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Amy Bailey

From Bahaipedia

Amy Pindar Bailey (December 5, 1890 in Hopedale, Massachusetts - June 13, 1955 in Roxbury, Massachusetts) worked her life in the context of African-American institutions, carrying on her family's work, ranging from Churches, YWCA/YMCAs, HBCUs, a hospital and the like. Much of that time she was either a soloist, performing ranging from classical music to negro spirituals, and or a voice teacher and in later years she was in various forms of a home economics teacher. A particular high point was during her 7 years leading the choir of the Palmer Memorial Institute of Sedalia, North Carolina, was during a fund-raising trip in which the choir under her direction performed in the White House for the Roosevelts in 1933. In the later 1930s she attended HBCU Cheyney College circa 1934-6 and became registered as a member of the Bahá'í Faith first in her family's home town of Providence, Rhode Island, in 1936. In 1938 Bailey returned to Palmer for a year in which she was Dean of students and making her a rare presence of the Faith in North Carolina, along with Sarah Pereira and a couple others. Bailey was still present in Greensboro, North Carolina, when traveling teacher Ruth Moffett arrived to promote the religion in 1942 and the early meetings that led to forming a spiritual assembly, the first in the state, in 1943. Bailey attended integrated Feasts and social meetings of the Bahá'ís, substituted for Moffett at a presentation when she had to be away, and led one of the adult study classes while another was led by then new Bahá'í Louise Sawyer. However Bailey had already had to move on Savannah, Georgia, before the election of the assembly. Bailey eventually returned to the North and then in failing health died and was buried privately.

Born and raised[edit]

Amy Pindar Bailey was born December 5, 1890 in Hopedale, Massachusetts, to Robert L. and Amy Elizabeth (Pindar) Bailey.[1] He was from North Carolina born circa 1861-2 and she was from Maryland. He was employed as an “expressman” and after 1890 they had moved to Wadsworth St, Providence, RI,[2] where the balance of the family was born to the couple[3] and he lived into the 1930s.[4] Together they had 2 girls and 2 boys. The family participated in social advocacy society via Rhode Island clubs and organizations[5] like the NAACP,[6] the Union of Colored Women’s Clubs[7][nb 1] and the Chain of Mothers organization of which Amy’s mother may once have been president.[8]

Performer[edit]

Amy Bailey, 1914

Through the 1910s and 20s Bailey was known as a soprano of strong ability and performed both operatic pieces and negro spirituals while being connected with black community institutions. During the period there was also a brief marriage but there don’t seem to be any children and it did not last long. Before, during, and after it, she and sometimes with her younger sister Charity, sang. Her appearance as a singer begins in 1913 at the age of 23 attending the Lexington Avenue YMCA in New York city where she was a student of Marie Jackson Stuart,[9] herself an actress[10] and president of the local Harriet Tubman Neighborhood Club.[11] Bailey also sang once at a YMCA there,[12] and in 1914 in Newport, Rhode Island, while still living in New York[13] - in fact she was taking a dress making class at the Pratt Institute[14] and appeared in the yearbook[15] - the only picture of Bailey yet found. It was a 3-4 mile distance from her place to Pratt Institute while the Lexington Avenue YMCA would have been near 12 miles away in upper New York city. Pratt segregated some classes and not others.[16] In 1915 Bailey began to appear as a featured soloist with the still extant Mt Olivet Baptist Church,[17] a couple miles from the Lexington Ave YMCA, singing “Calm On The Listening Ear of Night”[nb 2] during a Christmas performance. In 1916 she performed “Inflammatus”[nb 3] from Rossini's Stabat Mater a couple times.[18] In 1917 she appeared in Providence for Lyceum and Chautauqua events.[19] The then minister of Mt. Olivet Church participated in interdenominational, interracial meetings[20] and also supported black porters organizing in New York city.[21] In January 1918 Bailey performed “The Young Warrior"[nb 4] at a New York observance of Emancipation Day at which Fred R. Moore, editor of The New York Age, spoke[22] and in March directed a choir for a celebration memorializing Crispus Attucks.[5] A couple months later she took over a position with the National Benefit Life Insurance Company in Providence[23] but it was short-lived. The January 1920 US Census accounted her living with her parents in Providence[24] however in March she appeared at a New York YWCA music festival[25] and again performed from Stabat Mater for the Easter services for Mt. Olivet Church in April.[26] By August it was suggested she was about to wed a Mr. Maxey[27] and some newspaper mentions of her do call her Amy Bailey Maxey[28] until 1926. This was Charles Maxey who she married in November, 1920[29] but at an unknown date divorced.[30] Meanwhile she appeared with her sister Charity in 1922[31] and was noted as formerly a member of the Mt. Olivet Church in 1923 now said to be living in Boston.[32] That year Bailey was treasurer for the Coleridge-Taylor Boston branch of National Association of Negro Musicians,[33] and was known to visit Baltimore and Atlantic City.[34] In March 1925 Bailey’s parents were in a car accident but not harmed too much[7] - and a few months later Bailey was a co-founder of the Harlem Renaissance literary effort Saturday Evening Quill Club[35] and visible among other social events in Boston though she was no longer part of the Quill Club when it started producing a public magazine. And 1926 was also the last time she is called Maxey. In 1926 she is visible as a member of a Vesper Quartet in Boston[36] which in addition to local appearances performed in Portsmouth’s New Hampshire People’s Baptist Church[37] and on radio WBZ in Boston.[38]

