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Rúḥíyyih Khánum

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Rúhíyyih Khánum
Amatu’l-Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum
BornMary Sutherland Maxwell
August 8, 1910
New York, United States of America
DiedJanuary 19, 2000 (aged 89)
Haifa, Israel
Hand of the CauseHoly Land
1952 - 2000
IBC member1951 - 1961
Custodian1957 - 1963
Title(s)Amatu’l-Bahá
Spouse(s)Shoghi Effendi (1937-1957)
ParentsFather: William S. Maxwell
Mother: May Maxwell
Signature

Amatu’l-Bahá Rúḥíyyih Rabbání (August 8, 1910 - January 19, 2000), best known as Rúḥíyyih Khánum, was the wife of Shoghi Effendi who was the Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith. She served as Shoghi Effendi's secretary and he appointed her as a Hand of the Cause.

She served as a Custodian administrating the international affairs of the Bahá’í community after Shoghi Effendi's passing in 1957 up until 1963. After the Universal House of Justice was established in 1963 she began traveling extensively to visit Bahá’í communities across the world conducting several major travel teaching tours, meeting with several Heads of State and other prominent officials to establish positive relations for the Faith, and supporting Bahá’í pioneers and initiatives. She also produced some audio-visual materials and wrote several books relevant to the Bahá’í Faith.

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

Rúhíyyih was born as Mary Sutherland Maxwell into a Bahá’í family on August 8, 1910, at Hahnemann Hospital in New York City. Her parents were May Bolles and William Sutherland Maxwell and they received a Tablet from ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in March 1911 in which He commented on Rúhíyyih's birth directing them to see to her Bahá’í education.[1] In August 1912 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá visited the Maxwell household in Montreal, Canada, during His tour of the Americas and Rúhíyyih was able to meet Him.[2] When ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan were delivered to America Rúhíyyih was given the responsibility of unveiling them at a ceremony held in New York on April 29, 1919.[3]

Rúhíyyih Khánum, c. 1926

In her youth Rúhíyyih's mother established the first Montessori school in Canada which she attended and she also completed one year at a local Montreal school, a few months at Chevy Chase County Day School in Maryland, and one year at Weston High School in Montreal. In addition to her intermittent attendance at schools she was also privately tutored at home and was able to enroll in McGill University as a part-time student.[3]

In April 1923 Rúhíyyih accompanied her mother on pilgrimage to the Holy Land as she wanted to meet Shoghi Effendi who had succeeded ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as Head of the Faith in 1921 and she met Shoghi Effendi for the first time.[4] They remained in the Holy Land for an extended period and also resided in Ramleh, Egypt, briefly when Shoghi Effendi was traveling abroad but they returned to the Holy Land when he did.[5] During the pilgrimage Shoghi Effendi gave Rúhíyyih instructions in relation to the development of Bahá’í administration and after returning to America she was extremely active in deepening the community on administration in addition to continuing to actively teach the Faith accompanying her mother on travel teaching trips.[6]

In 1926 Rúhíyyih made a second pilgrimage.[5] She was inspired by the experience and as of 1926 she was an active member of several youth activities both within and outside the Bahá’í community and that year she was appointed as the treasurer of the executive committee of the Fellowship of Canadian Youth for Peace. That year she also began teaching by delivering public talks on the Bahá’í Faith and in 1929 she delivered a talk at the National Convention of the United States and Canada and received a personal letter of encouragement from Shoghi Effendi.[6] In the 1930's she began accompanying her father to official functions and meeting prominent figures including the Governor-General of Canada.[7]

In 1933 Rúhíyyih visited Washington, D.C., for several weeks intensively teaching with a focus on trying to overcome racial prejudice,[7] and as of 1935 she was making plans to visit Spain in order to learn Spanish. The Spanish Civil War broke out that year and she instead accompanied some cousins on her mothers side to Germany where she lived for the following year. While living in Germany she was active in teaching the Faith and became a fluent German speaker.[8]

Marriage to the Guardian[edit]

In January 1936 Shoghi Effendi invited Rúhíyyih and her mother to visit the Holy Land advising her to visit Bahá’í communities across Germany, Austria, and the Balkans while traveling there.[8] She visited every Bahá’í community in Germany however the onset of World War II prevented her from traveling through Austria and the Balkans and Shoghi Effendi advised her and her mother to come directly to Haifa. They arrived in the Holy Land on January 12, 1937.[9]

Rúhíyyih Khánum with her father, William, 1948

The Maxwell's remained in the Holy Land for an extended period and on March 25, 1937, Shoghi Effendi and Rúhíyyih married. Only their parents and three of Shoghi Effendi's siblings were aware the wedding was to take place in advance. They were driven to the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh where they exchanged rings and Shoghi Effendi chanted a Tablet of Visitation and they then attended a simple ceremony held in the room of Bahíyyih Khánum at which Shoghi Effendi's parents signed a marriage certificate. After the ceremony Rúhíyyih took the marriage certificate to her parents, who did not attend the ceremony, and they signed it and Shoghi Effendi returned to his regular duties. After dinner Rúhíyyih's luggage was moved from the Western Pilgrim House to the house of Shoghi Effendi.[10] After their marriage Shoghi Effendi granted her the Persian name Rúhíyyih and afterwards only her immediate family continued to address her as Mary.[11]

