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From Bahaipedia
 Australia
House of Worship, Sydney, Australia.
Location of Australia
National AssemblyAustralia
 -  Chair Saloomeh Mohebbaty
 -  Secretary Mathew James
 -  Treasurer Kia Manouchehri
 -    Anton Jones
 -    Christopher Heggie
 -    Fariborz Moshirian
 -    Fiona McDonald
 -    Fiona Scott
 -    Shayan Tai
Statistics:
Total Population
 -  UN 2021[2] 25,921,089
Bahá'í pop.
 -  Bahá'í source 20,000 [1] 
 -  Non-Bahá'í source 27,576
Local Assemblies 200
History:
Firsts
 -  Bahá'í to visit John Hyde Dunn
Clara Dunn 
 -  Local Bahá'í Oswald Whitaker
Effie Baker 
 -  National Assembly 1934 with New Zealand
1957 independently 
How to contact:
 -  Phone (02) 9998 9222
(02) 9877 5826 
 -  Email info@bahai.org.au
opi [at] bahai.org.au
 -  Address 173 Mona Vale Rd
Ingleside, NSW 2101 
Official Website http://www.bahai.org.au
Related media
Categories: Australia • People

The Bahá’í Faith in Australia has a long history beginning with a mention by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in 1916[3] following which United Kingdom/American emigrants John and Clara Dunn came to Australia in 1920.[4] They found people willing to convert to the Bahá’í Faith in several cities while further immigrant Bahá’ís also arrived.[5] The first Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in Melbourne[6] followed by the first election of the National Spiritual Assembly in 1934.[7] Though at first denied in 1948, Iranian Bahá’ís arrived in number after 1973 following the persecution of Bahá’ís in Iran.[8] Since the 1980s, the Bahá’ís of Australia have become involved in and spoken out on a number of civic issues, from interfaith initiatives such as Soul Food[9] to conferences on indigenous issues[10] and national policies of equal rights and pay for work.[11]

‘Abdu’l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan[edit]

‘Abdu’l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the followers of the religion in the United States in 1916-1917; these letters were compiled together in the book titled Tablets of the Divine Plan. The seventh and eighth of the tablets was the first to mention taking the Bahá’í Faith to Australia and was written in April 11 and 19, 1916, but was delayed in being presented in the United States until 1919 — after the end of the First World War and the Spanish flu. These tablets were translated and presented by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab on April 4th, 1919, and published in Star of the West magazine on December 12th, 1919.[12]

(Tablet 7) "The moment this divine Message is carried forward by the American believers from the shores of America and is propagated through the continents of Europe, of Asia, of Africa and of Australasia, and as far as the islands of the Pacific, this community will find itself securely established upon the throne of an everlasting dominion..., if some teachers go to other islands and other parts, such as the continent of Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, also to Japan, Asiatic Russia, Korea, French Indochina, Siam, Straits Settlements, India, Ceylon and Afghanistan, most great results will be forthcoming."[3]
(Tablet 8) "The teachers traveling in different directions must know the language of the country in which they will enter.… In short, after this universal war, the people have obtained extraordinary capacity to hearken to the divine teachings, for the wisdom of this war is this: That it may become proven to all that the fire of war is world-consuming, whereas the rays of peace are world-enlightening.… Consequently, a number of souls may arise and … and hasten to all parts of the world, especially from America to Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, and travel through Japan and China."[13]

Establishment[edit]

Hyde and Clara Dunn in the early 1920s.

In 1920 Englishman John Hyde Dunn, and his Irish wife, Clara, sailed to Australia[4] from the United states where they each had emigrated, converted to the religion, met and married.[14] They stopped briefly in Samoa along the way.[15] They were first Bahá’ís to set foot in Australia. In 1922 the first Australians joined the religion. They were Oswald Whitaker, a Sydney optometrist, and Effie Baker, a Melbourne photographer who were members of different metaphysical groups.[16] News of John Esslemont's 1915 declaration of faith, and his forthcoming book Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era, had also spread to some of his associates, William and Annie Miller in Australia who then became Bahá’ís in the 1920s.[5] Melbourne Bahá’ís elected their first Local Spiritual Assembly, the first one of all Australia,[6] in 1923 mostly from single or widowed women.[16] The community struggled to maintain itself for a number of years.[6] World traveling Martha Root spoke at many public meetings on a visit to Melbourne in 1924[16] and again in 1939.[6] The Dunns and Martha Root also visited Hobart in Tasmania during which Gretta Lamprill converted and continued to sustain the religion on the island - eventually she was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly and later was named a Knight of Bahá’u’lláh together with Glad Parke, who travelled with her to the Society Islands (now French Polynesia) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.[17] During Roots subsequent visits each time the Bahá’í community grew in Tasmania.