Palmer Institute[edit]

From March 1928,[39] or possibly dating back from the fall 1927 start of the school season, Bailey is associated with the Palmer Memorial Institute of Sedalia, North Carolina - an school she would continue in for about a decade. Funding levels had been raised and stabilized many of those years.[40] She was usually called the director of the choir and of the Sedalia Singers specifically, (which may have been distinct from the school choir though the whole school was known to sing as well.) She also added some solo performances and was regularly recognized as the faculty teaching “voice culture”. Broadly speaking Palmer Institute leader, Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown, used the choir for fundraising and prestige of the Institute. In spring 1928 after being noted among several appearances around Greensboro,[41] the school choir took a trip to Boston[42] and she made an appearance closing out the year singing at the commencement.[43] These and other performances were before integrated and white audiences. For the fall school season Bailey sang “Exceptin’ Me” as part of the Palmer Institute reception hosting new teachers from area colleges like A&T and Bennett; her sister Charity was also there on the faculty.[44] The year closed with the Institute’s Christmas service under her direction[45] and adding “The light eternal” cantata and James Weldon Johnson and J. Rosamond Johnson's “Don’ Foun’ My Los’ Sheep”[nb 5] before the white membership of the First Presbyterian Church in Greensboro.[46] In the spring of 1929 the Palmer Institute Sedalia Singers, as the advanced choir was called, performed for Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt, then Governor and first lady of New York, under Bailey’s direction,[47] and to which she added solos of “Trees” by Oscar Rasbach, and “Ain’t that good news” and “Don’ foun’ my los' sheep”.[48] In August Bailey accompanied Palmer President Charlotte Hawkins Brown to the National Association of Colored Women convention in DC, also visiting Baltimore, Atlantic City, the battlefield of Gettysburg and other places in Pennsylvania before coming home to North Carolina via the Shenandoah Valley.[49] In February 1930 the Sedalia Singers performed in Hartford and Stamford, CT.[50]