Rúhíyyih's parents departed the Holy Land two months after the wedding took place and Shoghi Effendi continued to undertake his usual heavy workload,[11] and also personally tutored Rúhíyyih in secretarial duties.[12] In the early years of their marriage Shoghi Effendi's family broke the Covenant and were expelled from the community.[13]

In March 1940 Rúhíyyih's mother passed away while pioneering in Argentina and Shoghi Effendi invited her father to live in the Holy Land.[14] At the same time Shoghi Effendi needed to travel to England for personal reasons and he obtained a visa for Italy and he and Rúhíyyih went to Rome where she met with her father, who had traveled to Italy to join them, in Genoa.[15] The three of them then traveled to France and the Second World War broke out while they were in Paris. On June 2, 1940, they secured passage to England sailing to Southampton from St. Malo and the day after their departure the Germans occupied St. Malo.[16]

Due to the Second World War Shoghi Effendi, Rúhíyyih, and her father were unable to return to the Holy Land from England through Europe and they instead boarded a ship for Cape Town, South Africa, on July 28, 1940. After arriving in South Africa Shoghi Effendi had William Maxwell sent to the Holy Land by air from Durban due to concern for his health. Rúhíyyih then accompanied Shoghi Effendi on an overland journey across Africa traveling to Juba in Sudan by driving then sailing to Khartoum on the Nile.[17] They also visited the Belgian Congo before arriving back in the Holy Land on December 27, 1940.[18]

Service to the Guardian[edit]

Rúhíyyih Khánum speaking at Wilmette Intercontinental Conference, 1953.

In 1940 Rúhíyyih began serving as Shoghi Effendi's official secretary for communication with the West.[19] She served as his principal secretary for the English language until his passing in 1957 and wrote thousands of letters on his behalf as personal and official correspondence which he reviewed and signed before sending. During the Second World War there were heavy restrictions in place in the Holy Land preventing people from visiting the Guardian's household however after 1948 she was also able to assist Shoghi Effendi by hosting events for dignitaries in Haifa.[20] Shortly after the end of the war she visited Scotland with Shoghi Effendi.[21]

In 1951 Shoghi Effendi established the International Bahá’í Council as a precursor to the Universal House of Justice and he appointed Rúhíyyih to the body as the liaison between the Council and himself and he appointed her as a Hand of the Cause of God after her fathers passing in 1952.[22] Pilgrimage was resumed in 1952, having been suspended for the duration of WWII, and Rúhíyyih was responsible for welcoming and catering for pilgrims during their stay in the Holy Land.[23]

She was sent to the United States in May 1953 to represent Shoghi Effendi at the Intercontinental Conference in Wilmette, Illinois, and dedicated the Wilmette Temple on his behalf.[22] After the Conference she went to Canada with Amelia Collins and visited her fathers grave in Montreal and saw to her parents estate shipping furniture to Haifa with the permission of Shoghi Effendi and donating their house to the Bahá’í community.[24]

In October 1957 she accompanied Shoghi Effendi on a visit to England and they both fell ill and were diagnosed with Asiatic influenza on October 27. Shoghi Effendi's condition deteriorated and he passed away on November 4. Rúhíyyih immediately contacted the Hands of the Cause in Europe and they saw to funeral arrangements with the funeral being held on November 9, 1957.[25]

Ministry of the Custodians[edit]

On November 15, 1957, Rúhíyyih arrived in Haifa with other Hands of the Cause and she and a delegation sealed Shoghi Effendi's safe and desk. On November 18 a Conclave began which gathered all living Hands of the Cause, except for the elderly Corinne True, and they inspected Shoghi Effendi's papers and signed a statement that no Will and Testament had been found. At the close of the Conclave on November 25 the Hands of the Cause decided to form the Institution of the Custodians to serve as Head of the Bahá’í community until the Universal House of Justice was established and Rúhíyyih was elected as a Custodian and continued to reside in the Holy Land.[26]

Rúhíyyih Khánum at the Kampala Intercontinental Conference, 1958.

In January 1958 Rúhíyyih visited Africa to attend the Intercontinental Conference of Kampala, Uganda, held to commemorate the midpoint of the Ten Year Crusade having been appointed to represent Shoghi Effendi at the Conference prior to his passing. She delivered a lengthy tribute to Shoghi Effendi while addressing the Conference.[27] After the conference she visited Teso, Uganda, which had a large Bahá’í community which had requested that she visit upon learning she would be attending the Kampala Conference.[28]

In April 1960 Rúhíyyih and Amelia Collins departed the Holy Land to undertake a tour of the United States and Canada shortly after Mason Remey had been expelled from the Faith for claiming the Guardianship despite having previously signed statements that no successor had been appointed.[29] She visited key communities in the two countries and spoke at several large public meetings leading to favorable publicity for the Faith.[30] She cut her teaching tour short in July, 1960, upon hearing of the passing of one of the Custodians Horace Holley and returned to the Holy Land.[31]

