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Dipchand Khianra

Jagar — Tue, 12 May 2026 00:27:56 GMT

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	Khianra was born in 1913 in Thathanagar, a village some miles from Karachi in Sind Province which was then part of India. He was raised in a Hindu family and at age twelve decided he wanted to be tolerant of other religions. His father passed away before he graduated from primary school and he became responsible for caring for his mother and sister with some help from an uncle. He moved to Karachi to attend High School and became a teacher straight after graduating before attending D.J. Sindh College in Karachi where he began studying Persian and Islamic culture.<ref>{{citebw\|20\|829\|}}</ref>		Khianra was born in 1913 in Thathanagar, a village some miles from Karachi in Sind Province which was then part of India. He was raised in a Hindu family and at age twelve decided he wanted to be tolerant of other religions. His father passed away before he graduated from primary school and he became responsible for caring for his mother and sister with some help from an uncle. He moved to Karachi to attend High School and became a teacher straight after graduating before attending D.J. Sindh College in Karachi where he began studying Persian and Islamic culture.<ref>{{citebw\|20\|829\|}}</ref>

	Khianra married a woman named Devki in 1935 and in 1937 he graduated from college with a master's degree in linguistics majoring in Persian with a minor in English. He eventually went on to become literate in fourteen language and was able to speak nineteen. Through his association with Persians in Karachi he met ~~Isfandiyar Bakhtiyari~~ who introduced him to the Bahá’í Faith and he declared in 1942 and was elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly of Karachi and as a delegate to the National Convention of India and Burma the same year.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|830\|}}</ref>		Khianra married a woman named Devki in 1935 and in 1937 he graduated from college with a master's degree in linguistics majoring in Persian with a minor in English. He eventually went on to become literate in fourteen language and was able to speak nineteen. Through his association with Persians in Karachi he met [[Isfandíyár Bakhtíyárí]] who introduced him to the Bahá’í Faith and he declared in 1942 and was elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly of Karachi and as a delegate to the National Convention of India and Burma the same year.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|830\|}}</ref>

	When the partition between Pakistan and India took place in 1947 Khianra and his family had to stay in the Bahá’í Centre of Karachi and his family moved to Nasik, Maharashtra, in India with their children while he remained in Pakistan. As of 1949 he was serving on the National Spiritual Assembly of India, Pakistan & Burma.<ref>{{citebn\|230\|7}}</ref> In 1950 he made an extensive travel teaching trip across India,<ref>Baha'i World: In Memoriam 1992-1997, p 35</ref> and in 1952 he moved to India settling in Mumbai where he became head of the Persian Department of Jai Hind College and he also lectured on Islamic Culture. In 1957 he obtained a Vidhwana Degree in Hindi.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|830\|}}</ref>		When the partition between Pakistan and India took place in 1947 Khianra and his family had to stay in the Bahá’í Centre of Karachi and his family moved to Nasik, Maharashtra, in India with their children while he remained in Pakistan. As of 1949 he was serving on the National Spiritual Assembly of India, Pakistan & Burma.<ref>{{citebn\|230\|7}}</ref> In 1950 he made an extensive travel teaching trip across India,<ref>Baha'i World: In Memoriam 1992-1997, p 35</ref> and in 1952 he moved to India settling in Mumbai where he became head of the Persian Department of Jai Hind College and he also lectured on Islamic Culture. In 1957 he obtained a Vidhwana Degree in Hindi.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|830\|}}</ref>

Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 12:11:54 GMT

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	‘Alí was born in Baghdad in 1854 shortly after Bahá’u’lláh had been exiled to the city. His mother was [[Mahd-i-‘Ulya]] His Fathers second wife.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 125</ref> ‘Alí accompanied his father on His exiles from Baghdad to Constantinople and then to Adrianople in 1863. In his youth he developed a mastery of [[calligraphy]] and he was given the responsibility of transcribing some of his Fathers Tablets, however while in Adrianople he composed a series of Arabic verses which he claimed had been revealed to him by God and had them distributed to the Persian Bahá’í community alluding to him being a partner of his father in Divine Revelation.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 126</ref> His claims resulted in considerable controversy in the Bahá’í community of Qazvin and he was chastised by Bahá’u’lláh Who revealed the [[Lawh-i-Khalíl]] in which He clarified that ‘Alí was not able to receive Divine Revelation.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 127</ref>		‘Alí was born in Baghdad in 1854 shortly after Bahá’u’lláh had been exiled to the city. His mother was [[Mahd-i-‘Ulya]] His Fathers second wife.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 125</ref> ‘Alí accompanied his father on His exiles from Baghdad to Constantinople and then to Adrianople in 1863. In his youth he developed a mastery of [[calligraphy]] and he was given the responsibility of transcribing some of his Fathers Tablets, however while in Adrianople he composed a series of Arabic verses which he claimed had been revealed to him by God and had them distributed to the Persian Bahá’í community alluding to him being a partner of his father in Divine Revelation.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 126</ref> His claims resulted in considerable controversy in the Bahá’í community of Qazvin and he was chastised by Bahá’u’lláh Who revealed the [[Lawh-i-Khalíl]] in which He clarified that ‘Alí was not able to receive Divine Revelation.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 127</ref>

	In 1868 ‘Alí's family was exiled from Adrianople to Akka. When Bahá’u’lláh moved His residence to the Mansion of Mazra'ih in 1877 and the Mansion of Bahji in 1879 ‘Alí, his mother, and his siblings lived in the Mansions with Him while ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, His mother, and sister, remained in Akka in order to preserve unity due to the tensions between the families.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 136</ref> In 1884 Bahá’u’lláh sent ‘Alí to India and he resided in Mumbai for around one year with it being expected that he would establish teaching activites and use his calligraphy skills to assist in publishing ~~His~~ Fathers Writings, however no teaching activities materialised.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref> ‘Alí returned to Mumbai in 1890 staying in the city for over a year during which time he supervised the publication of some of Bahá’u’lláh's Tablets, however during the process he altered some of the text of Bahá’u’lláh's Tablets in order to remove references to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.<ref>https://bahai-library.com/uhj_original_text_suriy-i-haykal</ref><ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 130</ref>		In 1868 ‘Alí's family was exiled from Adrianople to Akka. When Bahá’u’lláh moved His residence to the Mansion of Mazra'ih in 1877 and the Mansion of Bahji in 1879 ‘Alí, his mother, and his siblings lived in the Mansions with Him while ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, His mother, and sister, remained in Akka in order to preserve unity due to the tensions between the families.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 136</ref> In 1884 Bahá’u’lláh sent ‘Alí to India and he resided in Mumbai for around one year with it being expected that he would establish teaching activites and use his calligraphy skills to assist in publishing his Fathers Writings, however no teaching activities materialised.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref> ‘Alí returned to Mumbai in 1890 staying in the city for over a year during which time he supervised the publication of some of Bahá’u’lláh's Tablets, however during the process he altered some of the text of Bahá’u’lláh's Tablets in order to remove references to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.<ref>https://bahai-library.com/uhj_original_text_suriy-i-haykal</ref><ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 130</ref>

	In the Kitáb-i-‘Ahd Bahá’u’lláh appointed ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í Faith and also wrote the following regarding ‘Alí, designating him as successor to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá:		In the Kitáb-i-‘Ahd Bahá’u’lláh appointed ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í Faith and also wrote the following regarding ‘Alí, designating him as successor to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá:

Mumbai

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 12:07:01 GMT

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	In 1892 the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh took place. In His Will and Testament Bahá’u’lláh had appointed His son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í community however almost immediately after the Ascension Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí began attempting to usurp control of the Bahá’í community. Many of ‘Alí's firm supporters as he waged his campaign of opposition throughout the 1890's resided in Mumbai, and in the 1890's and 1900's ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent several travel teachers to the city to deepen the community on the Covenant and refute the fradulent claims of ‘Alí's supporters.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		In 1892 the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh took place. In His Will and Testament Bahá’u’lláh had appointed His son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í community however almost immediately after the Ascension Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí began attempting to usurp control of the Bahá’í community. Many of ‘Alí's firm supporters as he waged his campaign of opposition throughout the 1890's resided in Mumbai, and in the 1890's and 1900's ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent several travel teachers to the city to deepen the community on the Covenant and refute the fradulent claims of ‘Alí's supporters.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	Examples of teachers sent by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá include [[Mírzá Mahram]] who was sent to Mumbai 1897 and 1898 on travel teaching trips and a local administrative body, a precusor to a Local Spiritual Assembly, was established during his 1898 visit.<ref>Siyyid Mustafa Rumi (tr. Iran Furutan Muhajir), ''Siyyid Mustafa Rumi: Hand of the Cause of God, Apostle of Baha'u'llah'', Baha'i Publishing: Wilmette, '''2020''', p 81</ref> In 1904 American Bahá’í [[Sydney Sprague]] and the [[Hand of the Cause]] [[Mírzá Ḥasan\|Adíb]] visited Mumbai on a travel teaching trip,<ref name=moment>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha’i Communities of Iran 1851-1921, Volume 1: The North of Iran'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2015''', p 117</ref><ref>''Bahá’í Faith in America, The, Early Expansion, 1900–1912, Vol. 2.'' Robert Stockman, George Ronald, Oxford, 1995. p 263</ref> and in 1907 a teaching team consisting of American Bahá’ís [[Hooper Harris]] and [[Harlan Ober]], and Persian Bahá’ís [[Ibn-i-Abhar]] and [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] toured India visiting Mumbai and other cities.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		Examples of teachers sent by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá include [[Mírzá Mahram]] who was sent to Mumbai 1897 and 1898 on travel teaching trips and a local administrative body, a precusor to a Local Spiritual Assembly, was established during his 1898 visit. Mahram ultimately settled in Mumbai where he was a leading member of the community and brought many people into the Faith.<ref>Siyyid Mustafa Rumi (tr. Iran Furutan Muhajir), ''Siyyid Mustafa Rumi: Hand of the Cause of God, Apostle of Baha'u'llah'', Baha'i Publishing: Wilmette, '''2020''', p 81</ref> In 1904 American Bahá’í [[Sydney Sprague]] and the [[Hand of the Cause]] [[Mírzá Ḥasan\|Adíb]] visited Mumbai on a travel teaching trip,<ref name=moment>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha’i Communities of Iran 1851-1921, Volume 1: The North of Iran'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2015''', p 117</ref><ref>''Bahá’í Faith in America, The, Early Expansion, 1900–1912, Vol. 2.'' Robert Stockman, George Ronald, Oxford, 1995. p 263</ref> and in 1907 a teaching team consisting of American Bahá’ís [[Hooper Harris]] and [[Harlan Ober]], and Persian Bahá’ís [[Ibn-i-Abhar]] and [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] toured India visiting Mumbai and other cities.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	As of 1908 there was an active and functional Bahá’í community in Mumbai as a result of the decades of travel teachers visiting the city, with three meetings being held every week attended by almost one hundred. It was the leading Bahá’í community of India, leading efforts to coordinate teaching activity and translate the Bahá’í writings into native Indian languages, and it also secured the first Bahá’í Cemetery in India around this time with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá personally designing the cemeteries layout.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		As of 1908 there was an active and functional Bahá’í community in Mumbai as a result of the decades of travel teachers visiting the city, with three meetings being held every week attended by almost one hundred. It was the leading Bahá’í community of India, leading efforts to coordinate teaching activity and translate the Bahá’í writings into native Indian languages, and it also secured the first Bahá’í Cemetery in India around this time with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá personally designing the cemeteries layout.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

Pritam Singh

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 12:05:18 GMT

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	'''Pritam Singh''' (November 16, 1881 - August 25, 1959) was an Indian Bahá’í who served on the National Spiritual Assembly of India & Burma. He was the first Sikh to become a Bahá’í.		'''Pritam Singh''' (November 16, 1881 - August 25, 1959) was an Indian Bahá’í who served on the National Spiritual Assembly of India & Burma. He was the first Sikh to become a Bahá’í.
	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Singh was born into a Sikh family in Sialkot in what is now Pakistan. His father was a judge. In his youth Singh studied in Amritsar and Lahore then completed a degree at the University of Punjab. In 1905 he became a teacher at Achison College in Lahore remaining in the position until 1908. While teaching at the college he met [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] and was introduced to the Bahá’í Faith for the first time and he later declared in Mumbai after studying the religion more from ~~Mirza Mehram~~.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|13\|875}}</ref>		Singh was born into a Sikh family in Sialkot in what is now Pakistan. His father was a judge. In his youth Singh studied in Amritsar and Lahore then completed a degree at the University of Punjab. In 1905 he became a teacher at Achison College in Lahore remaining in the position until 1908. While teaching at the college he met [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] and was introduced to the Bahá’í Faith for the first time and he later declared in Mumbai after studying the religion more from [[Mírzá Mahram]].<ref name=one>{{citebw\|13\|875}}</ref>