From 1930 Bailey began to appear in other circumstances while continuing with Palmer Institute.[51][52] While the American economy began to collapse with the onset of the Great Depression in summer Bailey took a trip to Europe. She returned to the US July 21, on the SS Baltic from Liverpool[53] and was noted at Harlem’s Utopia Children’s School in September.[54] For the opening session of Palmer for the fall of 1930, and Dr. Brown’s 30th year in service at the school, Bailey offered a solo “O Southland”.[55][56][nb 6] Bailey also directed the school’s Christmas program[57] and an additional fundraiser for the Efland Home for Negro Girls of which Brown was president.[58] Both were presented before an interracial audience with a choir of 24 plus voices and the general student population in a call-and-response performance. In May 1931 Bailey attended the NC Federation of Negro Women's Clubs conference and fundraiser at which Bailey was elected corresponding secretary.[59] The Sedalia Singers under Bailey’s direction sang at the Greensboro Pickwick Theater closing the 1930-1 school year[60] and then Bailey attended the national NAACP convention in Pittsburgh with Dr. Brown in July.[61] Coverage of the Sedalia Singers began in the next school year of 1931-2 with an invitation to perform in Boston.[62] The Sedalia choir gave several programs locally before this northern tour[63] and Brown offered to give a fundraiser after their return for unemployment relief in Greensboro[64] amidst the widening affect of the Great Depression. It was supported by Greensboro Mayor Paul C. Lindley. In January 1932 the choirs were performing in New York and Boston and solos by Bailey of “Trees”, “O Southland” and “Walk together children”.[65][nb 7] The Sedalia Singers also sang on return at Shaw University to close out the school year.[66] The next summer Bailey accompanied Dr. Brown as her secretary to a dinner given with representatives of Tuskegee, North Carolina's Mutual Life Insurance, and editor of The New York Age.[67] Then Bailey managed the music program during a conference at Wells College in Aurora, NY at which Brown encouraged and challenged white college students quoted, as saying “Your parents have made a mess of this thing called Christianity. It is up to you to deliver this country from its unchristian attitude by declaring the ‘What would Jesus do' ideal in race relations and giving your Negro neighbor here and in the north a chance to earn a living in all the trades and professions in which they are trained."[68] The fall of 1932 opened with several performances in Greensboro[69] and Chapel Hill,[70] NC and one in mid-November in Springfield, MA.[71] In the spring of 1933 the Singers appeared in several local venues[72] as well as at Tuskegee[73] and Spelman College.[74] In addition Bailey was separately recognized visiting the campus in a campus annual report.[75] The Fall of 1933 the Singers began with performances in Chapel Hill[76] and then on to Melrose, MA,[77] before performing at the White House for the Roosevelts in early December for a diplomatic dinner reception.[78] The choir went back to Chapel Hill in the fall of 1934.[79]

Away and back[edit]

Something began in 1935 that isn’t entirely clear. Funding at Palmer changed in 1934.[40] In the spring of 1935 the Singers performed in local NC venues as well as over in Durham, North Carolina, and then north to Reading, Pensylvania, and New York city.[80] However, from later spring 1935 through 1937 Bailey is not visible with any Palmer Institute activities and one newspaper article says another held her position at Palmer,[81] and she was remembered as a teacher of one of the students.[82] One newspaper mentions Bailey at Cheyney in March 1935.[83] Later records like the 1940 Census lists her living at Cheyney, PA in April 1935. She is also credited as earning a Bachelors of Science from Cheyney College but the date is uncertain.[84][85] However she appears on the Providence Bahá'í community roles for 1936-1940.[86] We do not know the story of Bailey joining the Bahá’ís. Leslie Pinckney Hill, president of the Cheyney School, was a Bahá'í. In 1912 Louis G. Gregory on spoke at a class of Hill's on his trip to the Holy Land and on the theme of universal brotherhood, [87] Hill wrote with knowledge of Bahá'ís by 1915,[88] and appeared publicly in Bahá'í events from the 1920s.[89] She may have heard of the Bahá’ís in New York in the early 1920s which was remarked on for positive race relations[90] even by opponents.[91] The Providence area didn't form an local assembly until 1940.[92]

It wasn’t until January 1938 that Bailey returned to Palmer, now announced as Dean of the school.[93] Unfortunately almost immediately there was a death among the staff and at first Brown was going to accompany the casket home[94] but instead Bailey did.[95] Bailey appeared again at the opening of the fall school year at Palmer.[96] However that is her last visibility by name, following which there is no mention in 1939 yet found. Her father died sometime between 1935 and 1940.[4] The Palmer Institute closed its Jr College in 1940 as well.[40]

Greensboro, Savannah, Trenton[edit]