In January 1961 Rúhíyyih visited Africa again to dedicate the Kampala House of Worship in Uganda,[32] and in February she visited Nairobi, Kenya, where she laid the cornerstone for a Bahá’í Center.[33] While in Africa she also toured the Indian Ocean visiting Mauritius, Reunion, and Madagascar.[34]

In September 1961 Rúḥíyyih traveled through Asia visiting Bangkok, Burma, Singapore,[35] Thailand, and Vietnam,[36] while en route to Australia to dedicate the Sydney Temple.[37] She dedicated the Sydney Temple on September 14,[38] and also visited New Zealand while in Australasia but fell ill while touring the country and Jessie Revell continued touring the country on her behalf while she recovered.[36] After arriving back in the Holy Land she worked with Hasan Balyuzi on completing the interior of the International Archives Building.[39] In 1962 she departed the Holy Land again to tour Europe.[40]

In 1963 the Universal House of Justice was established at the First International Convention ending the Ministry of the Custodians and Rúhíyyih attended the Convention and also the First Bahá’í World Congress held in the Royal Albert Hall in London in May 1963 delivering two addresses. She was designated as a Hand of the Cause for the Holy Land and remained resident in the Holy Land after the establishment of the Universal House of Justice.[41]

International Travels[edit]

After the Universal House of Justice was established Rúhíyyih began to travel internationally extensively to teach and stimulate Bahá’í communities.

In 1964 she visited India for several months addressing the Delhi community and consulting with the National Spiritual Assembly in February,[42] and she also visited Calcutta,[43] and in March she visited Indore.[44] In April she visited Ceylon and attended the countries National Convention,[45] and she also visited Nepal and Sikkim.[46] In July she went to Europe and gave the dedication address at the opening of the Frankfurt Temple in Germany.[47]

From 1965 to 1966 Rúhíyyih was unable to travel due to duties in the Holy Land serving alongside Abu’l-Qásim Faizí and Paul Haney to coordinate the international work of the Faith. As of early 1967 she was in the process of making plans for an extended teaching tour of Africa but was delayed in leaving the Holy Land due to being occupied by writing an overview of the Ministry of the Guardian for publication in a volume of The Bahá’í World.[48] She was able to depart the Holy Land in April 1967 going on a teaching tour during which she visited Sikkim where she attended the territories first National Convention, and then India, Mauritius, Reunion, and Madagascar.[49] She met with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India on May 27.[50]

In October 1967 Rúhíyyih embarked on a teaching tour of South America and that month she visited Panama to represent the Universal House of Justice at an Intercontinental Conference and she laid the cornerstone of the Panama Temple,[51] and in November she visited Bolivia for twenty-eight days traveling over 2200 kilometers by jeep across the country.[52] She remained in South America into early 1968 visiting Brazil in January,[53][54] then Venezuela and Colombia,[55] before spending early February in Surinam and Guiana.[56] She met with the Governor-General of Guiana while in the country.[57] In late March she visited Argentina.[58]

Rúhíyyih spent the rest of 1968 in the Holy Land opening the Second International Convention in April,[59] and representing the Hands of the Cause at a Commemoration of Bahá’u’lláh's arrival in the Holy Land at Bahjí in August.[60]

The Great African Safari: 1969 - 1973[edit]

In July 1969 Rúhíyyih visited England and delivered a talk to the London community,[61] and in August she went to Africa and embarked on her tour of the continent later known as the Great African Safari accompanied by Violette Nakhjavani.[62] During her tour she met with several Heads of State and other government dignitaries, proclaimed the Faith through public talks to audiences, on the radio, and in other forms of media, consulted with Bahá’í pioneers and institutions, and taught the Faith particularly in rural villages in many of the countries she visited.

She began her tour in Kampala, Uganda, in August 1969,[63] and she visited Kenya, Tanzania,[64] and Ethiopia that year,[65] then Congo,[66] the Central African Republic, Chad,[67], Dahomey,[68] Togo,[69] and Ghana in early 1970.[70]

Rúhíyyih Khánum with Violette Nakhjavani and Oloro Epyeru at the Kampala Temple, 1970.

In April 1970 Rúhíyyih suspended her African travels and went to South America to visit the Temple site in Panama accompanied by Violette,[71] and to represent the Universal House of Justice at the first National Convention of Surinam and French Guiana.[72] After the Convention she toured the Caribbean throughout May spending time in Trinidad, Grenada, St. Vincent, Barbados, Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Antigua, St. Martin, Nevis, and St. Thomas.[73]

She then went to North America where in June 1970 she spoke at the National Bahá’í Youth Conference of the United States in Evanston, Illinois,[74] then visited Milwaukee, attended the Southeastern Summer School in Georgia, then visited Vancouver and Montreal in Canada.[75] From Canada she traveled to South America and briefly visited Ecuador,[76] and Peru,[77] while on her way to Bolivia where she represented the Universal House of Justice at a Continental conference in La Paz in August.[78] She then went to Brazil where she contracted pneumonia due to her extensive traveling and she spent one month recuperating in Rio de Janeiro then went to Florida where she spent an additional two months recuperating on medical advice.[79]