	In 1909 enrolled for postgraduate studies at a University in Calcutta completing a Master's Degree in Economics and he then began teaching Economics at the University of Allahabad in 1917 serving until 1920. He served as a professor at various universities until 1927 when he retired in order to devote himself to full-time service to the Bahá’í Faith. His family began exerting pressure on him to resign from the Faith or to at least stop publicly promoting the religion which he refused.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|13\|875}}</ref>		In 1909 enrolled for postgraduate studies at a University in Calcutta completing a Master's Degree in Economics and he then began teaching Economics at the University of Allahabad in 1917 serving until 1920. He served as a professor at various universities until 1927 when he retired in order to devote himself to full-time service to the Bahá’í Faith. His family began exerting pressure on him to resign from the Faith or to at least stop publicly promoting the religion which he refused.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|13\|875}}</ref>

Mumbai

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 11:42:26 GMT

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	In 1888 Jamál Effendi visited Mumbai again at the beginning of a second extended travel teaching tour of India and he taught the Faith to members of Mumbai's Zoroastrian community while in the city with several accepting the religion. During Jamál's tour Bahá’u’lláh revealed a Tablet for the head of the Bohra Ismá`ílí community, Sayyid-ná Najmu'd-Dín, who lived in Mumbai and Jamál debated Najmu'd-Dín in front of a large audience. In 1890 Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí returned to Mumbai staying for over a year to oversee the publication of his Father's writings by the Násirí Press, however he altered some of the transcripts to remove references to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 130</ref><ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		In 1888 Jamál Effendi visited Mumbai again at the beginning of a second extended travel teaching tour of India and he taught the Faith to members of Mumbai's Zoroastrian community while in the city with several accepting the religion. During Jamál's tour Bahá’u’lláh revealed a Tablet for the head of the Bohra Ismá`ílí community, Sayyid-ná Najmu'd-Dín, who lived in Mumbai and Jamál debated Najmu'd-Dín in front of a large audience. In 1890 Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí returned to Mumbai staying for over a year to oversee the publication of his Father's writings by the Násirí Press, however he altered some of the transcripts to remove references to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 130</ref><ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	In 1892 the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh took place. In His Will and Testament Bahá’u’lláh had appointed His son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í community however almost immediately after the Ascension Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí began attempting to usurp control of the Bahá’í community. Many of the ~~Bahá’ís~~ in Mumbai ~~became firm supporters of ‘Alí~~ and in the 1890's and 1900's ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent several travel teachers to the city to deepen the community on the Covenant and refute the fradulent claims of ‘Alí's supporters.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		In 1892 the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh took place. In His Will and Testament Bahá’u’lláh had appointed His son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í community however almost immediately after the Ascension Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí began attempting to usurp control of the Bahá’í community. Many of ‘Alí's firm supporters as he waged his campaign of opposition throughout the 1890's resided in Mumbai, and in the 1890's and 1900's ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent several travel teachers to the city to deepen the community on the Covenant and refute the fradulent claims of ‘Alí's supporters.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	Examples of teachers sent by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá include [[Mírzá Mahram]] who was sent to Mumbai 1897 and 1898 on travel teaching trips and a local administrative body, a precusor to a Local Spiritual Assembly, was established during his 1898 visit.<ref>Siyyid Mustafa Rumi (tr. Iran Furutan Muhajir), ''Siyyid Mustafa Rumi: Hand of the Cause of God, Apostle of Baha'u'llah'', Baha'i Publishing: Wilmette, '''2020''', p 81</ref> In 1904 American Bahá’í [[Sydney Sprague]] and the [[Hand of the Cause]] [[Mírzá Ḥasan\|Adíb]] visited Mumbai on a travel teaching trip,<ref name=moment>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha’i Communities of Iran 1851-1921, Volume 1: The North of Iran'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2015''', p 117</ref><ref>''Bahá’í Faith in America, The, Early Expansion, 1900–1912, Vol. 2.'' Robert Stockman, George Ronald, Oxford, 1995. p 263</ref> and in 1907 a teaching team consisting of American Bahá’ís [[Hooper Harris]] and [[Harlan Ober]], and Persian Bahá’ís [[Ibn-i-Abhar]] and [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] toured India visiting Mumbai and other cities.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		Examples of teachers sent by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá include [[Mírzá Mahram]] who was sent to Mumbai 1897 and 1898 on travel teaching trips and a local administrative body, a precusor to a Local Spiritual Assembly, was established during his 1898 visit.<ref>Siyyid Mustafa Rumi (tr. Iran Furutan Muhajir), ''Siyyid Mustafa Rumi: Hand of the Cause of God, Apostle of Baha'u'llah'', Baha'i Publishing: Wilmette, '''2020''', p 81</ref> In 1904 American Bahá’í [[Sydney Sprague]] and the [[Hand of the Cause]] [[Mírzá Ḥasan\|Adíb]] visited Mumbai on a travel teaching trip,<ref name=moment>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha’i Communities of Iran 1851-1921, Volume 1: The North of Iran'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2015''', p 117</ref><ref>''Bahá’í Faith in America, The, Early Expansion, 1900–1912, Vol. 2.'' Robert Stockman, George Ronald, Oxford, 1995. p 263</ref> and in 1907 a teaching team consisting of American Bahá’ís [[Hooper Harris]] and [[Harlan Ober]], and Persian Bahá’ís [[Ibn-i-Abhar]] and [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] toured India visiting Mumbai and other cities.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

Zena Sorabjee

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 10:47:51 GMT

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	\|itc_member =		\|itc_member =
	}}		}}
	'''Zena Sorabjee''' is an Indian Bahá’í who has served as a National Spiritual Assembly member and Continental Counsellor.		'''Zena Sorabjee''' (b.c. 1935)<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/DVoE3etCrCj/</ref> is an Indian Bahá’í who has served as a National Spiritual Assembly member and Continental Counsellor.
	==Background==		==Background==
	Sorabjee was born Zena Fozdar to parents [[Khodadad Fozdar\|Khodadad]] and [[Shirin Fozdar]].<ref>https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-bahai/#_ftn9</ref> She married Soli Sorabjee when she was seventeen,<ref name=two>Sonia Golani, ''Corporate Divas'', Portfolio '''2011'''</ref> and her husband became prominent in the legal profession in India ultimately serving as the Attorney-General of the country.<ref name=one>https://www.brilliantstarsschool.org/about-us/board-of-trustees</ref> They had four children with one of their sons having special needs and Sorabjee dedicated much of her time to caring for her children limiting her career advancement.<ref name=two>Sonia Golani, ''Corporate Divas'', Portfolio '''2011'''</ref>		Sorabjee was born Zena Fozdar to parents [[Khodadad Fozdar\|Khodadad]] and [[Shirin Fozdar]].<ref>https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-bahai/#_ftn9</ref> She married Soli Sorabjee when she was seventeen,<ref name=two>Sonia Golani, ''Corporate Divas'', Portfolio '''2011'''</ref> and her husband became prominent in the legal profession in India ultimately serving as the Attorney-General of the country.<ref name=one>https://www.brilliantstarsschool.org/about-us/board-of-trustees</ref> They had four children with one of their sons having special needs and Sorabjee dedicated much of her time to caring for her children limiting her career advancement.<ref name=two>Sonia Golani, ''Corporate Divas'', Portfolio '''2011'''</ref>

Shirin Fozdar

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 10:45:51 GMT

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	'''Shirin Behjat Fozdar''' (March 1, 1905 - September 2, 1992) was an Indian Bahá'í who was, along with her husband [[K. M. Fozdar\|Dr. K. M. Fozdar]], the first Bahá'í pioneer to Singapore. She was an inaugural member of the National Spiritual Assembly of South East Asia. She is also notable for her work for women's rights.		'''Shirin Behjat Fozdar''' (March 1, 1905 - September 2, 1992) was an Indian Bahá'í who was, along with her husband [[K. M. Fozdar\|Dr. K. M. Fozdar]], the first Bahá'í pioneer to Singapore. She was an inaugural member of the National Spiritual Assembly of South East Asia. She is also notable for her work for women's rights.
	==Biography==		==Biography==
	~~Shirin~~ was born to Persian Zoroastrian parents ~~who had converted~~ to the ~~Bahá'í~~ Faith in ~~Bombay in 1905.~~ The family went on Pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1906 when ~~she~~ was eleven months old, and ~~Shirin~~ took her first steps holding onto [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]]'s cloak. The family made a second Pilgrimage in 1911, and Shirin first met [[Shoghi Effendi]]. In 1922 she gave a talk on universal education at the Indian Bahá'í National Convention in Karachi.<ref>https://sfp.smu.edu.sg/about-shirin-fozdar</ref>		Fozdar was born Shirin Behjat in 1905 to Persian Zoroastrian parents. Her father, Mehraban Behjat, was introduced to the Bahá’í Faith by [[Mírzá Mahram]] and the family became Bahá’ís.<ref>https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-bahai/#_ftn9</ref> The family went on Pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1906 when Shirin was eleven months old and she took her first steps while holding onto [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]]'s cloak. The family made a second Pilgrimage in 1911, and Shirin first met [[Shoghi Effendi]]. In 1922 she gave a talk on universal education at the Indian Bahá'í National Convention in Karachi.<ref>https://sfp.smu.edu.sg/about-shirin-fozdar</ref>

	In 1925 Shirin married [[Khodadad Fozdar]], a medical doctor, and he became a Bahá'í soon after their marriage. In 1931 she was elected to the Executive Committee of the All-Asian Women's Conference, a non-Bahá'í group, and in 1934 she was a representative of the Asian Women's Conference at the League of Nations. Shirin met Shoghi Effendi again when she went on Pilgrimage a third time with Khodadad in 1935, and the Guardian assured them that they were protected by God.<ref>Baha'i World, Vol. 13, p 892</ref>		In 1925 Shirin married [[Khodadad Fozdar]], a medical doctor, and he became a Bahá'í soon after their marriage. In 1931 she was elected to the Executive Committee of the All-Asian Women's Conference, a non-Bahá'í group, and in 1934 she was a representative of the Asian Women's Conference at the League of Nations. Shirin met Shoghi Effendi again when she went on Pilgrimage a third time with Khodadad in 1935, and the Guardian assured them that they were protected by God.<ref>Baha'i World, Vol. 13, p 892</ref>

Khodadad Fozdar

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 10:43:35 GMT

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	==Family==		==Family==
	{{media\|Category:Khodadad Fozdar}}		{{media\|Category:Khodadad Fozdar}}
	The Fozdar's had three sons. [[Jamshed K. Fozdar\|Jamshed]], [[John Fozdar\|John]], and Minoo, and two daughters, Zena and Mona.		The Fozdar's had three sons. [[Jamshed K. Fozdar\|Jamshed]], [[John Fozdar\|John]], and Minoo, and two daughters, [[Zena Sorabjee\|Zena]] and Mona.

	==References==		==References==

Zena Sorabjee

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 10:42:57 GMT

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	'''Zena Sorabjee''' is an Indian Bahá’í who has served as a National Spiritual Assembly member and Continental Counsellor.		'''Zena Sorabjee''' is an Indian Bahá’í who has served as a National Spiritual Assembly member and Continental Counsellor.
	==Background==		==Background==
	~~In her personal life~~ Sorabjee married Soli Sorabjee when she was seventeen.<ref name=two>Sonia Golani, ''Corporate Divas'', Portfolio '''2011'''</ref> ~~Her~~ husband became prominent in the legal profession in India ultimately serving as the Attorney-General of the country.<ref name=one>https://www.brilliantstarsschool.org/about-us/board-of-trustees</ref> They had four children with one of their sons having special needs and Sorabjee dedicated much of her time to caring for her children limiting her career advancement.<ref name=two>Sonia Golani, ''Corporate Divas'', Portfolio '''2011'''</ref>		Sorabjee was born Zena Fozdar to parents [[Khodadad Fozdar\|Khodadad]] and [[Shirin Fozdar]].<ref>https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-bahai/#_ftn9</ref> She married Soli Sorabjee when she was seventeen,<ref name=two>Sonia Golani, ''Corporate Divas'', Portfolio '''2011'''</ref> and her husband became prominent in the legal profession in India ultimately serving as the Attorney-General of the country.<ref name=one>https://www.brilliantstarsschool.org/about-us/board-of-trustees</ref> They had four children with one of their sons having special needs and Sorabjee dedicated much of her time to caring for her children limiting her career advancement.<ref name=two>Sonia Golani, ''Corporate Divas'', Portfolio '''2011'''</ref>

	Sorabjee was an active member of the Indian Bahá’í community and she was serving on the National Spiritual Assembly of India as of 1971.<ref>{{citebn\|486\|11}}</ref> In 1973 the [[Universal House of Justice]] appointed her to the Continental Board of Counsellors for South Central Asia and she served on the body until 1980 when the Boards in Asia were merged into a single body. She was then appointed for several successive terms on the Continental Board for Asia completing her service in 2005.<ref>[https://bahai.works/MUHJ63-86/132/Elucidation_of_the_Duties_of_the_International_Teaching_Center_and_Expansion_of_the_Continental_Boards_of_Counselors 8 June 1973 message from the Universal House of Justice to the Bahá’ís of the World]</ref> She served on the National Spiritual Assembly of India again after completing her service as Counsellor.<ref name=one>https://www.brilliantstarsschool.org/about-us/board-of-trustees</ref>		Sorabjee was an active member of the Indian Bahá’í community and she was serving on the National Spiritual Assembly of India as of 1971.<ref>{{citebn\|486\|11}}</ref> In 1973 the [[Universal House of Justice]] appointed her to the Continental Board of Counsellors for South Central Asia and she served on the body until 1980 when the Boards in Asia were merged into a single body. She was then appointed for several successive terms on the Continental Board for Asia completing her service in 2005.<ref>[https://bahai.works/MUHJ63-86/132/Elucidation_of_the_Duties_of_the_International_Teaching_Center_and_Expansion_of_the_Continental_Boards_of_Counselors 8 June 1973 message from the Universal House of Justice to the Bahá’ís of the World]</ref> She served on the National Spiritual Assembly of India again after completing her service as Counsellor.<ref name=one>https://www.brilliantstarsschool.org/about-us/board-of-trustees</ref>

Mumbai

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 10:40:22 GMT

Mumbai

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 10:27:06 GMT

Created page with "{{Infobox City |native_name = |name = Mumbai |state = Maharashtra |country_name = India |image_map = Baha'is of Bombay, India, 1914.jpg |map_caption = Bahá’í Community of Mumbai, 1914. |locator = yes |latitude = 19.076 |longitude = 72.878 |local_assembly = |population_bahai = |clusters = |local_assemblies = |first_bahai..."