In 1940 Bailey had left Palmer and was Dean of Women at the L. Richardson Memorial Hospital of Greensboro[30][97] - a position with hardly the regular publicity that went with the school and their performance and fund-raising tours. Yet it was clear she was also serving as a dietician[98] and involved with social developments such as Girl Scout camps.[99] She was noted as a Bahá'í in Greensboro on the national membership list in 1941 and transfering from Boston to Greensboro.[86] In 1942 Dorothy Baker started in a tour across NC including the Palmer Institute;[100] it likely Baker and Bailey met up and Bailey facilitated Baker's activity locally. By January 1942 Baker was in Tennessee.[[101]pal Across all of this history there is only one public mention of Bailey associated with the Bahá’í Faith - in March 1942 - when she introduces Ruth Moffett to the Palmer students and faculty.[102] However in a report to the Bahá’í National Teaching Committee and successive summaries and letters Ruth Moffett outlines a variety of efforts in Greensboro from February 1942.[103][104][105] Bailey is one of two contacts she is given for local support in the teaching work and is mentioned in a number of events. On March 21 Bailey did a radio show for Ruth Moffett on WGBG. Bailey hosted Moffett for a Tea at her home March 29 followed that evening by an interracial reception at the home of Joseph and Louise Sawyer before they had joined the Faith. On April 7 Bailey hosted a viewing of a film by Moffett at the hospital. An interracial Feast with Bailey was held April 8 at A&T hosted by assistant Dean for Women at A&T Alice Higginbotham, with Moffett, Bailey, Louise Sawyer and son and Pearl Dick. Higginbotham had also been a contact for Moffett but was sick in the hospital in February. She was known as part of the National Interracial Amity Committee in 1929-30.[106] In a letter of May 5 Moffett mentioned that in the Greensboro Bahá’í community before electing an Assembly in 1943, Bailey had been named as corresponding secretary and historian. In July 4-6 a local teaching conference was held at the Sawyer home at which Louise Sawyer and Amy Bailey led parts of the program. Higginbotham was known in the Faith before 1924 in Boston[107] and Catholic connections from 1916-1921.[108] Higginbotham was in Binghamton NY perhaps in the summer of 1942. Bailey is listed as a home economics teacher at HBCU Savannah State College between a wide range of dates that can only be narrowed to after spring 1943 and before spring 1947.[84][109] Higginbotham was not much in the news or other records before or since and died in 1951 without further public notice.[110] She may have been a light-skinned actress in Boston circa 1915-1920 born somewhere in the South from well off parents who could afford to supplement her education in Europe but who fled the growing war there.[111]

Membership records of the Bahá'í National Center indicate Bailey in New York city and transferred to Georgia in 1944 which continued to 1946.[86] Then records have her transferring to Trenton, New Jersey, from 1946 into 1951.[86] Indeed Bailey published an article on teachers and delinquency during this phase of her life while working at the State Home for Girls having already earned a master's degree from Teachers College Columbia University.[85]

Roxbury, MA[edit]

Bailey transferred her Bahá'í address to Roxbury, Massachusetts, by 1954,[86] and last visibility is an obituary notice for mid-June, 1955, and private funeral in Roxbury.[112] Roxbury was the home of William Lloyd Garrison,[113] famed abolitionist and co-worker and friend of Frederick Douglass. It is a suburb of Boston.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ See also * Karen M. Lamoree (1989). Research Guide to the Christine Dunlap Farnham Archives. pp. 244–5.
  2. ↑ A performance of Calm On The Listening Ear Of Night performed by G. Barrett, published on Nov 21, 2016
  3. ↑ A performance of Inflammatus published by liederoperagreats on Aug 9, 2016 performed by Anna Netrebko, Conductor Antonio Pappano, and the dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Orchestra
  4. ↑ A performance of The Young Warrior provided to YouTube by The Orchard Enterprises performed by Harry T. Burleigh, Julius Williams, Everett McCorvey, Bohuslav Martinu with the Philharmonic Symphonic Brotherhood, ℗ 2006 Albany Records, Released on Dec 1, 1993 by Belwin Music Company
  5. ↑ A performance of Don’ Foun’ My Los’ Sheep; and note Myers, Kurtz (1966). "Index of Record Reviews: With Symbols Indicating Opinions of Reviewers". Notes. 22 (3): 1051–1094. JSTOR 895499. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ↑ A performance of O Southland published by Poems Cafe Apr 15, 2016, and another provided to YouTube by NAXOS of America performed by the VocalEssence Ensemble Singers, Conductor Philip Brunelle ℗ 2010 Clarion on August 1, 2010
  7. ↑ A period performance of Trees by Ernestine Schumann-Heink recorded by Victor, 1 Nov 1926, and published by dtshu on Sep 23, 2011 and another more recent performed by Mary Hubbell accompanied by Monica Jakuc Leverett, published by Gregory W Brown on Apr 7, 2017