Rúhíyyih resumed her tour of Africa traveling to Ghana in November 1970,[80] and visited the Ivory Coast where she spent three weeks recuperating in Abidjan.[81] and then visited Liberia before the end of the year.[82] In January 1971 Rúhíyyih attended the Continental Conference in Monrovia, Liberia,[83] then visited Mali,[84] and Upper Volta,[85] before returning to Ghana where she visited Tamale and Kumasi in the north.[86] In March 1971 she returned to Liberia,[87] and then visited Sierra Leone,[88] Senegal,[89][90] and Gambia before returning to the Ivory Coast. In May she returned to Ghana.[91][92]

In May 1971 Rúhíyyih again paused her African travels and went to Europe, flying to Switzerland from Ghana,[93] and in June she visited the Frankfurt Temple in Germany.[94] From late July into early August she attended the European Youth Conference in Fiesch, Switzerland, and spoke at it.[95] After the Conference she remained in Switzerland for a brief period of rest to receive medical care.[96]

Rúhíyyih returned to Africa arriving in Ghana in August 1971 and throughout the year she visited Togo and Dahomey. She intended to travel to Nigeria from Dahomey but ran out of travel documents in Dahomey. In September she was able to secure permission to travel into Nigeria and spent the month traveling the country also making a brief visit to neighboring Benin.[97] In October she relocated to Cameroon which had a sizeable Bahá’í community and she traveled the country extensively throughout October and November.[98] In December she went to Zaire and traveled through the country by barge,[99] and she traveled within Zaire and nearby parts of the Congo until traveling to Zambia in February 1972.[100] In March she visited Zimbabwe.[101]

In March 1972 Rúhíyyih had a third interruption to her African tour when she had to travel to South America from Zimbabwe on behalf of the Universal House of Justice.[102] She made an unannounced visit to Bermuda,[103] before going to Barbados where she represented the Universal House of Justice at the establishment of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Windward Islands.[104] She then went to Panama where she dedicated the Panama City House of Worship at the end of April,[105] and after the dedication she participated in a short International Bahá’í Conference held in Panama City in early May.[106]

On May 11, 1972, Rúhíyyih arrived back in Rhodesia and traveled across the country into June.[107] She then traveled across the Kalahari desert,[108] to get to Botswana.[109] At the close of June she traveled from Botswana to South Africa,[110] and also visited what is now Namibia while touring across South Africa.[111] From July to August she visited Lesotho and met the King of the country,[112] then visited Swaziland for six weeks into September,[113] also meeting the King of Swaziland.[114]

From Swaziland Rúhíyyih had to travel to Durban, South Africa, then sail to Mombasa, Kenya, and spent time teaching in Kenya,[115] and made a visit to Malawi.[116] On February 24, 1973, she boarded a plane in Nairobi, Kenya, and flew back to Haifa ending her Great African Safari and many Bahá’ís gathered at the airport to bid her farewell.[117]

Developments in the Holy Land and Further Travels[edit]

In April 1973 Rúhíyyih helped facilitate the Third International Convention in Haifa.[118] On June 14 she participated in the first meeting of the International Teaching Centre which was a new Institution established by the Universal House of Justice to oversee the work of the Continental Boards of Counsellors.[119] In late July 1973 she departed the Holy Land again to tour Alaska visiting several communities across the state and attending a Summer School in early August.[120]

In April 1974 she visited Asia where she represented the Universal House of Justice at the establishment of the National Spiritual Assembly of Hong Kong and also attended the National Convention of Burma.[121] In June she visited India representing the Universal House of Justice at the National Convention of India and met with the President of India in New Delhi,[122] and she also visited Bangladesh and met with the President the same month.[123] In August she visited the United States and attended the first National Bahá’í Conference for the Five Year Plan in St. Louis.[124]

By the end of 1974 Rúhíyyih had returned to the Holy Land however in December a gathering was held in her honor at which she announced she was embarking on another extended teaching tour similar to her Great African Safari this time throughout the rural regions of South America,[125] and in December 1974 she received a letter from the Universal House of Justice encouraging her to undertake the journey.[126]

The Green Light Expedition[edit]

Rúhíyyih Khánum traveling the rivers of South America by boat.

Early in 1975 Rúhíyyih arrived in South America and embarked on her travel tour accompanied by Mas’ud Khamsi, Nosrat Rabbani, and a film crew of four. She first traveled to Puerto Ayacucho, the capital of the Amazonas Territory of Venezuela, arriving on February 6. She then traveled extensively throughout the Amazonas Territory to visit isolated villages traveling up the Orinoco and Ventuari rivers by riverboat and canoe spending thirty-two days traveling by river before returning to Puerto Ayacucho on March 12.[127]

Before the end of March Rúhíyyih flew to Surinam from Caracas, Venezuela,[128] and she again traveled extensively throughout the interior of the country.[129] On April 4 she attended the establishment of a Local Spiritual Assembly in the rural village of Kamaloea.[130] In early April 1975 she traveled to Brazil from Surinam,[131] and spent fifteen days in the country traveling in the state of Amazonas and supporting a Proclamation Plan formulated by the countries National Spiritual Assembly focused on the city of Manaus.[132] From Brazil she flew to Colombia before the end of April,[133] and traveled along the Amazon between Brazil and Colombia to visit communities along the river into May.[134]