Following a temporary move of Margaret Dixson to Sydney from Melbourne who helped elect the first local spiritual assembly of Sydney in 1925 (eventually Margaret Dixson, an early Esperantist pioneered to Brisbane, and Adelaide.) While many of the early converts refused to stay Bahá’ís when pressed to leave their former associations many others did join the religion. By 1928 a list shows Australia with 6 local spiritual assemblies each with 9 members plus the general community.[18]

Expansion[edit]

Soon Bahá’í groups sprang up around the country. By 1934 there were enough Bahá’ís to elect a national governing body, the first National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Australia and New Zealand (in 1957 New Zealand separated to form its own National Assembly).[7] In 1955 Fred Murray of South Australia was among the first Aboriginal people to become a Bahá’í.[4] After decades of service in the Australian community, Collis Featherstone was distinguished by being appointed as a Hand of the Cause of God in 1957 - he passed away in 1990.

Yerrinbool Bahá’í School[edit]

Main article: Yerrinbool Bahá’í School

In 1937, one hundred delegates and observers attending the national Bahá’í convention in Sydney celebrated the founding of the Yerrinbool Bahá’í School[19] which was next to "Bolton Place" founded just the year before. Kitchen and dining facilities were added in 1946. In 1947 non-Bahá’í speakers Harold Morton, a Sydney radio announcer, and Muslim Fazel (Frank) Khan presented at the school and the Khan family converted shortly thereafter. By 1963 the Yerrinbool Bahá’í School was wholly owned and managed by the National Spiritual Assembly. The second national youth conference was held at Yerrinbool in 1970 and succeeding youth conferences were held in Canberra (1972), Adelaide (1973), Perth (1974), Canberra (1975), Brisbane (1976), Sydney (1977), Hobart (1978), and Melbourne (1979). In 1983 the schools program included summer, spring and autumn schools, three deepening institutes, an annual studies conference, a "Third World Awareness" weekend sponsored by the Sydney Bahá’í youth, Bahá’ís studies conferences sponsored by the University of Tasmania Bahá’í Society which lead to the initial formation of the Association for Bahá’í Studies chapter in Australia whose first meeting was at Yerrinbool.[20] More recently, Yerringbool Bahá’í School was formally registered as a not-for-profit college in Australia under the name of Yerringbool Bahá’í Center for Learning Ltd (YBCL).

Development in provinces[edit]

Bahá’ís in Brisbane were established as early as 1928 but it wasn't until 1949 that a local spiritual assembly was elected.[14] A Baha’i Society was established on the campus of the University of Queensland in 1961. By 1978 there were Local Assemblies in Albert Shire, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Mornington Island and Palm Island, Pioneer Shire, Redland Shire, Toowoomba and Townsville, as well as groups in Gympie, Ipswich, Mackay, Mulgrave Shire, Murweh Shire, Noosa Shire, Rockhampton Wondai Shire and Caboolture in 1983.[21] In 1987, local assemblies in Queensland numbered 25.

Refocussing attention on the Melbourne community active projects were initiated and the assembly was reformed in 1948. The members of that local spiritual assembly were Emily and Cyril Easey, Ron Cover and his mother Irene Cover, Freda Adams, Mrs E. Bennett, Madam Holden-Graham, Eleanor Wheeler, and Vi Hoehnke[6] and by 1953 communities near Melbourne included Ballarat and Geelong however reorganizing along civic boundaries in 1957 spit the Melbourne community into Melbourne, Camberwell, Malvern, Caufield, Oakleigh, Mordialic and Brighton.[6]

In an atmosphere of growing tension over war, in October 1940 Gretta Lamprill in Tasmania was visited by government officers seeking information about the group's activities and from then on the Bahá’ís consciously sought out collaboration with like-minded social movements and involved academics and outstanding public figures of the day in their public meetings and by 1949 the Hobart community was able to elect its local spiritual assembly with founding members of Frank & Myra Brown, Mabel Bailey, Kit Crowder, Eileen Costello, Katherine Harcus, Gretta Lamprill, Katie Pharoah, and Ben Raynor. Shirin Fozdar visited Tasmania in September 1952 for several talks before going on to introduce the religion to Vietnam in 1954.[17]

Iranian immigrants[edit]