References[edit]

  1. ↑ * "Amy Pindar Bailey Massachusetts Births, 1841-1915". Familysearch.org. Dec 5, 1890. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  2. ↑ "Amy P Bailey United States Census, 1900". Familysearch.org. June 8, 1900. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  3. ↑ "Any(sic) P Bailey United States Census, 1910". Familysearch.org. Apr 21, 1910. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 1935 Last date known of father alive; "Robert Lee Bailey October 1861". Familysearch.org. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required) and not listed in the 1940 US Census; "Artie Bailey United States Census, 1940". Familysearch.org. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Providence, R. I." The New York Age. New York, NY. 23 Mar 1918. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  6. ↑ "Prominent Rhode Island woman, Mary E. Jackson, died at Providence home". The New York Age. New York, NY. 19 May 1923. p. 1. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Providence, RI; Robert L Bailey…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 14 Mar 1925. p. 9. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Providence, R. I." The New York Age. New York, NY. 31 May 1919. p. 6. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Vesper services at…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 17 Apr 1913. p. 5. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  10. ↑ Edward Jewitt Wheeler; Frank Crane (1917). Current Opinion. Current Literature Publishing Company. p. 328.
  11. ↑ William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1914). Crisis. Crisis Publishing Company. p. 249.
  12. ↑ * "Brooklyn YWCA". The New York Age. New York, NY. 1 May 1913. p. 8. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Mrs. Kemp writes play". The New York Age. New York, NY. 19 Mar 1914. p. 1. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  14. ↑ "Brooklyn Notes; Mrs. R. L. Bailey…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 9 Apr 1914. p. 8. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  15. ↑ PI Annual. Brooklyn, NY. 1914. p. 23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ↑ * Anthony Cocciolo (July 14, 2017). "Teaching Archives and Learning from Them: Segregation of African Americans in Early Library Science Education" (PDF). Paper presented at Archival Education & Research Institute (AERI), July 10-14, 2017. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved Dec 7, 2018.
  17. ↑ "Mt. Olivet Baptist Church". The New York Age. New York, NY. 30 Dec 1915. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  18. ↑ * "Mt. Olivet Baptist Church". The New York Age. New York, NY. 20 Apr 1916. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  19. ↑ "Providence, R. I." The New York Age. New York, NY. 11 Oct 1917. p. 6. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  20. ↑ The Southern Workman. Hampton Institute. 1921. pp. 347–8.
  21. ↑ Clarence Taylor (15 April 2013). Black Religious Intellectuals: The Fight for Equality from Jim Crow to the 21st Century. Routledge. pp. 27–9. ISBN 978-1-136-06170-7.
  22. ↑ * "Fred. R. Moore speaks in Providence". The New York Age. New York, NY. 5 Jan 1918. p. 8. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  23. ↑ "Providence, R. I." The New York Age. New York, NY. 13 Apr 1918. p. 6. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  24. ↑ "Amy P Bailey United States Census, 1920". Familysearch.org. Jan 6, 1920. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  25. ↑ "Manhattan YWCA". The New York Age. New York, NY. 27 Mar 1920. p. 8. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  26. ↑ "Easter services at Mr. Olivet Baptist Church". The New York Age. New York, NY. 10 Apr 1920. p. 2. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  27. ↑ "It has been rumored…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 7 Aug 1920. p. 2. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  28. ↑ * C Elliott Freeman Jr. (19 Sep 1925). "Around the hub: Boston news; Social Events". The Chicago Defender. Chicago, IL. p. A7. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
    • C Elliott Freeman Jr. (Chicago, IL). "Around the hub: Boston news". The Chicago Defender. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ↑ Ancestry.com. Rhode Island, Marriage Index, 1851-1920 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Amy Pinder Bailey United States Census, 1940". Familysearch.org. Apr 16, 1940. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  31. ↑ "Recital by the Bailey sisters". The New York Age. New York, NY. 28 Jan 1922. p. 5. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Mrs. Amy Bailey Maxey of Boston". The New York Age. New York, NY. 4 Aug 1923. p. 8. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  33. ↑ "Justin B Sandridge gives piano recital". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA. 1 Jun 1923. p. 8. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  34. ↑ "Society; Amy Bailey Maxey of Boston…". Afro-American. Baltimore, MD. 17 Aug 1923. p. 6. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  35. ↑ "Saturday Evening Quill Club formed in Massachusetts". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, PA. 1 Aug 1925. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  36. ↑ * "Dr. Reimer speaks upon John Wesley". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA. 18 Mar 1926. p. 6. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  37. ↑ "Portsmouth at the People's Baptist Church Oct 21 1926". Portsmouth Herald. Portsmouth, NH. Oct 9, 1926. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  38. ↑ * "WBZ 333.1 meters, 900 KC, Boston…". Boston Herald. Boston, MA. Nov 26, 1926. p. 18. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  39. ↑ "The Vesper Quartet of Boston…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 3 Mar 1928. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 The Palmer Memorial Institute: Educator's Guide to the Exhibition Publisher Center for Documentary Studies. Center for Documentary Studies. 2005. pp. 5–6.
  41. ↑ "Sedalia students to give concert, Boston". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Apr 7, 1928. p. 9. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  42. ↑ "Palmer students score in Boston". Greensboro Record. Greensboro, NC. Apr 17, 1928. p. 12. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  43. ↑ "The Sedalia Commencement Concert". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. May 27, 1928. p. 31. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  44. ↑ "Charlotte Hawkins Brown entertains new teachers of Bennett and Friends". The New York Age. New York, NY. 3 Nov 1928. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  45. ↑ "Annual song service will be held today at Sedalia". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Dec 16, 1928. p. 22. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  46. ↑ "Sedalia Singers please large white audience". The New York Age. New York, NY. 22 Dec 1928. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  47. ↑ "Gov. and Mrs. Roosevelt to head patrons for Sedalia Singers in their Recital at Town Hall Apr 18". The New York Age. New York, NY. 13 Apr 1929. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  48. ↑ "Sedalia Singers in fine concert at Town Hall". The New York Age. New York, NY. 27 Apr 1929. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  49. ↑ "Charlotte Hawkins Brown…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 10 Aug 1929. p. 2. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  50. ↑ "To sing negro spiritual at Center Church House". Hartford Courant. Hartford, CT. 21 Feb 1930. p. 19. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  51. ↑ "Stamford, Conn". The New York Age. New York, NY. 1 Mar 1930. p. 9. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  52. ↑ Tracey Burns-Vann; André D. Vann (2004). Sedalia and the Palmer Memorial Institute. Arcadia Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7385-1644-8.
  53. ↑ "Amy Bailey New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925-1957". Familysearch.org. July 21, 1930. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  54. ↑ "Recent visitors …". The New York Age. New York, NY. 20 Sep 1930. p. 2. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018. -> Richard Rothstein (Jan 9, 2002). "LESSONS; In Some Important Ways, The Day Only Starts at 3". NY Times. New York, NY. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  55. ↑ "Charlotte Hawkins Brown honored by friends, faculty and students at beginning 30th year at Sedalia". The New York Age. New York, NY. 29 Nov 1930. p. 10. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  56. ↑ See also "[O Southland, mixed voices]". Yale University Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. 2012. Retrieved Dec 7, 2018.
  57. ↑ "Annual Christmas Sing to be given at Sedalia Sunday". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Dec 16, 1930. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  58. ↑ "Christmas music is given at Sedalia". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Dec 22, 1930. p. 4. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  59. ↑ "NC Federation of women ends session". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, PA. 16 May 1931. p. 8. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  60. ↑ "Sedalia Singers will give concert Thursday". The Daily Tar Heel. Chapel Hill, NC. 16 May 1931. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  61. ↑ "A champion". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, PA. 18 Jul 1931. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  62. ↑ "Sedalia Singers to be heard in Boston". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Sep 23, 1931. p. 2. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  63. ↑ * "Dr. Arthur D. Wright is heard at Sedalia". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Oct 5, 1931. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  64. ↑ "Charity concert to be presented here". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Jan 5, 1932. p. 16. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  65. ↑ * "Sweet singers from North Carolina". The New York Age. New York, NY. 2 Jan 1932. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  66. ↑ "Sedalia Singers at Shaw University". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, PA. 23 Apr 1932. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  67. ↑ "Mr. and Mrs. Watt Terry entertained…". The New York Age. New York, NY. 2 Jul 1932. p. 9. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  68. ↑ "Advises whites to learn more about negro". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, PA. 9 Jul 1932. p. 5. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  69. ↑ * "Pay tribute to late Edward P Wharton". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Oct 17, 1932. p. 12. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  70. ↑ * "Sedalia Singers will give Negro Spiritual Concert this afternoon". The Daily Tar Heel. Chapel Hill, NC. 30 Oct 1932. p. 1. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  71. ↑ "Negro singers here next Sunday Night". Springfield Republican. Springfield, MA. Nov 6, 1932. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  72. ↑ * "Memory of Mrs. Palmer is honored at Palmer Memorial". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Mar 7, 1933. p. 12. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  73. ↑ "Sedalia Singers to make trip to Tuskegee April 22". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Mar 26, 1933. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  74. ↑ "Sedalia Singers conclude successful southern tour". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Apr 27, 1933. p. 15. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  75. ↑ "Visitors". Spelman Messenger. Vol. 49, no. 3. Atlanta, GA. May 1933. p. 18. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  76. ↑ * "Sedalia Singers to give recital". The Daily Tar Heel. Chapel Hill, NC. 24 Oct 1933. p. 1. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  77. ↑ "Sedalia Singers to give concert in Melrose". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA. 13 Nov 1933. p. 2. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  78. ↑ * "Washington Society". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. 6 Dec 1933. p. 23. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  79. ↑ * "Negro Chorus will sing here next Sunday". The Daily Tar Heel. Chapel Hill, NC. 20 Nov 1934. p. 2. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  80. ↑ * "Sedalia Singers at St. Joseph on Sunday evening". Durham Sun. Durham, NC. Mar 9, 1935. p. 12. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(registration required)
  81. ↑ "Maryland girl scores triumph at Sedalia". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, PA. 9 Nov 1935. p. 8. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  82. ↑ "Festival presented at Palmer Memorial". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. May 19, 1936. p. 18. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  83. ↑ "Stage set for musical this evening". The Mercury. Pottstown, PA. 14 Mar 1935. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Clyde W. Hall, 2nd print (Oct 1992) [1991]. One Hundred Years of Educating at Savannah State College 1-1990 (PDF). p. 43. ISBN 0-9630967-0-2.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Amy P Bailey (April 1948). "A teacher's responsibility for delinquency". Journal of home economics. 40 (4): 183–4. Retrieved Dec 8, 2018.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 Email to Steven Kolins Dec 4, 2018 from Edward Sevcik, Archivist, U.S. National Bahá’í Archives, 1233 Central Street, Evanston, Ill. 60201
  87. ↑ Binneial report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction; Officers and faculty; for colored teachers; Manassas, July 3 to Aug 2, 1912. Virginia. Dept. of Education. 1914. pp. 332–3.
  88. ↑ Leslie Pinckney Hill (July 1915). "Negro Ideals: Their Effect and Their Embarrassments". The Journal of Race Development. 6 (1): 91–103. JSTOR 29738105. The Negro in America, then, finds a wide divergence between the teachings of Christianity and its actual practices. The church of God, with all its professions of peace and righteousness, shuts its doors deliberately in the black man's face. … In 1915 a Negro who should enter a white church of God anywhere in the South - barring the Catholic, Christian Science, and Bahai Communions - with the idea of worshipping at ease and with confidence by the side of his white brother would be considered a disturber of the public peace. Of what worldly value, then, to the black man is Christ? {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  89. ↑ * Louis G. Gregory (Dec 1924). "A convention for amity". Star of the West. Vol. 15, no. 9. pp. 262–3, 272–4. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  90. ↑ E. G. Browne (Jan 1922). "Sir 'Abdu'l-Baha 'Abbas: Died 28th November, 1921". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press (1): 145–146. JSTOR 25209873. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  91. ↑ Patricia Fogleman (22 November 1994). "The Fiery Cross". In David J. Bodenhamer; Robert G. Barrows (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indiana University Press. p. 566. ISBN 0-253-11249-4.