Later in the expedition Rúhíyyih traveled to Bolivia,[135] and then to Peru where in August she attended the first International Quechua Bahá’í Conference held near the ruins of Machu-Picchu.[136]

The late 1970's[edit]

After her tour of South America Rúhíyyih went to the United States and in November 1975 she spoke at a meeting in New York City at which a film covering the Green Light Expedition was screened,[137] and in January 1976 she consulted with the National Spiritual Assembly on the distribution of materials related to the Expedition that month.[138] Later in January she went to Alaska and visited the town of Barrow where the most northerly Local Spiritual Assembly in the world had recently been established,[139] and in April she attended the U.S. National Convention.[140] In August 1976 she went to Europe and represented the Universal House of Justice at an International Teaching Conference held in Paris, France.[141]

As of August 1977 Rúhíyyih was in the process of planning another teaching tour this time of Asia which would include visits to Hong Kong, India, Japan, Nepal, and Singapore and she embarked on the tour in September. Part of the tour was attending the All Asia Bahá’í Women's Conference in New Delhi, India, in October which she had been invited to by the National Spiritual Assembly.[142] After the Conference she laid the cornerstone of the New Delhi House of Worship,[143] and then traveled to Nepal visiting Kathmandu.[144] As of December 1977 she was in Australia and delivered a talk to the Bahá’ís of Sydney.[145]

As of April 1978 Rúhíyyih had returned to the Holy Land and participated in the Fourth International Convention,[146] but traveled again later in the year to attend the establishment of a Bahá’í Radio station in Ecuador in August,[147] and in September she gave a speech on the goals of the Five Year Plan in London, England,[148] and also visited Belfast, Ireland.[149] In January 1979 she visited New Zealand,[150] on her way to Western Samoa to attend the groundbreaking for construction of the Apia House of Worship.[151] Later in 1979 she visited Taiwan for three weeks.[152]

The 1980's[edit]

In August 1980 Rúhíyyih visited North America again to attend a meeting called by William Sears titled The Gathering which gathered several Hands of the Cause of God and members of the Auxiliary Board.[153] She then remained in the Holy Land and produced a documentary titled The Pilgrimage which provided an overview of the history of the Bahá’í Faith in the Holy Land and contained footage of some of the Holy places which was released in 1981.[154]

In early 1981 Rúhíyyih toured Central America spending time in Panama, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Belize, and Honduras between January and February,[155] and Guetamala in March.[156] In April she represented the Universal House of Justice at the establishment of the National Spiritual Assembly of Bermuda in Hamilton,[157] and shortly afterwards she attended the National Convention of the Leeward Islands.[158] In May she visited the Dominican Republic,[159] and Jamaica.[160]

Rúhíyyih at a Bahá’í Studies Conference in Canada, 1981.

At the end of May 1981 Rúhíyyih went to Canada where she attended the sixth annual Conference of the Association for Bahá’í Studies.[161] In early July she attended an international Youth Conference in Kansas City, Missouri, alongside fellow Hand of the Cause Zikrullah Khadem.[162] Later in July she went to Europe and attended a youth conference for the United Kingdom in Sussex,[163] and then toured Scotland beginning her visit in Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis.[164]

From August to September 1982 Rúhíyyih undertook an extensive teaching tour of northern Canada and also visited Greenland and Iceland,[165] and throughout the course of the tour she visited forty-five communities in every province of Canada visiting many Native American communities.[166] During September she represented the Universal House of Justice at an International Bahá’í Conference held in Montreal, Canada.[167] After her tour of Canada she went to the Caribbean and attended the opening of the Anís Zunúzí Bahá’í School in Lilavoix, Haiti, on October 20, 1982.[168]

In April 1983 Rúḥíyyih Khánum served as the presiding officer of the election of the Universal House of Justice at the Fifth International Convention in the Holy Land,[169] and she remained in the Holy Land for the first half of the year addressing the first All-Youth pilgrimage group in the recently constructed Seat of the Universal House of Justice in June.[170] In July she visited Europe addressing a European Youth Conference in Innsbruck, Austria,[171] and in September she visited Italy and attended the Italian Summer School in Cosenza.[172]

In April 1984 Rúhíyyih visited the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to represent the Universal House of Justice at the formation of the areas National Spiritual Assembly.[173] She visited Western Samoa in September 1984 to dedicate the House of Worship in Apia and during the visit she presented a model of the temple to Malietoa Tanamufili II as a gift from the Universal House of Justice.[174][175]

Rúhíyyih visited South America in early 1985 beginning with attending an International Teaching Conference for the Amazon Region in Manaus, Brazil, in January,[176] and in February she visited Panama attending important public events and meeting with the President of the country.[177] As of October she had returned to the Holy Land and she participated in a ceremony held to reinter Mírzá Muḥammad-Quli in a Bahá’í cemetery that month.[178] In December 1985 she participated in a major Conference for the Continental Counsellors and International Teaching Center to launch the Six Year Plan in the Holy Land.[179]