In 1948, Iranian Bahá’ís seeking to emigrate to Australia were classified as "Asiatic" by Australia's White Australia policy, and were denied entry and the policy largely remained in place until the 1960s and was lifted in 1973.[8] The size and diversity of the community was boosted in the 1980s when Australia opened its doors to those fleeing the resurgence of persecution of Bahá’ís in Iran, characterized as a diaspora.[22] In 1981 the Minister for Immigration announced a Special Humanitarian Assistance Program for Iranians to seek refuge in Australia. By 1986, 538 Persian Bahá’ís had entered Australia under the program, and by 1988, some 2,500 had arrived in Australia through either the Assistance or Refugee Programs. Together with Persians already living in Australia, Persian constituted 38% of the Australian Bahá’í community where majorities of Iranians formed in 59 of 169 Bahá’í communities that had local assemblies, and in 19 Bahá’í communities, more than 75% of the members were Persian.[8]

Bahá’í House of Worship[edit]

Bahá’í House of Worship, Sydney, Australia.

The House of Worship in Sydney, Australia was dedicated on 17 September 1961 and opened to the public after four years of construction. The initial design by Charles Mason Remey was approved in 1957 with seating for six hundred people. The building stands 38 metres in height, has a diameter at its widest point of 20 metres, and is a highly visible landmark from Sydney's northern beaches. It's surrounded by gardens contain native plants including waratahs, several grevillea including the unique caleyi, Australian wattle (Acacia) and woody pear, plus three species of eucalypts. Other buildings located on the site include a visitor's centre, bookshop, picnic area, hostel, caretaker's cottage, and the administrative offices of the Australian Bahá’í community. [23][24] The property is set high in a natural bushland setting of 380,000 square metres (38 hectares) in Ingleside, a northern suburb overlooking the Pacific Ocean. This Temple serves as the Mother Temple of Australia.

Six conferences held in October 1967 around the world presented a viewing of a copy of the photograph of Bahá’u’lláh on the highly significant occasion commemorating the centenary of Bahá’u’lláh's writing of the Suriy-i-Mulúk (Tablet to the Kings), which Shoghi Effendi describes as "the most momentous Tablet revealed by Bahá’u’lláh".[25] After a meeting in Edirne (Adrianople), Turkey, the Hands of the Cause travelled to the conferences, 'each bearing the precious trust of a photograph of the Blessed Beauty, which it will be the privilege of those attending the Conferences to view.' Hand of the Cause Ugo Giachery conveyed this photograph to the Conference for Australiasia at Australia at the House of Worship.[26]

Multiplying interests[edit]

The Bahá’ís of Australia have taken up efforts in a number of interests - internal and with respect to the civic discourse in Australia.

Through a voluntary program in Australian public/state schools for 30 minutes a week on religious classes[27] (called Special Religious Education, open to all religions), the Bahá’í Faith is being presented to students. The Bahá’ís developed a Peace Pack that was approved by the State's Department of Education and Training starting in the 1980s. Some 6,000 primary school children, about 10% of Bahá’í families, among more than 300 state-run schools attended in 2007.[28][29]

For the International Year of Indigenous Peoples and the Australian Association for Bahá’í Studies set their annual conference in 1993 (at Queensland University) on an Indigenous related theme on building a positive understanding of Native title and produced a book Indigenous Peoples: In the Wake of Mabo in 1997 as a followup. In closing the UN International Decade of Indigenous Peoples (1993-2004) it held another conference (at Macquarie University) but this time ensuring as great a level of participation by Indigenous participants and keynote speakers and as many female participants and keynote speakers as possible and other similar priorities in order that the views and needs of Indigenous Peoples could be seriously heard and discussed and of practical benefit.[10]

Informally since 2002 the Bahá’ís of Adelaide, (and formally since 2003 by the Adelaide Local Spiritual Assembly) has run the Soul Food event - a once a month 1 hour program of readings from religious and non-religious texts mixed with music performed by a variety of Adelaide’s professional musicians in the Art Gallery of South Australia’s Auditorium during which no financial contribution is asked for or accepted and no promotions are permitted.[9] The event has since developed similar events in other locations in Australia.[30]