  92. ↑ "The Baha'is of Providence and Rhode Island - OPEN HOUSE". Rhode Island Conference; United Church of Christ. October 22, 2017. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  93. ↑ "Students and faculty pledge aid to Palmer". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Jan 5, 1938. p. 7. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  94. ↑ "Ola Glover, Sedalia, passes at hospital". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Jan 5, 1938. p. 4. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  95. ↑ "Glover rites being conducted at 3pm". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Jan 6, 1938. p. 31. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  96. ↑ "Palmer Institute offers new course". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Sep 22, 1938. p. 15. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  97. ↑ "Stewart to speak at hospital event". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. May 10, 1940. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  98. ↑ "Miss Barber describes part food plays in army program". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Apr 27, 1941. p. 4. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  99. ↑ * "Staff announced for negro Girl Scout Camp season". Greensboro Record Thursday. Greensboro, NC. Jul 9, 1942. p. 4. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  100. ↑ "Current Bahá'í activities (1943-1944)". Bahá’í World. Vol. 9. Baha'i Publishing Trust. 1981 [1945]. p. 71.
  101. ↑ "Mrs Baker to speak at Austin Peay". The Leaf-Chronicle. Clarksville, TN. 15 Jan 1942. p. 1. Retrieved Sep 16, 2018.
  102. ↑ "Baha'i speaker heard at Palmer". Greensboro Daily News. Greensboro, NC. Mar 19, 1942. p. 9. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  103. ↑ Ruth J Moffett (May 1942). "Lecture and Teaching program of Ruth J Moffett in North Carolina - Feb and March(sic - actually goes to April) 1942". Email courtesy of Edward Sevcik, Archivist, U.S. National Bahá’í Archives, 1233 Central Street, Evanston, Ill. 60201, Email: archives@usbnc.org, to Steven Kolins Sep 21, 2018
  104. ↑ Ruth Moffett (May 1942). "Lecture and Teaching program of Ruth J Moffett in North Carolina - Feb and March(sic - actually goes to April) 1942". Email courtesy of Edward Sevcik, Archivist, U.S. National Bahá’í Archives, 1233 Central Street, Evanston, Ill. 60201, Email: archives@usbnc.org, to Steven Kolins Sep 21, 2018
  105. ↑ Ruth J Moffett (July 1942). "First North Carolina Bahai (sic) teaching conference held in Greensboro, NC". Email courtesy of Edward Sevcik, Archivist, U.S. National Bahá’í Archives, 1233 Central Street, Evanston, Ill. 60201, Email: archives@usbnc.org, to Steven Kolins Sep 21, 2018
  106. ↑ "Committees of the National Spiritual Assembly 1929-30; Interracial Amity" (PDF). Baha'i News. No. 33. July 1929. p. 4. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  107. ↑ Adrienne Reeves (2006). "Sadie Rebecca Johnson Ellis". In Gwendolyn Etter-Lewis; Richard Thomas (eds.). Lights of the Spirit: Historical Portraits of Black Bahá'ís in North America, 1898-2004. Baha'i Publishing Trust. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-931847-26-1.
  108. ↑ * "At the home of…". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA. 19 Feb 1916. p. 5. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  109. ↑ Bailey was a home economics as a teacher at HBCU Savannah State College probably between 1942 and 1947; this can be narrowed down further to between 1944 and 1946
    • not 1947 Huberton. Savannah, GA: Savannah State College. 1947.
    • not 1943 Huberton. Savannah, GA: Savannah State College. 1943.
  110. ↑ "In Memoriam". Baha'i News. No. 252. Feb 1952. p. 16. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  111. ↑ "Negro actors display talent". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA. 5 Dec 1920. p. 65. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.
  112. ↑ "Bailey". Providence Journal. Providence, RI. Jun 14, 1955. p. 20. Retrieved Dec 4, 2018.(subscription required)
  113. ↑ Wendell Phillips Garrison; Francis Jackson Garrison (1885). William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879: The Story of His Life Told by His Children ... Century Company. pp. 427–8.
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