In August 1986 Rúhíyyih visited London in Ontario, Canada, to attend the Annual Conference of the Association for Bahá’í Studies,[180] and in December she visited New Delhi, India, to dedicate the New Delhi House of Worship, also known as the Lotus Temple.[181] In November 1987 she visited France spending time in seventeen cities and towns and participating in a teaching conference in Paris,[182] and in April and May she attended and helped facilitate the Sixth International Convention in the Holy Land.[183]

From 1988 to 1989 Rúhíyyih undertook an extensive teaching tour of Far East Asia spending time in Taiwan,[184] representing the Universal House of Justice at the formation of the National Spiritual Assembly of Macau,[185] touring mainland China, and visiting Mongolia and the Philippines.[186][187] After visiting the Philippines she returned to Taiwan and visited six cities in the area during August of 1989 then visited Hong Kong.[188]

The 1990's[edit]

In February 1990 Rúhíyyih visited Argentina to attend a conference commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the passing of her mother in the country and she visited several rural communities during her stay.[189] She visited Hong Kong later in the year and helped open a local Bahá’í Center in October.[190]

In 1992 Rúhíyyih visited New York to speak at the Second Bahá’í World Congress.[191] She also visited Poland and Bulgaria to represent the Universal House of Justice at both countries first National Conventions.[192][193] She was in the Holy Land when the commemoration of the Centenary of the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh was held in the Holy Land that year and placed the honor roll with the names of the Knights of Bahá’u’lláh at the entrance to the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh during the ceremony.[194]

In April 1993 Rúhíyyih opened the Seventh International Convention in the Holy Land and she participated in the Counsellors Conference held at the Seat of the Universal House of Justice in May.[195] She visited Turkey in April 1994 and attended a conference which was aired on television,[196] and in July she visited London, England, where she spoke at the World Forestry Charter alongside Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh.[197]

Rúhíyyih with the two other surviving Hands of the Cause, 1993.

In April 1995 Rúhíyyih visited Georgia to represent the Universal House of Justice at the formation of the countries National Spiritual Assembly in Tbilisi,[198] then visited England where she represented the Faith at the Summit on the Alliance between Religions and Conservation, before traveling to Albania where she was a guest of honor at a Regional teaching Conference in Tirana.[199] In October 1995 she was keynote speaker at a conference organized by the Bahá’í Chair for World Peace at the University of Maryland in the United States,[200] and in December she participated in another Counsellors Conference in the Holy Land during which she hosted a banquet in the House of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.[201]

Rúhíyyih made a special visit to Brazil in August 1996 to mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Bahá’í Faith in the country and she was received at a special session of the Brazilian Federal Chamber of Deputies during her visit.[202] She toured the country during the visit including a brief visit to the Amazon marking the first time she had visited the area since the Green Light Expedition twenty years earlier.[203] In September she visited Lisbon, Portugal, to help commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Faith in Portugal.[204]

Rúhíyyih toured Europe in 1997 visiting Spain in July where she attended celebrations of the fiftieth anniversary of the Faith in the country in Madrid,[205] and she visited the Alicante and Basque provinces of Spain after the commemoration.[206] In August she visited Luxembourg,[207] and in September she visited Switzerland where she dedicated the Rabbani Chair for Bahá’í History at Landegg Academy.[208]

Rúhíyyih did not undertake anymore international travels after 1997.[209] In 1998 she opened the Eighth International Convention, the last held during her lifetime.[210]

Passing[edit]

Rúhíyyih passed away on January 19, 2000, in the Holy Land. Her funeral was held in the central hall of the House of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and was attended by the Universal House of Justice, the International Teaching Center, twenty-four Counsellors from all over the world, senior officials from the Israeli embassies of the United States and Canada, representatives of the Israeli government, the mayors of both Haifa and Acre, and many others including the volunteers at the World Centre. Messages of condolence were received from many heads of state and dignitaries.[211]

The Universal House of Justice conveyed the following message after her passing:

"In the early hours of this morning, the soul of Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, beloved consort of Shoghi Effendi and the Baha' i world's last remaining link with the family of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, was released from the limitations of this earthly existence. In the midst of our grief, we are sustained by our confidence that she has been gathered to the glory of the Concourse on High in the presence of the Abhá Beauty.

For all whose hearts she touched so deeply, the sorrow that this irreparable loss brings will, in God's good time, be assuaged in awareness of the joy that is hers through her reunion with the Guardian and with the Master, Who had Himself prayed in the Most Holy Shrine that her parents be blessed with a child. Down the centuries to come, the followers of Bahá’u’lláh will contemplate with wonder and gratitude the quality of the services - ardent, indomitable, resourceful - that she brought to the protection and promotion of the Cause.
In her youth, Amatu’l-Bahá had already distinguished herself through her activities in North America, and later, both with her dear mother and on her own, she had rendered valuable service to the Cause in Europe. Her twenty years of intimate association with Shoghi Effendi evoked from his pen such accolades as "my helpmate," "my shield," "my tireless collaborator in the arduous tasks I shoulder." To these tributes he added in 1952 his decision to elevate her to the rank of Hand of the Cause of God, after the death of her illustrious father.
The devastating shock of the beloved Guardian's passing steeled her resolve to lend her share, with the other Hands of the Cause, to the triumph of the Ten Year Crusade, and subsequently to undertake, with characteristic intrepidity, her historic worldwide travels.
A life so noble in its provenance, so crucial to the preservation of the Faith's integrity, and so rich in its dedicated, uninterrupted and selfless service, moves us to call for befitting commemorations by Bahá’í communities on both national and local levels, as well as for special gatherings in her memory in all Houses of Worship.