New page

{{Infobox City
|native_name =
|name = Mumbai
|state = Maharashtra
|country_name = India
|image_map = Baha'is of Bombay, India, 1914.jpg
|map_caption = Bahá’í Community of Mumbai, 1914.
|locator = yes
|latitude = 19.076
|longitude = 72.878
|local_assembly =
|population_bahai =
|clusters =
|local_assemblies =
|first_bahai =
|first_local_believer =
|first_pioneers =
|first_local_assembly = [[1898]]
|first_local_convention =
|phone =
|fax =
|email =
|address =
|official_site =
}}
'''Mumbai''', known as '''Bombay''' until 1995, is a city in India which serves as the capital of Maharashtra.

Bahá’í's first resided in Mumbai in the 1860's with members of the family of [[the Báb]] establishing business interests in the city. A Bahá’í community was established in the 1870's and 1880's through the efforts of travel teacher Jamál Effendi who visited India on the instructions of [[Bahá’u’lláh]] and it became a highly active community beginning to oversee efforts to teach the religion across the country in the 1910's and the Bahá’í community of Mumbai remains active to the present day..

==History==
The Bábí Faith was present in Mumbai before the Declaration of [[Bahá’u’lláh]]. According to one historical account, the ''Táríkh-i-Jadíd'', a blind Siyyid named Sayyid-i-Baír became a Bábí in the 1840's after hearing about [[the Báb]]'s claim in Mumbai, although according to [[Nabíl-i-A‘ẓam]] he heard of the Báb in Multan. The earliest confirmed presence of the religion in the city was in the 1850's when brothers [[Hájí Siyyid Muhammad Afnán|Hájí Siyyid Muhammad]] and [[Hájí Siyyid Mírzá Afnán]] established a trading post for the Afnán family, the extended family of the Báb, in Mumbai. Both brothers became Bahá’ís in the 1860's.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

In approximately 1868 Bahá’í travel teacher [[Hájí Muhammad-Ibrahim-i-Muballigh]] moved to Mumbai fleeing persecution due to his religion in Iran and as of the 1860's several members of the Afnán family who had become Bahá’ís were living in Mumbai. Some of the Mumbai Bahá’ís felt there was potential for teaching the Faith in the city and wrote to Bahá’u’lláh requesting that a Bahá’í teacher be sent and at Bahá’u’lláh's request Jamál Effendi traveled to India in approximately 1875. Jamál actively taught in the city and through his efforts Mír Sayyid Muhammad, the leader of the Twelver Shi`i community in Mumbai, became a Bahá’í, however his activities also resulted in opposition and he left the city after a few months to teach in other parts of India. He made additional visits to Mumbai before departing India in 1878.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

In the early 1880's Mírzá Ibráhím Afnán, a Bahá’í who was son of [[Hájí Mírzá Abú'l-Qásim]] and nephew of the Báb, established the publishing company Násirí Press in Mumbai which began publishing the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in 1882 with editions of the ''[[Kitab-i-Iqan]]'' and the ''[[Secret of Divine Civilization]]''.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref><ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref> In 1884 [[Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí]], a son of Bahá’u’lláh who later opposed [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]], moved to Mumbai for around one year to assist with teaching activities and utilize his calligraphy skills to assist in the publication of the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh, however while it had been expected of him he did not actively teach while in the city.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

In 1888 Jamál Effendi visited Mumbai again at the beginning of a second extended travel teaching tour of India and he taught the Faith to members of Mumbai's Zoroastrian community while in the city with several accepting the religion. During Jamál's tour Bahá’u’lláh revealed a Tablet for the head of the Bohra Ismá`ílí community, Sayyid-ná Najmu'd-Dín, who lived in Mumbai and Jamál debated Najmu'd-Dín in front of a large audience. In 1890 Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí returned to Mumbai staying for over a year to oversee the publication of his Father's writings by the Násirí Press, however he altered some of the transcripts to remove references to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 130</ref><ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

In 1892 the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh took place. In His Will and Testament Bahá’u’lláh had appointed His son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í community however almost immediately after the Ascension Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí began attempting to usurp control of the Bahá’í community. Many of the Bahá’ís in Mumbai became firm supporters of ‘Alí and in the 1890's and 1900's ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent several travel teachers to the city to deepen the community on the Covenant and refute the fradulent claims of ‘Alí's supporters.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref> In 1897 and 1898 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent [[Mírzá Mahram]] to Mumbai on travel teaching trips by with a local administrative body being established during his 1898 visit.<ref>Siyyid Mustafa Rumi (tr. Iran Furutan Muhajir), ''Siyyid Mustafa Rumi: Hand of the Cause of God, Apostle of Baha'u'llah'', Baha'i Publishing: Wilmette, '''2020''', p 81</ref>

In 1904 American Bahá’í [[Sydney Sprague]] and the [[Hand of the Cause]] [[Mírzá Ḥasan|Adíb]] visited Mumbai on a travel teaching trip,<ref name=moment>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha’i Communities of Iran 1851-1921, Volume 1: The North of Iran'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2015''', p 117</ref><ref>''Bahá’í Faith in America, The, Early Expansion, 1900–1912, Vol. 2.'' Robert Stockman, George Ronald, Oxford, 1995. p 263</ref> and in 1908 a teaching team consisting of American Bahá’ís [[Hooper Harris]] and [[Harlan Ober]], and Persian Bahá’ís [[Ibn-i-Abhar]] and [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] toured India visiting Mumbai and other cities.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

As of 1908 there was an active and functional Bahá’í community in Mumbai as a result of the decades of travel teachers visiting the city, with three meetings being held every week attended by almost one hundred. It was the leading Bahá’í community of India, leading efforts to coordinate teaching activity and translate the Bahá’í writings into native Indian languages, and it also secured the first Bahá’í Cemetery in India around this time with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá personally designing the cemeteries layout.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

The first National Bahá’í Convention for the Bahá’í communities of India was held in Mumbai in December, 1920.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

==References==

Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 09:42:45 GMT

Opposition to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:42, 11 May 2026
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	==Biography==		==Biography==
	===During the lifetime of Bahá’u’lláh===		===During the lifetime of Bahá’u’lláh===
	‘Alí was born in Baghdad in 1854 shortly after Bahá’u’lláh had been exiled to the city. His mother was [[Mahd-i-‘Ulya]] His Fathers second wife.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 125</ref> In his youth he developed a mastery of [[calligraphy]] and he was given the responsibility of transcribing some of his Fathers Tablets, however while ~~the family was exiled~~ in Adrianople he composed a series of Arabic verses which he claimed had been revealed to him by God and had them distributed to the Persian Bahá’í community alluding to him being a partner of his father in Divine Revelation.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 126</ref> His claims resulted in considerable controversy in the Bahá’í community of Qazvin and he was chastised by Bahá’u’lláh Who revealed the [[Lawh-i-Khalíl]] in which He clarified that ‘Alí was not able to receive Divine Revelation.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 127</ref>		‘Alí was born in Baghdad in 1854 shortly after Bahá’u’lláh had been exiled to the city. His mother was [[Mahd-i-‘Ulya]] His Fathers second wife.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 125</ref> ‘Alí accompanied his father on His exiles from Baghdad to Constantinople and then to Adrianople in 1863. In his youth he developed a mastery of [[calligraphy]] and he was given the responsibility of transcribing some of his Fathers Tablets, however while in Adrianople he composed a series of Arabic verses which he claimed had been revealed to him by God and had them distributed to the Persian Bahá’í community alluding to him being a partner of his father in Divine Revelation.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 126</ref> His claims resulted in considerable controversy in the Bahá’í community of Qazvin and he was chastised by Bahá’u’lláh Who revealed the [[Lawh-i-Khalíl]] in which He clarified that ‘Alí was not able to receive Divine Revelation.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 127</ref>

	~~When the~~ family ~~had been~~ exiled to ~~the Holy Land and was residing in~~ Akka Bahá’u’lláh ~~sent ‘Alí~~ to ~~India with instructions to have a compilation~~ of ~~His writings, entitled Kitab-i-Mubin, printed~~ and ~~he was able to have it printed by~~ the ~~Nasiri printing firm which was owned by members~~ of ~~the Báb's family. Around this time~~ ‘Alí ~~altered some of~~ the ~~text of Bahá’u’lláh's Tablets~~ in order to ~~remove references~~ to ~~‘Abdu’l-Bahá~~.~~<ref>https://bahai-library.com/uhj_original_text_suriy-i-haykal</ref>~~<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p ~~130~~</ref> ~~When~~ Bahá’u’lláh ~~moved~~ His ~~residence to the Mansion of Mazra~~'ih and ~~later~~ the ~~Mansion~~ of ~~Bahji ‘Alí~~, ~~his mother~~, ~~and his siblings lived~~ in the ~~Mansions with Him while ‘Abdu’l-Bahá remained in Akka~~ in order to ~~preserve unity due~~ to ~~tensions between them~~.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p ~~136~~</ref>		In 1868 ‘Alí's family was exiled from Adrianople to Akka. When Bahá’u’lláh moved His residence to the Mansion of Mazra'ih in 1877 and the Mansion of Bahji in 1879 ‘Alí, his mother, and his siblings lived in the Mansions with Him while ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, His mother, and sister, remained in Akka in order to preserve unity due to the tensions between the families.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 136</ref> In 1884 Bahá’u’lláh sent ‘Alí to India and he resided in Mumbai for around one year with it being expected that he would establish teaching activites and use his calligraphy skills to assist in publishing His Fathers Writings, however no teaching activities materialised.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref> ‘Alí returned to Mumbai in 1890 staying in the city for over a year during which time he supervised the publication of some of Bahá’u’lláh's Tablets, however during the process he altered some of the text of Bahá’u’lláh's Tablets in order to remove references to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.<ref>https://bahai-library.com/uhj_original_text_suriy-i-haykal</ref><ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 130</ref>

	In the Kitáb-i-‘Ahd Bahá’u’lláh appointed ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í Faith and also wrote the following regarding ‘Alí, designating him as successor to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá:		In the Kitáb-i-‘Ahd Bahá’u’lláh appointed ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í Faith and also wrote the following regarding ‘Alí, designating him as successor to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá:

	<blockquote>"Verily God hath ordained the station of the Greater Branch [Muḥammad ‘Alí] to be beneath that of the Most Great Branch [‘Abdu’l‑Bahá]. He is in truth the Ordainer, the All-Wise. We have chosen “the Greater” after “the Most Great,” as decreed by Him Who is the All-Knowing, the All-Informed."<ref>[https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/tablets-bahaullah/6#078110759 Kitáb-i-‘Ahd (Book of the Covenant)]</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>''Verily God hath ordained the station of the Greater Branch [Muḥammad ‘Alí] to be beneath that of the Most Great Branch [‘Abdu’l‑Bahá]. He is in truth the Ordainer, the All-Wise. We have chosen “the Greater” after “the Most Great,” as decreed by Him Who is the All-Knowing, the All-Informed.''<ref>[https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/tablets-bahaullah/6#078110759 Kitáb-i-‘Ahd (Book of the Covenant)]</ref></blockquote>

