. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 32. View as PDF.
  25. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 35. View as PDF.
  26. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 41. View as PDF.
  27. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 42. View as PDF.
  28. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1937). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. New York City, NY. Volume 6 (1934-1936), Pg(s) 42. View as PDF.
  29. ↑ Harry Liedtke, The German Baha'i Community Under National Socialism, Self-published at Bahai-Library Online, 2000, p 22
  30. ↑ Harry Liedtke, The German Baha'i Community Under National Socialism, Self-published at Bahai-Library Online, 2000, p 23
  31. ↑ Harry Liedtke, The German Baha'i Community Under National Socialism, Self-published at Bahai-Library Online, 2000, p 26
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Harry Liedtke, The German Baha'i Community Under National Socialism, Self-published at Bahai-Library Online, 2000, p 27
  33. ↑ Harry Liedtke, The German Baha'i Community Under National Socialism, Self-published at Bahai-Library Online, 2000, p 30
  34. ↑ Harry Liedtke, The German Baha'i Community Under National Socialism, Self-published at Bahai-Library Online, 2000, p 28
  35. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 934. View as PDF.
  36. ↑ Baha'i News (1945). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. No 177, Pg(s) 16. View as PDF.
  37. ↑ Baha'i News (1946). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. No 184, Pg(s) 5. View as PDF.
  38. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1952?). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 11 (1946-1950), Pg(s) 30. View as PDF.
  39. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 67. View as PDF.
  40. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 67. View as PDF.
  41. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 67. View as PDF.
  42. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1956). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. Wilmette, Ill. Volume 12 (1950-1954), Pg(s) 68. View as PDF.
  43. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 733. View as PDF.
  44. ↑ Earl Redman, The Knights of Baha'u'llah, George Ronald: Oxford, 2017, p 329
  45. ↑ Earl Redman, The Knights of Baha'u'llah, George Ronald: Oxford, 2017, p 330
  46. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 733. View as PDF.
  47. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 735. View as PDF.
  48. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 327. View as PDF.
  49. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 278. View as PDF.
  50. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 737. View as PDF.
  51. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1970). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 13 (1954-1963), Pg(s) 737. View as PDF.
  52. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1974). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 14 (1963-1968), Pg(s) 483. View as PDF.
  53. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 280. View as PDF.
  54. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1974). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 14 (1963-1968), Pg(s) 249. View as PDF.
  55. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1974). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 14 (1963-1968), Pg(s) 165. View as PDF.
  56. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 280. View as PDF.
  57. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1976). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 15 (1968-1973), Pg(s) 281. View as PDF.
  58. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1978). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 16 (1973-1976), Pg(s) 298. View as PDF.
  59. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1978). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 16 (1973-1976), Pg(s) 299. View as PDF.
  60. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1978). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 16 (1973-1976), Pg(s) 298. View as PDF.
  61. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1978). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 16 (1973-1976), Pg(s) 298. View as PDF.
  62. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1981). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 17 (1976-1979), Pg(s) 195. View as PDF.
  63. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 189. View as PDF.
  64. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 190. View as PDF.
  65. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1986). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 18 (1979-1983), Pg(s) 190. View as PDF.
  66. ↑ Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer, Making the Crooked Straight: A Contribution to Baha'i Apologetics, George Ronald: Oxford, 2000, p 1
  67. ↑ Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer, Making the Crooked Straight: A Contribution to Baha'i Apologetics, George Ronald: Oxford, 2000, p 2
  68. ↑ Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer, Making the Crooked Straight: A Contribution to Baha'i Apologetics, George Ronald: Oxford, 2000, p 8
  69. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1994). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 19 (1983-1986), Pg(s) 175. View as PDF.
  70. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1994). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 19 (1983-1986), Pg(s) 175. View as PDF.
  71. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 20 (1986-1992), Pg(s) 199. View as PDF.
  72. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 20 (1986-1992), Pg(s) 218. View as PDF.
  73. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 20 (1986-1992), Pg(s) 351. View as PDF.
  74. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 20 (1986-1992), Pg(s) 359. View as PDF.
  75. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1993). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 21 (1992-1993), Pg(s) 122. View as PDF.
  76. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 20 (1986-1992), Pg(s) 218. View as PDF.
  77. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1994). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 22 (1993-1994), Pg(s) 82. View as PDF.
  78. ↑ [https://bahai-library.com/hutter_schaefer_crooked_straight Manfred Hutter, Review of Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer, Journal of Contemporary Religion, 12:3, October 1997, pp 437-439
  79. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 25 (1996-1997), Pg(s) 74. View as PDF.
  80. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2000). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 27 (1998-1999), Pg(s) 128. View as PDF.
  81. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 91. View as PDF.
  82. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2002). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 29 (2000-2001), Pg(s) 71. View as PDF.
  83. ↑ https://news.bahai.org/story/390/
  84. ↑ https://news.bahai.org/story/524/
  85. ↑ https://news.bahai.org/community-news/regional-conferences/frankfurt.html
  86. ↑ https://news.bahai.org/community-news/youth-conferences/frankfurt.html
  87. ↑ https://news.bahai.org/story/1161/
  88. ↑ https://news.bahai.org/story/1377/
  89. ↑ https://news.bahai.org/story/1742/
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