With yearning hearts, we supplicate at the Holy Threshold for infinite heavenly bounties to surround her soul, as she assumes her rightful and well-earned position among the exalted company in the Abhá Kingdom.[212]

Publications[edit]

Books[edit]

Bahai.media has a related page: Rúhíyyih Khánum
Bahai.works has a related page: Author:Rúhíyyih Khánum

Articles/Essays[edit]

  • 1934 - The Re-florescence of Historical Romance in Nabil[213]
  • 1943 - Letter to John B. Cornell[214]
  • 1948 - Twenty-Five Years of the Guardianship[215]
  • 1948 - What it is to Be a Bahá'í?[216]
  • 1949 - Success in Teaching
  • 1954 - This is Faith, poem.[217]
  • 1958 - The Passing of Shoghi Effendi written with John Ferraby.[218]
  • 1961 - Letter to the United States and Canada on Racism[219]
  • 1969 - Message to the Indian and Eskimo Bahá'ís of the Western Hemisphere[220]
  • 1976 - A Spiritual Assembly's Growing Pains[221]
  • 1982 - Dawn Fasting Prayer[222]
  • 1997 - Letter to the Ecole des Jeunes May Bolles Maxwell Conference[223]
  • 1998 - Letter to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States[224]

Compilations[edit]

  • 1982 - The Desire of the World: Materials for the Contemplation of God and His Manifestation for This Day[225]

Talks[edit]