	===Opposition to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá===		===Opposition to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá===
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	‘Abdu’l‑Bahá initially attempted to conceal ‘Alí's rebellion, which was pursued covertly, and did not publicly denounce him,<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 151</ref> instead negotiating with ‘Alí and advising that he would be able to lead the community after Him. ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá required that all correspondence leaving the Holy Land be submitted to Him before being sent abroad to ensure news of ‘Alí's dissent did not cause division in the community however by approximately 1896 the division became more widely known.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 170</ref> During this period ‘Alí secured the support of the majority of Bahá’u’lláh's family and would meet with Bahá’ís living in and visiting the Holy Land to present himself as a potential leader of the community.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 176-77</ref>		‘Abdu’l‑Bahá initially attempted to conceal ‘Alí's rebellion, which was pursued covertly, and did not publicly denounce him,<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 151</ref> instead negotiating with ‘Alí and advising that he would be able to lead the community after Him. ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá required that all correspondence leaving the Holy Land be submitted to Him before being sent abroad to ensure news of ‘Alí's dissent did not cause division in the community however by approximately 1896 the division became more widely known.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 170</ref> During this period ‘Alí secured the support of the majority of Bahá’u’lláh's family and would meet with Bahá’ís living in and visiting the Holy Land to present himself as a potential leader of the community.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 176-77</ref>

	In approximately 1896 ‘Alí's supporters began distributing literature in Persia which levelled accusations against ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá and claimed that ‘Alí was being deprived of sharing the station of Centre of the Covenant which prompted ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá to begin explaining the Covenant ~~in Tablets~~ and how his brother was violating it.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 178</ref> Between 1897 and 1898 ‘Alí's supporters ~~began gathering~~ materials which they felt they could use to criticize and misrepresent ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 216</ref> ‘Alí established a relationship with Ibrahim George Kheiralla when he visited the Holy Land from America on pilgrimage in 1897 and Kheiralla ultimately supported ‘Alí while also attempting to claim leadership over the Bahá’ís of the West,<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 247</ref> and ‘Alí sent his son Shu’á’u’lláh to America to assist Kheiralla.<ref>H. M. Balyuzi, '''Abdu'l-Baha: The Centre of the Covenant'', George Ronald: Oxford '''1971''', p 86</ref>		In approximately 1896 ‘Alí's supporters began distributing literature in Persia which levelled accusations against ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá and claimed that ‘Alí was being deprived of sharing the station of Centre of the Covenant which prompted ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá to begin revealing Tablets explaining the Covenant, that He was the appointed successor of their Father, and how his brother was violating the Covenant with his claims.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 178</ref> Between 1897 and 1898 ‘Alí's supporters gathered materials which they felt they could use to criticize and misrepresent ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 216</ref> ‘Alí established a relationship with Ibrahim George Kheiralla when he visited the Holy Land from America on pilgrimage in 1897 and Kheiralla ultimately supported ‘Alí while also attempting to claim leadership over the Bahá’ís of the West,<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 247</ref> and ‘Alí sent his son Shu’á’u’lláh to America to assist Kheiralla.<ref>H. M. Balyuzi, '''Abdu'l-Baha: The Centre of the Covenant'', George Ronald: Oxford '''1971''', p 86</ref>

	Despite their opposition to Him ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá continued to provide funds and supplies to ‘Alí and his supporters at the Mansion of Bahji for the upkeep of the household,<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 179</ref> however ‘Alí publicly accused Him of withholding provisions publicly denouncing Him to public officials in the Holy Land.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 193</ref> ‘Alí also filed an unsuccessful court case against ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá accusing him of exalting Bahá’u’lláh beyond His claims, depriving him of his inheritance, and having him shunned by the community.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 198-99</ref>		Despite their opposition to Him ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá continued to provide funds and supplies to ‘Alí and his supporters at the Mansion of Bahji for the upkeep of the household,<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 179</ref> however ‘Alí publicly accused Him of withholding provisions publicly denouncing Him to public officials in the Holy Land.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 193</ref> ‘Alí also filed an unsuccessful court case against ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá accusing him of exalting Bahá’u’lláh beyond His claims, depriving him of his inheritance, and having him shunned by the community.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', pp 198-99</ref>

1911

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 09:05:01 GMT

Asia

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	*[[San Francisco, California]], USA.<ref>[https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/notes/vol2/ch.1910-12.html Letter by T. Chase to Hyde Dunn: Los Ang., 16 Jan. 1911]</ref><ref>Star of the West, Vol. 2, Iss. 1, p 9</ref>		*[[San Francisco, California]], USA.<ref>[https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/notes/vol2/ch.1910-12.html Letter by T. Chase to Hyde Dunn: Los Ang., 16 Jan. 1911]</ref><ref>Star of the West, Vol. 2, Iss. 1, p 9</ref>
	====Asia====		====Asia====
	*Bombay, India.<ref>https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-bahai/#:~:text=Bombay%20was%20home%20to%20the,charitable%20activities%20of%20the%20community.</ref>		*[[Mumbai\|Bombay]], [[India]].<ref>https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-bahai/#:~:text=Bombay%20was%20home%20to%20the,charitable%20activities%20of%20the%20community.</ref>

	==Births==		==Births==
	*[[March 28]]: [[William Sears]], [[Hand of the Cause]] and prominent American Bahá’í.		*[[March 28]]: [[William Sears]], [[Hand of the Cause]] and prominent American Bahá’í.

Newark, New Jersey

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 07:58:52 GMT

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	\|img_caption = Spiritual Assembly of Newark, 1968.		\|img_caption = Spiritual Assembly of Newark, 1968.
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R. N. Shah

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 06:46:53 GMT

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	'''Ramnik N. Shah'''<ref>[http://bahai-library.com/newspapers/2004/040815.html Author introduced Faith to a generation		'''Ramnik N. Shah'''<ref>[http://bahai-library.com/newspapers/2004/040815.html Author introduced Faith to a generation
	, article published on Bahai Library Online]</ref> was an Indian Bahá’í who served as the secretary of the [[NSA:India\|National Spiritual Assembly of India]] for an extended period. As secretary he met with several prominent dignitaries on the behalf of the Faith.		, article published on Bahai Library Online]</ref> (d. 2006) was an Indian Bahá’í who served as the secretary of the [[NSA:India\|National Spiritual Assembly of India]] for an extended period. As secretary he met with several prominent dignitaries on the behalf of the Faith.

	==Background==		==Background==
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	In 1982 Shah taught at a Bahá’í Youth Academy formed in Panchgani, India, in addition to serving in addition to continuing his responsibilities as secretary of the National Assembly.<ref>{{citebn\|625\|19}}</ref> In 1986 he was a member of a delegation which presented a portrait of a model of the New Delhi Ma<u>sh</u>riqu’l-A<u>dh</u>kár to the President of India,<ref>{{citebn\|659\|16}}</ref> In 1987 he spoke at a seminar on religion in the arts held at the national Bahá’í center in New Delhi,<ref>{{citebn\|684\|15}}</ref> and in January 1988 he was part of a delegation which met with the Vice-President of India.<ref>{{citebn\|686\|14}}</ref>		In 1982 Shah taught at a Bahá’í Youth Academy formed in Panchgani, India, in addition to serving in addition to continuing his responsibilities as secretary of the National Assembly.<ref>{{citebn\|625\|19}}</ref> In 1986 he was a member of a delegation which presented a portrait of a model of the New Delhi Ma<u>sh</u>riqu’l-A<u>dh</u>kár to the President of India,<ref>{{citebn\|659\|16}}</ref> In 1987 he spoke at a seminar on religion in the arts held at the national Bahá’í center in New Delhi,<ref>{{citebn\|684\|15}}</ref> and in January 1988 he was part of a delegation which met with the Vice-President of India.<ref>{{citebn\|686\|14}}</ref>

	Shah was still the secretary of the National Assembly as of the early 1990's and in 1992 he met with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia as part of a delegation when he visited the New Delhi Temple during a trip to India.<ref>{{citebw\|21\|140}}</ref> He was still secretary as of 1999,<ref>https://bahairecollections.com/2017/03/24/tale-of-two-generations/</ref> was Secretary-General as of 2000,<ref>https://news.bahai.org/story/72/</ref> and had completed his service on the body as of 2003.<ref>https://news.bahai.org/story/271/</ref> As of ~~2017~~ he has ~~passed away~~.<ref>https://~~bahairecollections~~.~~com~~/~~2017~~/03/~~24/tale~~-of-~~two~~-~~generations~~/</ref>		Shah was still the secretary of the National Assembly as of the early 1990's and in 1992 he met with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia as part of a delegation when he visited the New Delhi Temple during a trip to India.<ref>{{citebw\|21\|140}}</ref> He was still secretary as of 1999,<ref>https://bahairecollections.com/2017/03/24/tale-of-two-generations/</ref> was Secretary-General as of 2000,<ref>https://news.bahai.org/story/72/</ref> and had completed his service on the body as of 2003.<ref>https://news.bahai.org/story/271/</ref> He passed away in 2006 and the Universal House of Justice conveyed the following message after his passing:<blockquote>''Our hearts are filled with grief at the news of the passing of outstanding, long-time servant of Bahá’u’lláh Ramnik Shah. We recall with deep admiration his noble-hearted, steadfast and self-effacing devotion to the needs of the Cause for over six decades and his many years of dedicated service on the National Spiritual Assembly of India. His indefatigable labours for the propagation of the Faith and the establishment of the Bahá’í administrative institutions, which contributed in no small measure to the rise of the Indian Bahá’í community from a few scattered localities to the admirable achievements of the present day, have won for him an enduring place in the annals of the Cause in India. He will also long be remembered for his warm and loving spirit, his generosity and his kindness to all with whom he came in contact. Not content to rest in his later years, he remained committed until the very end of his life to the advancement of the Faith, continuing his travels throughout India to encourage and inspire the friends. He has left as a legacy his example of selfless service, of visionary outlook, of thirst for learning, of boundless enthusiasm and of ceaseless effort, which will doubtless inspire the rank and file of believers in India for generations to come.''<ref>[https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/muhj-2001-2022/muhj-2001-2022.pdf ''Messages from the Universal House of Justice 2001-2022, p 159]</ref></blockquote>

	==References==		==References==

	[[Category:Biographies]]		[[Category:Biographies]]

Mírzá Muḥammad ‘Alíy-i-Nahrí

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 06:35:46 GMT

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	Nahrí was born into a prominent and wealthy family in Isfahan. His father was named Sayyid Mahdi and was the son of a Persian merchant who moved to India and married a woman from a wealthy family. Mahdi returned to Iran settling in Najaf where he constructed a water canal, earning him the title Nahrí as a family name, and became a follower of the teachings of [[Shaykh Ahmad]]. Nahrí's mother was a relative of the wife of the most powerful cleric in Isfahan.<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 17]</ref> He had two brothers, [[Mírzá Hadi Nahrí\|Mírzá Hadi]] and [[Mírzá Ibrahim Nahrí\|Mírzá Ibrahim]].<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 18]</ref>		Nahrí was born into a prominent and wealthy family in Isfahan. His father was named Sayyid Mahdi and was the son of a Persian merchant who moved to India and married a woman from a wealthy family. Mahdi returned to Iran settling in Najaf where he constructed a water canal, earning him the title Nahrí as a family name, and became a follower of the teachings of [[Shaykh Ahmad]]. Nahrí's mother was a relative of the wife of the most powerful cleric in Isfahan.<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 17]</ref> He had two brothers, [[Mírzá Hadi Nahrí\|Mírzá Hadi]] and [[Mírzá Ibrahim Nahrí\|Mírzá Ibrahim]].<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 18]</ref>

	In his youth Nahrí moved to Karbila with his brother, [[Mírzá Hadi Nahrí\|Hadi]], and they joined the Shaykhí movement and studied religion under [[Siyyid Káẓim]]. They were both living in Karbila when [[The Báb\|the Báb]] resided in the city and associated with the Shaykhí's there between 1841 and 1842 and were impressed by Him.<ref name=one>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 202</ref> Nahrí married his first wife while in Karbila.<ref name=two>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 203</ref>		In his youth Nahrí moved to Karbila with his brother, [[Mírzá Hadi Nahrí\|Hadi]], and they joined the Shaykhí movement and studied religion under [[Siyyid Káẓim]]. They were both living in Karbila when [[The Báb\|the Báb]] resided in the city and associated with the Shaykhí's there between 1841 and 1842 and were impressed by Him.<ref name=one>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 202</ref> Nahrí married his first wife while in Karbila and later returned to Isfahan.<ref name=two>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 203</ref>

	~~At some point after the Declaration of the Báb in~~ 1844 Nahrí heard news of the ~~declaration~~. At the time the Báb had instructed that His declaration be proclaimed without His identity being disclosed, however Nahrí and his brother Hadi deduced the Báb's identity due to remembering Him from Karbila. They traveled to Shiraz to meet with Him but arrived after He had departed for Arabia on pilgrimage.<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 17]</ref>		In 1844 Nahrí heard news of the Declaration of the Báb from [[Mullá Husayn]] when he visited Isfahan.<ref>https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/db-23.html#pg101</ref> At the time the Báb had instructed that His declaration be proclaimed without His identity being disclosed, however Nahrí and his brother Hadi deduced the Báb's identity due to remembering Him from Karbila. They traveled to Shiraz to meet with Him but arrived after He had departed for Arabia on pilgrimage.<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 17]</ref>