In 2003 the Australian Bahá’í Community testified in support of Australian Human Rights Commission Legislation Bill of 2003 suggesting that reviews of its provisions should be considered in light of the Paris Principles.[31] In 2005 it testified to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission of Australia making suggestions on a variety of issues affecting the challenges to equal rights and work/employment and pay for work.[11] In 2007 YWCA Australia's WomenSpeak Network submitted a paper to the Australian Government through the Federal Office for Women to delegations addressing the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. Their statement mentions that most women’s groups didn't believe the role of men and boys in achieving gender equality caught the imagination of many of the organisations involved in the WomenSpeak Network. They specified a notable exception of this position is of the Australian Bahá’í Community Office of Equality in that many men in the Bahá’í community play an active role in working towards gender equality.[32]

National exposure[edit]

From the 1980s onward various personalities associated with the Bahá’í Faith have been national figures in Australia. Combined with the swelling membership the religion has emerged from obscurity in Australia on national level. The first mark of this emergence is probably graduate of the University of Sydney, Tom Price. He was musical director of the Sydney Bahá’í Temple Choir in Australia for 14 years and became well known in Australia when he produced and co-wrote the double-platinum Bad Habits album by singer Billy Field, which was the largest selling album in Australia in 1981.[33] Price went on eventually to be director of the 420-voice choir and 90-piece symphony orchestra for the second Bahá’í World Congress in New York in 1992 and many other notable events. In the mid and late 1990s Cathy Freeman added some awareness of the religion in Australia as an Aboriginal Olympic medalist who grew up as a Bahá’í.[34] In 2001 the 2nd edition of A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services added the Bahá’í Faith in its coverage of religions in Australia.[35] A TV medical-drama called MDA - Medical Defense Australia, which went on the air on July 23, 2002 through 2005 with an ongoing Bahá’í character, Layla Young, played by a non-Bahá’í[36] actress Petra Yared.[37][38] And Luke McPharlin has been visible as a distinguished Australian footballer who mentioned his spiritual beliefs in his reasons for his sportsmanship.[39]

Demographics[edit]

The Australian National Census has estimated the size of the Australian Bahá’í community since 1991. The estimates have been: 7,484 Bahá’ís in 1991,[40] 8,949 in 1996, 11,036 in 2001,[35] 12,331 in 2006, 13,707 in 2011,[41] and 13,989 with a standard error of 0.2 in 2016.[42][43]

In 1998 the Victorian province Bahá’ís celebrated their 75th anniversary and counted approximately 1600 adults, youth, and children, organised in more than 50 communities, with 29 local assemblies in the Melbourne metropolitan area.[6]

In 2008 the Tasmanian Bahá’í community neared the opening of its Bahá’í Center in Hobart with assemblies in Clarence, Devonport, Glenorchy, Kingborough and Launceston and more than 300 on the island.[44]

Contact[edit]

Baha'i National Office
173 Mona Vale Rd, Ingleside, NSW 2101

Phone: (02) 9998 9222
Email: info [at] bahai.org.au

Baha'i Office of Public Information (for Media Enquiries)
Phone: (02) 9998 9222
Email: opi [at] bahai.org.au