Filmography[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Harper, Barron (1997). Lights of Fortitude (Paperback ed.). Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0853984131.
  • Nakhjavani, Violette (2000). Tribute to Amatu’l-Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum, A. Bahá’í Canada Publications & Nine Pines Publishing, Ottawa, Canada. ISBN 0888671059.
  • Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (1969). The Priceless Pearl (Hardcover ed.). London, UK: Bahá’í Publishing Trust: 2000. ISBN 1870989910.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 167. View as PDF.
  2. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 168. View as PDF.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 169. View as PDF.
  4. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 170. View as PDF.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ruhiyyih Khanum, Priceless Pearl, Baha'i Publishing Trust: London, 1969, p 150
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 171. View as PDF.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 172. View as PDF.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 173. View as PDF.
  9. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 174. View as PDF.
  10. ↑ Ruhiyyih Khanum, Priceless Pearl, Baha'i Publishing Trust: London, 1969, p 151
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ruhiyyih Khanum, Priceless Pearl, Baha'i Publishing Trust: London, 1969, p 153
  12. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 177. View as PDF.
  13. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 176. View as PDF.
  14. ↑ Ruhiyyih Khanum, Priceless Pearl, Baha'i Publishing Trust: London, 1969, p 155
  15. ↑ Ruhiyyih Khanum, Priceless Pearl, Baha'i Publishing Trust: London, 1969, p 178
  16. ↑ Ruhiyyih Khanum, Priceless Pearl, Baha'i Publishing Trust: London, 1969, p 179
  17. ↑ Ruhiyyih Khanum, Priceless Pearl, Baha'i Publishing Trust: London, 1969, p 180
  18. ↑ Ruhiyyih Khanum, Priceless Pearl, Baha'i Publishing Trust: London, 1969, p 181
  19. ↑ Introduction to Dear Co-Worker: Messages from Shoghi Effendi to the Benelux Countries
  20. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 179. View as PDF.
  21. ↑ Earl Redman, ‘’Through the Pilgrim’s Eye: Volume 1’’, George Ronald: Oxford, ‘’’2015’’’, p 327
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 180. View as PDF.
  23. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 182. View as PDF.
  24. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 181. View as PDF.
  25. ↑ https://www.bahai.org/documents/essays/ruhiyyih-khanum-ferraby-john/passing-shoghi-effendi
  26. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., pp 26-28.
  27. ↑ Baha'i News (1958). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 327, Pg(s) 4. View as PDF.
  28. ↑ Baha'i News (1958). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 327, Pg(s) 12. View as PDF.
  29. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., p 197.
  30. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., p 219.
  31. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., p 226.
  32. ↑ Baha'i News (1961). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 361, Pg(s) 2. View as PDF.
  33. ↑ Baha'i News (1963). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 382, Pg(s) 7. View as PDF.
  34. ↑ Baha'i News (1973). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 511, Pg(s) 12. View as PDF.
  35. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., p 304.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Baha'i News (1966). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 425, Pg(s) 6. View as PDF.
  37. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., p 294.
  38. ↑ Baha'i News (1986). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 668, Pg(s) 15. View as PDF.
  39. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., p 327.
  40. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., p 371.
  41. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá’í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X., p 433.
  42. ↑ Baha'i News (1964). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 398, Pg(s) 2. View as PDF.
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  162. ↑ Baha'i News (1981). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 606, Pg(s) 7. View as PDF.
  163. ↑ Baha'i News (1982). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 610, Pg(s) 16. View as PDF.
  164. ↑ Baha'i News (1981). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 609, Pg(s) 15. View as PDF.
  165. ↑ Baha'i News (1983). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 624, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  166. ↑ Baha'i News (1983). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 624, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  167. ↑ Baha'i News (1982). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 620, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  168. ↑ Baha'i News (1983). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 625, Pg(s) 2. View as PDF.
  169. ↑ Baha'i News (1983). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 628, Pg(s) 5. View as PDF.
  170. ↑ Baha'i News (1983). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 630, Pg(s) 13. View as PDF.
  171. ↑ Baha'i News (1983). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 633, Pg(s) 13. View as PDF.
  172. ↑ Baha'i News (1984). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 635, Pg(s) 15. View as PDF.
  173. ↑ Baha'i News (1985). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 646, Pg(s) 14. View as PDF.
  174. ↑ Baha'i News (1984). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 643, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  175. ↑ Baha'i News (1984). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 644, Pg(s) 2. View as PDF.
  176. ↑ Baha'i News (1984). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 644, Pg(s) 13. View as PDF.
  177. ↑ Baha'i News (1985). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 653, Pg(s) 15. View as PDF.
  178. ↑ Baha'i News (1986). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 658, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  179. ↑ Baha'i News (1986). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 659, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  180. ↑ Baha'i News (1986). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 669, Pg(s) 8. View as PDF.
  181. ↑ Baha'i News (1987). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 671, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  182. ↑ Baha'i News (1988). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 684, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  183. ↑ Baha'i News (1988). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 688, Pg(s) 4. View as PDF.
  184. ↑ Baha'i News (1989). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 696, Pg(s) 1. View as PDF.
  185. ↑ Baha'i News (1989). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 701, Pg(s) 13. View as PDF.
  186. ↑ Baha'i News (1989). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 702, Pg(s) 13. View as PDF.
  187. ↑ Baha'i News (1989). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 702, Pg(s) 16. View as PDF.
  188. ↑ Baha'i News (1989). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 704, Pg(s) 12. View as PDF.
  189. ↑ Baha'i News (1990). National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. No 709, Pg(s) 14. View as PDF.
  190. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 20 (1986-1992), Pg(s) 168. View as PDF.
  191. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2000). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 27 (1998-1999), Pg(s) 107. View as PDF.
  192. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 20 (1986-1992), Pg(s) 713. View as PDF.
  193. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1993). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 21 (1992-1993), Pg(s) 27. View as PDF.
  194. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1993). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 21 (1992-1993), Pg(s) 36. View as PDF.
  195. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1994). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 22 (1993-1994), Pg(s) 55. View as PDF.
  196. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1996). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 23 (1994-1995), Pg(s) 58. View as PDF.
  197. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1996). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 23 (1994-1995), Pg(s) 58. View as PDF.
  198. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1997). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 24 (1995-1996), Pg(s) 46. View as PDF.
  199. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1997). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 24 (1995-1996), Pg(s) 69. View as PDF.
  200. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1997). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 24 (1995-1996), Pg(s) 102. View as PDF.
  201. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1997). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 24 (1995-1996), Pg(s) 37. View as PDF.
  202. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 25 (1996-1997), Pg(s) 36. View as PDF.
  203. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 25 (1996-1997), Pg(s) 53. View as PDF.
  204. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1998). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 25 (1996-1997), Pg(s) 63. View as PDF.
  205. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1999). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 26 (1997-1998), Pg(s) 72. View as PDF.
  206. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1999). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 26 (1997-1998), Pg(s) 75. View as PDF.
  207. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1999). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 26 (1997-1998), Pg(s) 94. View as PDF.
  208. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (1999). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 26 (1997-1998), Pg(s) 115. View as PDF.
  209. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 187. View as PDF.
  210. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2000). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 27 (1998-1999), Pg(s) 44. View as PDF.
  211. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 193. View as PDF.
  212. ↑ The Bahá’í World, An International Record. (2001). Bahá’í World Centre. Haifa. Volume 28 (1999-2000), Pg(s) 194-195. View as PDF.
  213. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_historical_romance_nabil
  214. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_letter_cornell
  215. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_25_years_guardianship
  216. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_letter_youth_1948
  217. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_this_is_faith
  218. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/ruhiyyih_passing_shoghi_effendi
  219. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_letter_racism
  220. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_message_indian_eskimo
  221. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_assembly_growing_pains
  222. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_dawn_fasting_prayer
  223. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_letter_youth_1997
  224. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_letter_nsa-us_1998
  225. ↑ https://bahai-library.com/khanum_bahaullah_desire_world

See also[edit]

External links[edit]


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