	The Báb gave instructions for the brothers to ~~move to~~ Isfahan and while traveling to the city they met [[Mullá Ḥusayn]] who galvanized their faith.<ref name=two>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 203</ref> Nahrí and Hadi visited Shiraz from Isfahan in 1845 at the time the Báb was under house arrest in the city and they were able to meet with Him in person. After returning to Isfahan from Shiraz Nahrí received news his wife, who had remained in Karbila, had passed away and he remarried in Isfahan.<ref name=two>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 203</ref>		The Báb gave instructions for the brothers to establish themselves in Isfahan and while traveling to the city they met with [[Mullá Ḥusayn]] who galvanized their faith.<ref name=two>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 203</ref> Nahrí and Hadi visited Shiraz from Isfahan in 1845 at the time the Báb was under house arrest in the city and they were able to meet with Him in person. After returning to Isfahan from Shiraz Nahrí received news his wife, who had remained in Karbila, had passed away and he remarried in Isfahan.<ref name=two>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 203</ref>

	In 1846 the Báb moved to Isfahan and Nahrí's brother Ibrahim hosted Him at a dinner in his home despite not being a Bábí.<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 18]</ref> During the event the Báb was informed that ‘Alí wanted to have children but his wife had been unable to conceive, prompting the Báb to reportedly set aside some of His food, gave instructions for it to be delivered to Nahrí and his wife, and state that after eating it they would be able to have children. Nahrí's wife ultimately became pregnant with their daughter [[Munírih Khánum\|Fatimih]] who was later granted the name Munírih by [[Bahá’u’lláh]].<ref name=three>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 204</ref> They later had two other daughters, one of whom was named Gawhar and married [[Mírzá Asadu’llah Isfahani]],<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 7]</ref> and a son named Siyyid Yahya Nahrí who married the daughter of [[Sultanu’sh-Shuhadá’\|Mírzá Muhammad-Hasan Nahrí]].<ref>Habibullah Afnan, tr. Ahang Rabbani, ''Memories of the Báb, Bahá’u’lláh and `Abdu’l-Bahá'', Kalimat Press, '''2005''', p 72</ref><ref>Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani, ''Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2009''', p 360</ref><ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 18]</ref>		In 1846 the Báb moved to Isfahan and Nahrí's brother Ibrahim hosted Him at a dinner in his home despite not being a Bábí.<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 18]</ref> During the event the Báb was informed that ‘Alí wanted to have children but his wife had been unable to conceive, prompting the Báb to reportedly set aside some of His food, gave instructions for it to be delivered to Nahrí and his wife, and state that after eating it they would be able to have children. Nahrí's wife ultimately became pregnant with their daughter [[Munírih Khánum\|Fatimih]] who was later granted the name Munírih by [[Bahá’u’lláh]].<ref name=three>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1974''', p 204</ref> They later had two other daughters, one of whom was named Gawhar and married [[Mírzá Asadu’llah Isfahani]],<ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 7]</ref> and a son named Siyyid Yahya Nahrí who married the daughter of [[Sultanu’sh-Shuhadá’\|Mírzá Muhammad-Hasan Nahrí]].<ref>Habibullah Afnan, tr. Ahang Rabbani, ''Memories of the Báb, Bahá’u’lláh and `Abdu’l-Bahá'', Kalimat Press, '''2005''', p 72</ref><ref>Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani, ''Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2009''', p 360</ref><ref>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha'i Communities of Iran 1851-1921: Volume 2'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2021''', p 18]</ref>
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	[[Category:Biographies]]		[[Category:Biographies]]
			[[Category:People mentioned in The Dawn-Breakers]]

Gawhar Khánum

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 06:13:04 GMT

Biography

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	'''Gawhar Khánum''' was the third wife of [[Bahá’u’lláh]]. After the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh she opposed his appointed successor [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]] breaking the [[Covenant-breaking\|Covenant]].		'''Gawhar Khánum''' was the third wife of [[Bahá’u’lláh]]. After the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh she opposed his appointed successor [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]] breaking the [[Covenant-breaking\|Covenant]].
	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Gawhar was born in Kashan in approximately 1847. She was the daughter of Mirza Ahmad-i-~~Radwihkhan~~ and while her mothers name is unknown she was entitled Umm-i-Haram, meaning mother of the honoured wife, by Bahá’u’lláh. Her Aunt, Haj 'Ammih Khanum, was likely the first Bahá’í in her family and she had a sister and two brothers all of whom were Bahá’ís.<ref>Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani, ''Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2009''', p 251</ref>		Gawhar was born in Kashan in approximately 1847. She was the daughter of Mirza Ahmad-i-Rawdihkhan and while her mothers name is unknown she was entitled Umm-i-Haram, meaning mother of the honoured wife, by Bahá’u’lláh. Her Aunt, Haj 'Ammih Khanum, was likely the first Bahá’í in her family and she had a sister and two brothers all of whom were Bahá’ís.<ref>Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani, ''Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2009''', p 251</ref>

	In approximately 1862 Gawhar accompanied her brother, named Mirza Mihdi, to Baghdad and they arrived shortly before Bahá’u’lláh was exiled to Istanbul. Her brother proposed to Bahá’u’lláh that Gawhar serve in His household and that they marry. They may have married around this time however Mihdi was instructed to remain in Baghdad to maintain the [[Bayt-i-Aʻzam]] with Gawhar being instructed to stay with him when Bahá’u’lláh was exiled from the city.<ref>Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani, ''Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2009''', p 252</ref> In 1870 the Bahá’ís of Baghdad were arrested and exiled to Mosul,<ref>H. M. Balyuzi, ''Eminent Baha'is in the Time of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1985''', p 275</ref> and Mihdi asked for permission to join Bahá’u’lláh in the Holy Land where He had been exiled and was granted permission.<ref>Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani, ''Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2009''', p 253</ref>		In approximately 1862 Gawhar accompanied her brother, named Mirza Mihdi, to Baghdad and they arrived shortly before Bahá’u’lláh was exiled to Istanbul. Her brother proposed to Bahá’u’lláh that Gawhar serve in His household and that they marry. They may have married around this time however Mihdi was instructed to remain in Baghdad to maintain the [[Bayt-i-Aʻzam]] with Gawhar being instructed to stay with him when Bahá’u’lláh was exiled from the city.<ref>Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani, ''Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2009''', p 252</ref> In 1870 the Bahá’ís of Baghdad were arrested and exiled to Mosul,<ref>H. M. Balyuzi, ''Eminent Baha'is in the Time of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1985''', p 275</ref> and Mihdi asked for permission to join Bahá’u’lláh in the Holy Land where He had been exiled and was granted permission.<ref>Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani, ''Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2009''', p 253</ref>

Mírzá Badíʻu’lláh

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 06:05:47 GMT

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	<blockquote>''"Gracious God! After Mírzá Badíʻu’lláh had declared in his own handwriting that this man (Muḥammad ‘Alí) had broken the Covenant and had proclaimed his falsification of the Holy Text, he realized that to return to the True Faith and pay allegiance to the Covenant and Testament would in no wise promote his selfish desires. He thus repented and regretted the thing he had done and attempted privily to gather in his printed confessions, plotted darkly with the Center of Sedition against me and informed him daily of all the happenings within my household. He has even taken a leading part in the mischievous deeds that have of late been committed. Praise be to God affairs recovered their former stability and the loved ones obtained partial peace. But ever since the day he entered again into our midst, he began afresh to sow the seeds of sore sedition."''<ref>[https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/WT/wt-2.html.utf8 'Abdu'l-Baha, ''The Will And Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá'', US Baha'i Publishing Trust, '''1990 Reprint''', p 21]</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>''"Gracious God! After Mírzá Badíʻu’lláh had declared in his own handwriting that this man (Muḥammad ‘Alí) had broken the Covenant and had proclaimed his falsification of the Holy Text, he realized that to return to the True Faith and pay allegiance to the Covenant and Testament would in no wise promote his selfish desires. He thus repented and regretted the thing he had done and attempted privily to gather in his printed confessions, plotted darkly with the Center of Sedition against me and informed him daily of all the happenings within my household. He has even taken a leading part in the mischievous deeds that have of late been committed. Praise be to God affairs recovered their former stability and the loved ones obtained partial peace. But ever since the day he entered again into our midst, he began afresh to sow the seeds of sore sedition."''<ref>[https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/WT/wt-2.html.utf8 'Abdu'l-Baha, ''The Will And Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá'', US Baha'i Publishing Trust, '''1990 Reprint''', p 21]</ref></blockquote>

	After the Ascension of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Badíʻu’lláh maintained his opposition to His successor as Head of the Bahá’í Faith, Shoghi Effendi, ~~up until~~ passing ~~in Israel~~ in 1950.<ref>[https://bahai-library.com/badiullah_epistle_bahai_world Mirza Badíʻu’lláh, ''An Epistle to the Bahá'í World'', published online at BahaiLiraryOnline.com]</ref>		After the Ascension of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Badíʻu’lláh maintained his opposition to His successor as Head of the Bahá’í Faith, Shoghi Effendi. In 1948 he moved to Lebanon due to the political upheaval caused by the establishment of the State of Israel,<ref>{{cite\|Q6216\|307}}</ref> however he later returned to Israel passing away there in 1950.<ref>[https://bahai-library.com/badiullah_epistle_bahai_world Mirza Badíʻu’lláh, ''An Epistle to the Bahá'í World'', published online at BahaiLiraryOnline.com]</ref>

	==Publications==		==Publications==

Mírzá Muhsin Afnán

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 06:02:07 GMT

Biography

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	Muhsin was a son of [[Afnán-i-Kabír]]. In the late 1880's he operated a branch of the Afnán family trading company based in Constantinople however he wound up the branch by 1889 and visited the Holy Land around the same time.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 4'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1987''', p 396</ref>		Muhsin was a son of [[Afnán-i-Kabír]]. In the late 1880's he operated a branch of the Afnán family trading company based in Constantinople however he wound up the branch by 1889 and visited the Holy Land around the same time.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Volume 4'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1987''', p 396</ref>

	In 1899 Muhsin moved to the Holy Land and married [[Túbá Khánum]], a daughter of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá~~. He came to own land in the area~~ and ~~his brother, [[Siyyid ‘Alí Afnán]], who~~ had ~~broken the Covenant by supporting~~ [[~~Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí~~]], attempted to secure the rights to the profits of the land levelling accusations against ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to support his claims.<ref name=afnan>[https://bahai-library.com/rabbani_afnan_family Ahang Rabbani, '~~'The Afnán Family: Some Biographical Notes''~~, ~~'''2007''']</ref> In 1913 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent Muhsin to Alexandria, Egypt, with instructions to care for [[Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl]] who~~ was ~~suffering a prolonged illness~~.<ref>~~H.M. Balyuzi~~, ''~~Abdu'l-Baha:~~ The ~~Centre~~ of ~~the Covenant~~'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''~~1971~~''', p ~~399~~</ref>		In 1899 Muhsin moved to the Holy Land and married [[Túbá Khánum]], a daughter of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, and they had four children. Their three sons were [[Ruhi Afnan\|Ruhi]], Suhayl, and Fu'ad, and their daugher was Thurayya.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 358</ref>

	Muhsin and ~~Tubá~~ had ~~four children. Their three sons were~~ [[~~Ruhi Afnan\|Ruhi~~]], ~~Suhayl~~, ~~and Fu~~'ad, ~~and their daugher~~ was ~~Thurayya~~.<ref>~~Adib Taherzadeh~~, ''The Covenant ~~of Baha'u'llah~~'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''~~1972~~''', p ~~358~~</ref> Muhsin passed away in 1927 and [[Shoghi Effendi]] participated in his funeral in Haifa,<ref name=afnan>[https://bahai-library.com/rabbani_afnan_family Ahang Rabbani, ''The Afnán Family: Some Biographical Notes'', '''2007''']</ref> and also described him as the "beloved son-in-law" of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and a "distinguished servant of His Cause" following his passing. His children and wife were named [[Covenant-breaker]]s after his passing.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 360</ref>		Muhsin came to own land in the Holy Land and his brother, [[Siyyid ‘Alí Afnán]], who had broken the Covenant by supporting [[Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí]], attempted to secure the rights to the profits of the land levelling accusations against ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to support his claims.<ref name=afnan>[https://bahai-library.com/rabbani_afnan_family Ahang Rabbani, ''The Afnán Family: Some Biographical Notes'', '''2007''']</ref> He later donated his home in Haifa, No. 4 Haparsim Street, to the Faith so it could be used as a pilgrim house for Bahá’ís from the West.<ref>{{cite\|Q6305\|312}}</ref> In 1913 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent him to Alexandria, Egypt, with instructions to care for [[Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl]] who was suffering a prolonged illness.<ref>H.M. Balyuzi, ''Abdu'l-Baha: The Centre of the Covenant'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1971''', p 399</ref>

			Muhsin passed away in 1927 and [[Shoghi Effendi]] participated in his funeral in Haifa,<ref name=afnan>[https://bahai-library.com/rabbani_afnan_family Ahang Rabbani, ''The Afnán Family: Some Biographical Notes'', '''2007''']</ref> and also described him as the "beloved son-in-law" of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and a "distinguished servant of His Cause" following his passing. His children and wife later opposed Shoghi Effendi and were named [[Covenant-breaker]]s after his passing.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 360</ref>
	{{clear}}		{{clear}}

	==References==		==References==

	[[Category:Afnán]]		[[Category:Afnán]]
	[[Category:Biographies]]		[[Category:Biographies]]

1920

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:41:13 GMT

Deaths

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	==Births==		==Births==
	*[[May 8]]: [[Wayne Hoover]], American travel teacher.		*[[Sidney I. Dean]], American Bahá’í who pioneered to Asia and Africa.
	*[[December 3]]: [[Irene Jackson]], Australian Bahá'í ~~and pioneer~~ to [[Fiji]] during the [[Ten Year Crusade]].		*[[May 8]]: [[Wayne Hoover]], American Bahá’í who served as a travel teacher.
			*[[December 3]]: [[Irene Jackson]], Australian Bahá'í who pioneered to [[Fiji]] during the [[Ten Year Crusade]].