Publications[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Official Australian Bahá’í website
  2. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1991). Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá’í Publishing Trust. pp. p. 40/42. ISBN 0877432333. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Australian Bahá'í History". Official Website of the Bahá’ís of Australia. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Australia. Retrieved 2008-07-20. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 William Miller (b. Glasgow 1875) and Annie Miller (b. Aberdeen 1877) - The First Believers in Western Australia The Scottish Bahá’í No.33 – Autumn, 2003
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Hassall, Graham (December 1998), "Seventy Five Years of the Bahá'í Faith in Victoria", presented at a dinner marking 75 years of the Bahá’í Faith in Victoria, Association for Bahá’í Studies, Australia
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 The Bahá’í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá’í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963, Compiled by Hands of the Cause of God Residing in the Holy Land, pages 22 and 46.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Hassall, Graham; (ed.) Ata, Abe (1989), Religion and Ethnic Identity, An Australian Study, Melbourne: Victoria College & Spectrum, pp. Chapter "Persian Bahá’ís in Australia" {{citation}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Coker, Richard; Coker, University of South Australia, Jan (2004-12-09), "Soul Food: collaborative development of an ongoing nondenominational, devotional event" (PDF), Education and Social Action Conference, Building 10, 235 Jones St, Broadway 2007: Centre for Popular Education, University of Technology, Sydney, pp. pp. 65-7 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Social and Economic Development and the Environment". International Conference "Indigenous Knowledge and Bioprospecting". Australian Association for Bahá’í Studies. 2004-04-28. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Submission in response to selected questions from the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission discussion paper, Striking the Balance: Women, men, work and family", Striking the Balance - Women, men, work and family, Australian Bahá’í Community, June 2005
  12. ↑ Abbas, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation]. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1991). Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá’í Publishing Trust. pp. p. 56. ISBN 0877432333. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-date= suggested) (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Moores, Marjorie (2008-01-16). "The Bahá'í Faith in Queensland". Local Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Brisbane. Retrieved 2008-07-20. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ↑ Hassall, Graham (1994-03-09). "Clara and Hyde Dunn". draft of "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith", Bahá’í Library Online. Retrieved on 2008-06-15. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Hassall, Graham (1988), "Australian Women and Religious Change: Margaret Dixson and the first Melbourne Bahá'ís", Proceedings of the Association for Bahá’í Studies, Australia, Association for Bahá’í Studies, Australia
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hassall, Graham. "Bahá'í Faith in Tasmania 1923-1963". Articles / papers, unpublished. Bahá’í Library Online. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  18. ↑ The Bahá’í World: A Biennial International Record, Volume II, 1926-1928 (New York City: Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1928), 182-85.
  19. ↑ Hassall, Graham. "Yerrinbool Baha'i School 1938 - 1988, An Account of the First Fifty Years". Published Articles. Bahá’í Library Online. Retrieved 2008-07-20. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ↑ (1998-04-10) "Report on Scholarship, 1997". Scholarship Institute, Yerrinbool, Australia: Association for Bahá’í Studies — Australia. Retrieved on 2008-04-06. 
  21. ↑ "Welcome". Caboolture Bahá’í Community. Caboolture Bahá’í Community. 2003. Retrieved 2008-07-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ↑ Bluett, Margaret (November, 2005). "Nightingales in Terra Nova" (pdf). final. Dept. of Philosophy, School of Humanities, James Cook University, Cairns. Retrieved on 2008-07-22.
  23. ↑ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Australia (2006). "Bahá'í House of Worship: Facilities". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  24. ↑ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Australia (2006). "Bahá'í House of Worship: Construction". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  25. ↑ Effendi, Shoghi (1944). God Passes By. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá’í Publishing Trust. pp. pp. 171. ISBN 0-87743-020-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  26. ↑ House of Justice, Universal (1976). Wellspring of Guidance, Messages 1963-1968. Wilmette, Illinois: National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. pp. p. 109-112. ISBN 0877430322. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  27. ↑ Rossiter, Graham. "Finding the Balance: Religious Education in Australia". International Association for Religious Freedom. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  28. ↑ International Community, Bahá’í (2005-04-05), "Baha'i classes find wide appeal", Bahá’í World News Service
  29. ↑ "Bahá'í Education in State Schools". Children's Activities. Local Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Shellharbour. July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  30. ↑ "Relaxation and Spiritual Development". Soul Food. Baha'i Communities of South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia. 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
  31. ↑ Scrine, Tessa, Executive Officer Government Relations (2003), "Testimony of the Australian Bahá'í Community to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee, 2003", Inquiry into the Australian Human Rights Commission Legislation Bill 2003, SUBMISSIONS AGREED TO BY THE COMMITTEE, Australian Bahá’í Community{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ ""The role of men and boys in achieving gender equality"" (PDF), Striking the Balance - Women, men, work and family, YWCA Australia, 2007
  33. ↑ Welcome to Audiophile Billy Field - "Best Of: You Weren't In Love With Me" comments
  34. ↑ Cos I'm Free (AKA Cathy Freeman) Transcript of Program
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services "2nd" edition
  36. ↑ Australian Bahá’í Community (2006-06-05). "First Bahá'í Character" (PDF). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Australia. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
  37. ↑ Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2005). "Layla Young - Receptionist/Student Liaison Officer, MDA". abc.net.au. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
  38. ↑ Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2005). "Medical Defense Australia: Episode Guide". abc.net.au. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
  39. ↑ Top sportsmen find support in faith, 11 August 2004 (BWNS)
  40. ↑ Hughes, P.J. et al. Australia's Religious Communities Christian Research Association, 2012, p 18
  41. ↑ Australia Census 2011: https://www.omi.wa.gov.au/Resources/Publications/Documents/Culture_and_Religion/Bahai.pdf
  42. ↑ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/8497F7A8E7DB5BEFCA25821800203DA4?OpenDocument
  43. ↑ http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Independent+Assurance+Panel/%24File/CIAP+Report+on+the+quality+of+2016+Census+data.pdf
  44. ↑ Martin, Tim (2008-06-22), "Baha'i building on faith", Sunday Tasmanian

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