	==Deaths==		==Deaths==
			*[[‘Andalíb]], Persian Bahá’í who became well-known for his poetry.
	*[[January 27]]: [[Joseph Hannen]], in [[Washington, D.C.]], from injuries sustained when being struck by a car.<ref>https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_10/Issue_19/Text#pg345</ref>		*[[January 27]]: [[Joseph Hannen]], in [[Washington, D.C.]], from injuries sustained when being struck by a car.<ref>https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_10/Issue_19/Text#pg345</ref>
	*[[May 24]]: [[Charles Greenleaf\|Charles Herman Greenleaf]], one of the nineteen [[Disciples of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá]].<ref>https://bahai-library.com/tags/Boston</ref>		*[[May 24]]: [[Charles Greenleaf\|Charles Herman Greenleaf]], one of the nineteen [[Disciples of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá]].<ref>https://bahai-library.com/tags/Boston</ref>

1973

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:38:58 GMT

Publications

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	*[[October 23]]: [[Isaac Eziukwu]], Nigerian Bahá’í who opened Gabon to the Faith.		*[[October 23]]: [[Isaac Eziukwu]], Nigerian Bahá’í who opened Gabon to the Faith.
	==Publications==		==Publications==
			===Books===
	*''[[The Bab (Balyuzi)\|The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days]]'' by [[Hasan Balyuzi\|H. M. Balyuzi]].		*''[[The Bab (Balyuzi)\|The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days]]'' by [[Hasan Balyuzi\|H. M. Balyuzi]].
	*''Divine Law, Source of Human Rights'' published by Bahá'í International Community.<ref>{{cite book		*''Divine Law, Source of Human Rights'' published by the [[Bahá'í International Community]].<ref>{{cite book
	\|author=Collins, W. P.		\|author=Collins, W. P.
	\|authorlink=		\|authorlink=

Ethical Business Building the Future

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:31:23 GMT

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	==Background==		==Background==
	In 1990 a group of Bahá’ís active in business established an informal network in Paris to discuss business ethics and ~~the~~ adopted the name the European Bahá’í Business Forum.<ref>https://www.bahaiblog.net/articles/bahai-life/ebbf-daniel-truran/</ref> The body authored a charter in 1992 and became officially registered as a non-profit association in Paris in 1993,<ref>{{citebw\|30\|150}}</ref> later changing its name to Ethical Business Building the Future.<ref name=one>https://www.ebbf.org/about</ref>		In 1990 a group of Bahá’ís active in business established an informal network in Paris to discuss business ethics and they adopted the name the European Bahá’í Business Forum.<ref>https://www.bahaiblog.net/articles/bahai-life/ebbf-daniel-truran/</ref> The body authored a charter in 1992 and became officially registered as a non-profit association in Paris in 1993,<ref>{{citebw\|30\|150}}</ref> later changing its name to Ethical Business Building the Future.<ref name=one>https://www.ebbf.org/about</ref>

	==Publications==		==Publications==

1990

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:29:45 GMT

Deaths

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	==Deaths==		==Deaths==
	*[[February 21]]: [[Jalál Kháḍih]], [[Hand of the Cause]].		*[[February 2]]: [[Pe Tepaeru Ariki]], Cook Islands Bahá’í who served on the [[NSA:Cook Islands\|National Spiritual Assembly of the Cook Islands]].
	*[[September 29]]: [[Collis Featherstone]], [[Hand of the Cause]].		*[[February 9]]: [[Manuel Garcia Vasquez]], early Spanish Bahá’í who served as a National Spiritual Assembly member in Spain and as a National Spiritual Assembly member and Auxiliary Board member in the Dominican Republic.
			*[[February 16]]: [[Khodadad Vajdi]], Indian Bahá’í who pioneered to Tanzania and served on the [[NSA:India\|National Spiritual Assembly of India]].
			*[[February 19]]: [[Edris Rice-Wray]], American Bahá’í who pioneered to Puerto Rico and Mexico and served as a National Spiritual Assembly member.
			*[[February 20]]: [[Habib Sabet]], Persian Bahá’í who served on the [[NSA:Iran\|National Spiritual Assembly of Iran]].
			*[[February 21]]: [[Jalál Kháḍih]], Persian Bahá’í who served as a [[Hand of the Cause]].
			*[[March 21]]: [[Rostam Sabet]], Indian Bahá’í who served on the [[NSA:India and Burma\|National Spiritual Assembly of India & Burma]].
			*[[April 2]]: [[Solomon Tanyi Tambe]], Cameroonian Bahá’í who served as a National Spiritual Assembly and Auxiliary Board member.
			*[[June 19]]: [[Salim Nounou]], Iraqi Bahá’í who served on the National Spiritual Assemblies of [[NSA:Iran\|Iran]] and [[NSA:France\|France]].
			*[[August 26]]: [[Hidáyatu’lláh Aḥmadíyyih]], Persian Bahá’í who pioneered to Belize where he served as a National Spiritual Assembly and Auxiliary Board member and Continental Counsellor.
			*[[September 5]]: [[Emeric Sala]], Hungarian-Canadian Bahá’í who served on the [[NSA:Canada\|National Spiritual Assembly of Canada]].
			*[[September 29]]: [[Collis Featherstone]], Australian Bahá’í who served as a [[Hand of the Cause]].
			*[[October 16]]: [[Dorothy Maquabeak Francis]], Saulteau First Nation Bahá’í who assisted in the promotion and maintaining of Canadian Aboriginal culture.
			*[[December 3]]: [[Florence Bagley]], American Bahá’í who was named a [[Knight of Bahá’u’lláh]] for opening Sicily to the Bahá’í Faith.

	==Publications==		==Publications==

1904

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:20:07 GMT

Births

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	*[[Marcia Steward de Matamores]], pioneer and [[Knights of Bahá’u’lláh\|Knight of Bahá’u’lláh]].		*[[Marcia Steward de Matamores]], pioneer and [[Knights of Bahá’u’lláh\|Knight of Bahá’u’lláh]].
	*[[Dhikru'lláh Khádem]], [[Hand of the Cause\|Hand of the Cause of God]].		*[[Dhikru'lláh Khádem]], [[Hand of the Cause\|Hand of the Cause of God]].
			*[[January 21]]: [[Edris Rice-Wray]], American Bahá’í who pioneered to Puerto Rico and Mexico and served as a National Spiritual Assembly member.
	*[[January 29]]: [[Lidia Zamenhof]], daughter of the founder of Esperanto who was a Bahá'í.		*[[January 29]]: [[Lidia Zamenhof]], daughter of the founder of Esperanto who was a Bahá'í.
	*[[April 13]]: [[Rose Perkal]], [[Knight of Bahá’u’lláh]] for the Kodiak Islands.		*[[April 13]]: [[Rose Perkal]], [[Knight of Bahá’u’lláh]] for the Kodiak Islands.

Edris Rice-Wray

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:12:07 GMT

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	'''Dr. Edris Rawshan Rice-Wray''' (January 21, 1904 - February 19, 1990) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she assisted with the establishment and consolidation of Bahá’í communities and served as a National Spiritual Assembly member. In her professional career she was a notable medical physician assisting with the development of public health in Puerto Rico and Mexico.		'''Dr. Edris Rawshan Rice-Wray''' (January 21, 1904 - February 19, 1990) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she assisted with the establishment and consolidation of Bahá’í communities and served as a National Spiritual Assembly member. In her professional career she was a notable medical physician assisting with the development of public health in Puerto Rico and Mexico.
	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Rice-Wray was born in Newark, new Jersey, in 1904 to parents Theron Canfield and Mabel Rice-Wray. She had two younger brothers, Landon Carter who was born in 1905 but passed in 1906,<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-3 Landon Carter Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> and [[Colston Rice-Wray\|Colston]] who was born in 1906, later married [[Sheila Rice-Wray\|Sheila Nelson]], and passed in 1977.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-4 Colston Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> Her mother became a Bahá’í in the 1890's and while her father never joined the religion he had a high degree of respect for [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]].<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref>		Rice-Wray was born in Newark, new Jersey, in 1904 to parents Theron Canfield and [[Mabel Rice-Wray Ives\|Mabel Rice-Wray]]. She had two younger brothers, Landon Carter who was born in 1905 but passed in 1906,<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-3 Landon Carter Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> and [[Colston Rice-Wray\|Colston]] who was born in 1906, later married [[Sheila Rice-Wray\|Sheila Nelson]], and passed in 1977.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-4 Colston Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> Her mother became a Bahá’í in the 1890's and while her father never joined the religion he had a high degree of respect for [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]].<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref>

	In 1909 the Rice-Wray family moved to Los Angeles, California, where Mabel befriended Kathryn Frankland who assisted her in beginning to host firesides and study classes in her home and in 1912 Mabel took Colston and Edris to meet ‘Abdu’l-Bahá when He visited Los Angeles. Both children sat on ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's knee and He later granted Edris the name Rawshan and Colston the name Ruhi. In 1914 the family moved to Detroit, Michigan, where Mabel, Edris, and Colston often spent time at the Green Acre Bahá’í School.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref> In 1919 Rice-Wray's parents divorced and in October, 1920, her mother remarried to [[Howard Colby Ives]].<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Simon-5710 Mabel Landon (Simon) Ives at WikiTree.com]</ref>		In 1909 the Rice-Wray family moved to Los Angeles, California, where Mabel befriended Kathryn Frankland who assisted her in beginning to host firesides and study classes in her home and in 1912 Mabel took Colston and Edris to meet ‘Abdu’l-Bahá when He visited Los Angeles. Both children sat on ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's knee and He later granted Edris the name Rawshan and Colston the name Ruhi. In 1914 the family moved to Detroit, Michigan, where Mabel, Edris, and Colston often spent time at the Green Acre Bahá’í School.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref> In 1919 Rice-Wray's parents divorced and in October, 1920, her mother remarried to [[Howard Colby Ives]].<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Simon-5710 Mabel Landon (Simon) Ives at WikiTree.com]</ref>

Sheila Rice-Wray

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:11:08 GMT

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	\|other_names =		\|other_names =
	\|title =		\|title =
	\|spouse = Colston Rice-Wray ~~(1906 - 1977)~~ m. 1939		\|spouse = [[Colston Rice-Wray]] m. 1939
	\|appointedby =		\|appointedby =
	\|known_for =		\|known_for =
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	'''Sheila Rice-Wray''' (November 8, 1908 - May 2, 1997) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she helped develop Bahá’í communities in Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and Paraguay.		'''Sheila Rice-Wray''' (November 8, 1908 - May 2, 1997) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she helped develop Bahá’í communities in Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and Paraguay.
	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Rice-Wray was born Sheila Daisy Reid Nelson in Stanley, South Dakota, in 1908 to parents George Nelson and Marcella B. Reid.<ref>https://sortedbyname.com/letter_r/ricewray.html</ref> She studied education and architectural engineering and also became an accomplished painter. She became a Bahá’í in 1938 and in 1939 she married Colston Rice-Wray in Rapid City, South Dakota.<ref>{{cite\|Q6181\|327}}</ref>		Rice-Wray was born Sheila Daisy Reid Nelson in Stanley, South Dakota, in 1908 to parents George Nelson and Marcella B. Reid.<ref>https://sortedbyname.com/letter_r/ricewray.html</ref> She studied education and architectural engineering and also became an accomplished painter. She became a Bahá’í in 1938 and in 1939 she married [[Colston Rice-Wray]] in Rapid City, South Dakota.<ref>{{cite\|Q6181\|327}}</ref>

	At some point Rice-Wray wrote to [[Shoghi Effendi]] asking where she should pioneer to serve the Faith and received a reply that she should settle in Latin Ameirca. In 1947 she pioneered from her home in Chicago to Central America spending time living in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>		At some point Rice-Wray wrote to [[Shoghi Effendi]] asking where she should pioneer to serve the Faith and received a reply that she should settle in Latin Ameirca. In 1947 she pioneered from her home in Chicago to Central America spending time living in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>

Colston Rice-Wray

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:10:38 GMT

Created page with "'''Colston Ruhi Rice-Wray''' (October 17, 1906 - March 9, 1977) was an early American Bahá’í. ==Biography== Rice-Wray was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1906 to parents Theron Canfield and Mabel Landon Rice-Wray. he had an older brother Landon Carter, who passed in infancy, and an older sister Edris.<ref name=wikitree>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-4 Colston Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> His mother had become a Bahá’í in the 1890'..."

New page

'''Colston Ruhi Rice-Wray''' (October 17, 1906 - March 9, 1977) was an early American Bahá’í.
==Biography==
Rice-Wray was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1906 to parents Theron Canfield and Mabel Landon Rice-Wray. he had an older brother Landon Carter, who passed in infancy, and an older sister [[Edris Rice-Wray|Edris]].<ref name=wikitree>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-4 Colston Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> His mother had become a Bahá’í in the 1890's and while his father was not an adherent he did respect [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]].<ref name=one>{{citebw|20|958}}</ref>

In 1909 the family moved to Los Angeles where Rice-Wray's mother became an active Bahá’í teacher and in 1912 his mother took him and his sister to meet ‘Abdu’l-Bahá when He visited the city with them both sitting on His knee. He was later given the name Ruhi by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. In 1914 the family moved again to Detroit, Michigan, allowing Colston to spend much of his time at Green Acre Bahá’í School often spending time with [[Rúhíyyih Khánum]].<ref name=one>{{citebw|20|958}}</ref><ref>{{cite|Q6181|280}}</ref> In 1919 his parents divorced with his mother remarrying to [[Howard Colby Ives]] the following year.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Simon-5710 Mabel Landon (Simon) Ives at WikiTree.com]</ref>

Rice-Wray became an active member of the Bahá’í community in his youth and was appointed to the first National Youth Committee for the United States and Canada in 1931.<ref>{{citebn|50|4}}</ref> In 1939 he married [[Sheila Rice-Wray|Sheila Nelson]] in Rapid City, South Dakota, and his wife went on to become a notable pioneer in Central and South America.<ref>{{cite|Q6181|327}}</ref>

In 1977 Rice-Wray passed away in Los Angeles, California.<ref name=wikitree>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-4 Colston Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref>

==References==

Edris Rice-Wray

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 05:01:32 GMT

Biography

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	'''Dr. Edris Rawshan Rice-Wray''' (January 21, 1904 - February 19, 1990) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she assisted with the establishment and consolidation of Bahá’í communities and served as a National Spiritual Assembly member. In her professional career she was a notable medical physician assisting with the development of public health in Puerto Rico and Mexico.		'''Dr. Edris Rawshan Rice-Wray''' (January 21, 1904 - February 19, 1990) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she assisted with the establishment and consolidation of Bahá’í communities and served as a National Spiritual Assembly member. In her professional career she was a notable medical physician assisting with the development of public health in Puerto Rico and Mexico.
	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Rice-Wray was born in Newark, new Jersey, in 1904 to parents Theron Canfield and Mabel Rice-Wray. She had two younger brothers, Landon Carter who was born in 1905 but passed in 1906,<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-3 Landon Carter Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> and Colston who was born in 1906, later married [[Sheila Rice-Wray\|Sheila Nelson]], and passed in 1977.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-4 Colston Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> Her mother became a Bahá’í in the 1890's and while her father never joined the religion he had a high degree of respect for [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]].<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref>		Rice-Wray was born in Newark, new Jersey, in 1904 to parents Theron Canfield and Mabel Rice-Wray. She had two younger brothers, Landon Carter who was born in 1905 but passed in 1906,<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-3 Landon Carter Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> and [[Colston Rice-Wray\|Colston]] who was born in 1906, later married [[Sheila Rice-Wray\|Sheila Nelson]], and passed in 1977.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-4 Colston Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> Her mother became a Bahá’í in the 1890's and while her father never joined the religion he had a high degree of respect for [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]].<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref>

	In 1909 the Rice-Wray family moved to Los Angeles, California, where Mabel befriended Kathryn Frankland who assisted her in beginning to host firesides and study classes in her home and in 1912 Mabel took Colston and Edris to meet ‘Abdu’l-Bahá when He visited Los Angeles. Both children sat on ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's knee and He later granted Edris the name Rawshan and Colston the name Ruhi. In 1914 the family moved to Detroit, Michigan, where Mabel, Edris, and Colston often spent time at the Green Acre Bahá’í School.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref> In 1919 Rice-Wray's parents divorced and in October, 1920, her mother remarried to [[Howard Colby Ives]].<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Simon-5710 Mabel Landon (Simon) Ives at WikiTree.com]</ref>		In 1909 the Rice-Wray family moved to Los Angeles, California, where Mabel befriended Kathryn Frankland who assisted her in beginning to host firesides and study classes in her home and in 1912 Mabel took Colston and Edris to meet ‘Abdu’l-Bahá when He visited Los Angeles. Both children sat on ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's knee and He later granted Edris the name Rawshan and Colston the name Ruhi. In 1914 the family moved to Detroit, Michigan, where Mabel, Edris, and Colston often spent time at the Green Acre Bahá’í School.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref> In 1919 Rice-Wray's parents divorced and in October, 1920, her mother remarried to [[Howard Colby Ives]].<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Simon-5710 Mabel Landon (Simon) Ives at WikiTree.com]</ref>

	Rice-Wray pursued higher education graduating from Vassar College and enrolling in Cornell University Medical College in 1927. She later transferred to Northwestern University Medical College and graduated with a medical degree in 1932. During her time studying she married Robert Carson, in March 1929, and they went on to have two daughters although they later divorced. She settled in Wilmette, Illinois, where she completed a medical residency and became an intern, and also became an active member of the Bahá’í community often delivering talks at the Bahá’í House of Worship. She also hosted travelling Bahá’ís in her home, with [[Dorothy Baker]] often staying with her when visiting Wilmette for National Spiritual Assembly meetings in the late 1930's, and funded travel teaching trips made by her mother and step-father. She also encouraged Ives to record his memories of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá leading to him writing the book ''Portals to Freedom'' in 1937.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref>		Rice-Wray pursued higher education graduating from Vassar College and enrolling in Cornell University Medical College in 1927. She later transferred to Northwestern University Medical College and graduated with a medical degree in 1932. During her time studying she married Robert Carson, in March 1929, and they went on to have two daughters although they later divorced. She was also an active Bahá’í during her studies being appointed to the first National Youth Committee for the United States and Canada in 1931.<ref>{{citebn\|50\|4}}</ref>

			Rice-Wray settled in Wilmette, Illinois, where she completed a medical residency and became an intern, and also became an active member of the Bahá’í community often delivering talks at the Bahá’í House of Worship. She also hosted travelling Bahá’ís in her home, with [[Dorothy Baker]] often staying with her when visiting Wilmette for National Spiritual Assembly meetings in the late 1930's, and funded travel teaching trips made by her mother and step-father. She also encouraged Ives to record his memories of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá leading to him writing the book ''Portals to Freedom'' in 1937.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|958}}</ref>

	In 1948 Rice-Wray pioneered to Puerto Rico with her daughters and secured work with the Health Department of Puerto Rico eventually becoming its Director of Field Training. She returned to the United States after receiving a scholarship to study Public Health at the University of Michigan and completed a Master's Degree in 1950and collaborated with Dr. Gregory Pincus on field testing of Enovid, the first endocrine contraceptive agent for women, in 1956.<ref name=two>{{citebw\|20\|959}}</ref>		In 1948 Rice-Wray pioneered to Puerto Rico with her daughters and secured work with the Health Department of Puerto Rico eventually becoming its Director of Field Training. She returned to the United States after receiving a scholarship to study Public Health at the University of Michigan and completed a Master's Degree in 1950and collaborated with Dr. Gregory Pincus on field testing of Enovid, the first endocrine contraceptive agent for women, in 1956.<ref name=two>{{citebw\|20\|959}}</ref>
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	In 1973 Rice-Wray retired from the World Health Organization and became a professor of population studies at the University of the Americas in [[Puebla]]. She remained active in women's organizations attending and speaking at many conferences and events such as the First Asian Bahá’í Women’s Conference held in India in 1978. She passed away in Puebla in 1990 and the [[Universal House of Justice]] conveyed the following message after her passing<ref name=two>{{citebw\|20\|959}}</ref> :		In 1973 Rice-Wray retired from the World Health Organization and became a professor of population studies at the University of the Americas in [[Puebla]]. She remained active in women's organizations attending and speaking at many conferences and events such as the First Asian Bahá’í Women’s Conference held in India in 1978. She passed away in Puebla in 1990 and the [[Universal House of Justice]] conveyed the following message after her passing<ref name=two>{{citebw\|20\|959}}</ref> :
	<blockquote>SADDENED NEWS PASSING DEDICATED VETERAN PIONEER TIRELESS DISTINGUISHED PROMOTER CAUSE GOD DR. EDRIS RICE-WRAY. HER LONG RECORD UNFORGETTABLE SERVICES BOTH TEACHING AND ADMINISTRATIVE FIELDS ESPECIALLY MEXICO HOLDS PROMISE BOUNTIFUL REWARD. OUTSTANDING SCIENTIFIC SERVICES MANKIND ALSO RECALLED. FERVENTLY SUPPLICATING SACRED THRESHOLD PROGRESS HER RADIANT SOUL WORLDS BEYOND. KINDLY CONVEY HEARTFELT SYMPATHY HER RELATIVES AND FRIENDS.<ref name=two>{{citebw\|20\|959}}</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>SADDENED NEWS PASSING DEDICATED VETERAN PIONEER TIRELESS DISTINGUISHED PROMOTER CAUSE GOD DR. EDRIS RICE-WRAY. HER LONG RECORD UNFORGETTABLE SERVICES BOTH TEACHING AND ADMINISTRATIVE FIELDS ESPECIALLY MEXICO HOLDS PROMISE BOUNTIFUL REWARD. OUTSTANDING SCIENTIFIC SERVICES MANKIND ALSO RECALLED. FERVENTLY SUPPLICATING SACRED THRESHOLD PROGRESS HER RADIANT SOUL WORLDS BEYOND. KINDLY CONVEY HEARTFELT SYMPATHY HER RELATIVES AND FRIENDS.<ref name=two>{{citebw\|20\|959}}</ref></blockquote>

	==References==		==References==

Sheila Rice-Wray

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 04:48:48 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:48, 11 May 2026
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	{{Infobox Person		{{Infobox Person
	\|name = Sheila Rice-Wray		\|name = Sheila Rice-Wray
	\|image =		\|image = Sheila Rice-Wray Portrait.jpg
	\|image_size =		\|image_size =
	\|caption =		\|caption =
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	'''Sheila Rice-Wray''' (November 8, 1908 - May 2, 1997) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she helped develop Bahá’í communities in Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and Paraguay.		'''Sheila Rice-Wray''' (November 8, 1908 - May 2, 1997) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she helped develop Bahá’í communities in Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and Paraguay.
	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Rice-Wray was born Sheila Daisy Reid Nelson in Stanley, South Dakota, in 1908 to parents George Nelson and Marcella B. Reid.<ref>https://sortedbyname.com/letter_r/ricewray.html</ref> She studied education and architectural engineering and also became an accomplished painter. She became a Bahá’í in 1938 and in 1939 she married Colston Rice-Wray in Rapid City, South Dakota.<ref>{{cite\|Q6181\|327}}</ref> At some point ~~she~~ wrote to [[Shoghi Effendi]] asking where she should pioneer to serve the Faith ~~receiving~~ a reply that she should settle in Latin Ameirca. In 1947 she pioneered from her home in Chicago to Central America spending time living in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>		Rice-Wray was born Sheila Daisy Reid Nelson in Stanley, South Dakota, in 1908 to parents George Nelson and Marcella B. Reid.<ref>https://sortedbyname.com/letter_r/ricewray.html</ref> She studied education and architectural engineering and also became an accomplished painter. She became a Bahá’í in 1938 and in 1939 she married Colston Rice-Wray in Rapid City, South Dakota.<ref>{{cite\|Q6181\|327}}</ref>

			At some point Rice-Wray wrote to [[Shoghi Effendi]] asking where she should pioneer to serve the Faith and received a reply that she should settle in Latin Ameirca. In 1947 she pioneered from her home in Chicago to Central America spending time living in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>

	In 1950 Rice-Wray briefly pioneered to Paraguay, then to Bolivia, and then to the Dominican Republic, at the request of [[Dorothy Baker]], which remained her home for the rest of her life. She was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of Central America in 1954 serving until 1957 when the National Spiritual Assembly of the Greater Antilles was established which she was also elected to. In 1961 an independent National Spiritual Assembly was formed for the Dominican Republic and she was elected to the body serving as its treasurer until 1983.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>		In 1950 Rice-Wray briefly pioneered to Paraguay, then to Bolivia, and then to the Dominican Republic, at the request of [[Dorothy Baker]], which remained her home for the rest of her life. She was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of Central America in 1954 serving until 1957 when the National Spiritual Assembly of the Greater Antilles was established which she was also elected to. In 1961 an independent National Spiritual Assembly was formed for the Dominican Republic and she was elected to the body serving as its treasurer until 1983.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>
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	In 1997 Rice-Wray passed away at her pioneer post in Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Nelson-26651 Sheila Daisy Reid (Nelson) Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref>		In 1997 Rice-Wray passed away at her pioneer post in Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Nelson-26651 Sheila Daisy Reid (Nelson) Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref>
	{{media\|Category:Sheila Rice-Wray}}		{{media\|Category:Sheila Rice-Wray}}









	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

NSA:Mexico

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 04:41:51 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:41, 11 May 2026
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	\|[[Valeria Nichols]]\|\| 1961 - ????		\|[[Valeria Nichols]]\|\| 1961 - ????
	\|-		\|-
	\|Edris Rice-Wray\|\| 1961 - ~~????~~		\|[[Edris Rice-Wray]]\|\| 1961 - 1967
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Paul Lucas]]\|\|???? - ????		\|[[Paul Lucas]]\|\|???? - ????

Edris Rice-Wray

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 04:41:15 GMT

Created page with "{{Infobox Person |name = Edris Rice-Wray |image = Dr Edris Rice Wray.png |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = January 21, 1904 |birth_place = Newark, New Jersey, USA |death_date = February 19, 1990 |death_place = Puebla, Mexico |other_names = |title = |appointedby = |known_for = |occupation = |nationality = |nsa_member = Central America 1958 - 1961 Mexico 1961 - 1967 |..."

New page

{{Infobox Person
|name = Edris Rice-Wray
|image = Dr Edris Rice Wray.png
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = January 21, 1904
|birth_place = [[Newark, New Jersey]], [[USA]]
|death_date = February 19, 1990
|death_place = [[Puebla]], [[Mexico]]
|other_names =
|title =
|appointedby =
|known_for =
|occupation =
|nationality =
|nsa_member = [[NSA:Central America|Central America]] 1958 - 1961 [[NSA:Mexico|Mexico]] 1961 - 1967
|counsellor =
|itc_member =
}}
'''Dr. Edris Rawshan Rice-Wray''' (January 21, 1904 - February 19, 1990) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she assisted with the establishment and consolidation of Bahá’í communities and served as a National Spiritual Assembly member. In her professional career she was a notable medical physician assisting with the development of public health in Puerto Rico and Mexico.
==Biography==
Rice-Wray was born in Newark, new Jersey, in 1904 to parents Theron Canfield and Mabel Rice-Wray. She had two younger brothers, Landon Carter who was born in 1905 but passed in 1906,<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-3 Landon Carter Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> and Colston who was born in 1906, later married [[Sheila Rice-Wray|Sheila Nelson]], and passed in 1977.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rice-Wray-4 Colston Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref> Her mother became a Bahá’í in the 1890's and while her father never joined the religion he had a high degree of respect for [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]].<ref name=one>{{citebw|20|958}}</ref>

In 1909 the Rice-Wray family moved to Los Angeles, California, where Mabel befriended Kathryn Frankland who assisted her in beginning to host firesides and study classes in her home and in 1912 Mabel took Colston and Edris to meet ‘Abdu’l-Bahá when He visited Los Angeles. Both children sat on ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's knee and He later granted Edris the name Rawshan and Colston the name Ruhi. In 1914 the family moved to Detroit, Michigan, where Mabel, Edris, and Colston often spent time at the Green Acre Bahá’í School.<ref name=one>{{citebw|20|958}}</ref> In 1919 Rice-Wray's parents divorced and in October, 1920, her mother remarried to [[Howard Colby Ives]].<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Simon-5710 Mabel Landon (Simon) Ives at WikiTree.com]</ref>

Rice-Wray pursued higher education graduating from Vassar College and enrolling in Cornell University Medical College in 1927. She later transferred to Northwestern University Medical College and graduated with a medical degree in 1932. During her time studying she married Robert Carson, in March 1929, and they went on to have two daughters although they later divorced. She settled in Wilmette, Illinois, where she completed a medical residency and became an intern, and also became an active member of the Bahá’í community often delivering talks at the Bahá’í House of Worship. She also hosted travelling Bahá’ís in her home, with [[Dorothy Baker]] often staying with her when visiting Wilmette for National Spiritual Assembly meetings in the late 1930's, and funded travel teaching trips made by her mother and step-father. She also encouraged Ives to record his memories of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá leading to him writing the book ''Portals to Freedom'' in 1937.<ref name=one>{{citebw|20|958}}</ref>

In 1948 Rice-Wray pioneered to Puerto Rico with her daughters and secured work with the Health Department of Puerto Rico eventually becoming its Director of Field Training. She returned to the United States after receiving a scholarship to study Public Health at the University of Michigan and completed a Master's Degree in 1950and collaborated with Dr. Gregory Pincus on field testing of Enovid, the first endocrine contraceptive agent for women, in 1956.<ref name=two>{{citebw|20|959}}</ref>

In 1957 Rice-Wray moved to [[Mexico City]] after accepting a position with the World Health Organization. She founded the first national Family Planning Association for Mexico, a Maternal Health Association, and a Foundation for Population Studies after establishing herself in Mexico and also published a scientific papers ultimately being awarded the Sesquicentennial Award for Knowledge, Wisdom and the Courage to Serve by the University of Michigan in 1967.<ref name=two>{{citebw|20|959}}</ref> In addition to her service to Mexico's health system Rice-Wray also served the Bahá’í community serving on the National Spiritual Assembly of Central America and then the National Spiritual Assembly of Mexico when it was established in 1961.

In 1973 Rice-Wray retired from the World Health Organization and became a professor of population studies at the University of the Americas in [[Puebla]]. She remained active in women's organizations attending and speaking at many conferences and events such as the First Asian Bahá’í Women’s Conference held in India in 1978. She passed away in Puebla in 1990 and the [[Universal House of Justice]] conveyed the following message after her passing<ref name=two>{{citebw|20|959}}</ref> :
<blockquote>SADDENED NEWS PASSING DEDICATED VETERAN PIONEER TIRELESS DISTINGUISHED PROMOTER CAUSE GOD DR. EDRIS RICE-WRAY. HER LONG RECORD UNFORGETTABLE SERVICES BOTH TEACHING AND ADMINISTRATIVE FIELDS ESPECIALLY MEXICO HOLDS PROMISE BOUNTIFUL REWARD. OUTSTANDING SCIENTIFIC SERVICES MANKIND ALSO RECALLED. FERVENTLY SUPPLICATING SACRED THRESHOLD PROGRESS HER RADIANT SOUL WORLDS BEYOND. KINDLY CONVEY HEARTFELT SYMPATHY HER RELATIVES AND FRIENDS.<ref name=two>{{citebw|20|959}}</ref></blockquote>
==References==

Sheila Rice-Wray

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 04:18:11 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 11 May 2026
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	\|caption =		\|caption =
	\|birth_date = November 8, 1908		\|birth_date = November 8, 1908
	\|birth_place = South Dakota, USA		\|birth_place = Stanley, South Dakota, USA
	\|death_date = May 2, 1997		\|death_date = May 2, 1997
	\|death_place = Dominican Republic		\|death_place = Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
	\|other_names =		\|other_names =
	\|title =		\|title =
			\|spouse = Colston Rice-Wray (1906 - 1977) m. 1939
	\|appointedby =		\|appointedby =
	\|known_for =		\|known_for =
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	'''Sheila Rice-Wray''' (November 8, 1908 - May 2, 1997) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she helped develop Bahá’í communities in Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and Paraguay.		'''Sheila Rice-Wray''' (November 8, 1908 - May 2, 1997) was an American Bahá’í who pioneered to Central and South America where she helped develop Bahá’í communities in Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and Paraguay.
	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Rice-Wray was born Sheila Daisy Reid Nelson in South Dakota in 1908 to parents George Nelson and Marcella B. Reid.<ref>https://sortedbyname.com/letter_r/ricewray.html</ref> She studied education and architectural engineering and also became an accomplished painter. She became a Bahá’í in 1938 and in 1939 she married Colston Rice-Wray.<ref>{{cite\|Q6181\|327}}</ref> At some point she wrote to [[Shoghi Effendi]] asking where she should pioneer to serve the Faith receiving a reply that she should settle in Latin Ameirca. In 1947 she pioneered from her home in Chicago to Central America spending time living in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>		Rice-Wray was born Sheila Daisy Reid Nelson in Stanley, South Dakota, in 1908 to parents George Nelson and Marcella B. Reid.<ref>https://sortedbyname.com/letter_r/ricewray.html</ref> She studied education and architectural engineering and also became an accomplished painter. She became a Bahá’í in 1938 and in 1939 she married Colston Rice-Wray in Rapid City, South Dakota.<ref>{{cite\|Q6181\|327}}</ref> At some point she wrote to [[Shoghi Effendi]] asking where she should pioneer to serve the Faith receiving a reply that she should settle in Latin Ameirca. In 1947 she pioneered from her home in Chicago to Central America spending time living in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>

	In 1950 Rice-Wray briefly pioneered to Paraguay, then to Bolivia, and then to the Dominican Republic, at the request of [[Dorothy Baker]], which remained her home for the rest of her life. She was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of Central America in 1954 serving until 1957 when the National Spiritual Assembly of the Greater Antilles was established which she was also elected to. In 1961 an independent National Spiritual Assembly was formed for the Dominican Republic and she was elected to the body serving as its treasurer until 1983.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>		In 1950 Rice-Wray briefly pioneered to Paraguay, then to Bolivia, and then to the Dominican Republic, at the request of [[Dorothy Baker]], which remained her home for the rest of her life. She was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of Central America in 1954 serving until 1957 when the National Spiritual Assembly of the Greater Antilles was established which she was also elected to. In 1961 an independent National Spiritual Assembly was formed for the Dominican Republic and she was elected to the body serving as its treasurer until 1983.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|26\|277}}</ref>

	In 1997 Rice-Wray passed away at her pioneer post in the Dominican Republic.		In 1997 Rice-Wray passed away at her pioneer post in Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Nelson-26651 Sheila Daisy Reid (Nelson) Rice-Wray at WikiTree.com]</ref>
	{{media\|Category:Sheila Rice-Wray}}		{{media\|Category:Sheila Rice-Wray}}

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

NSA:Central America

Jagar — Mon, 11 May 2026 04:12:25 GMT

Past members

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:12, 11 May 2026
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	\|[[Valeria Nichols]]\|\|1958 - 1959		\|[[Valeria Nichols]]\|\|1958 - 1959
	\|-		\|-
	\|Dr. Edris Rice-Wray\|\|1958 - 1961		\|[[Edris Rice-Wray\|Dr. Edris Rice-Wray]]\|\|1958 - 1961
	\|-		\|-
	\|Armando Fonseca Duval\|\|1959 - 1960		\|Armando Fonseca Duval\|\|1959 - 1960

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:27, 11 May 2026
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	Khianra was born in 1913 in Thathanagar, a village some miles from Karachi in Sind Province which was then part of India. He was raised in a Hindu family and at age twelve decided he wanted to be tolerant of other religions. His father passed away before he graduated from primary school and he became responsible for caring for his mother and sister with some help from an uncle. He moved to Karachi to attend High School and became a teacher straight after graduating before attending D.J. Sindh College in Karachi where he began studying Persian and Islamic culture.<ref>{{citebw\|20\|829\|}}</ref>		Khianra was born in 1913 in Thathanagar, a village some miles from Karachi in Sind Province which was then part of India. He was raised in a Hindu family and at age twelve decided he wanted to be tolerant of other religions. His father passed away before he graduated from primary school and he became responsible for caring for his mother and sister with some help from an uncle. He moved to Karachi to attend High School and became a teacher straight after graduating before attending D.J. Sindh College in Karachi where he began studying Persian and Islamic culture.<ref>{{citebw\|20\|829\|}}</ref>

	Khianra married a woman named Devki in 1935 and in 1937 he graduated from college with a master's degree in linguistics majoring in Persian with a minor in English. He eventually went on to become literate in fourteen language and was able to speak nineteen. Through his association with Persians in Karachi he met ~~Isfandiyar Bakhtiyari~~ who introduced him to the Bahá’í Faith and he declared in 1942 and was elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly of Karachi and as a delegate to the National Convention of India and Burma the same year.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|830\|}}</ref>		Khianra married a woman named Devki in 1935 and in 1937 he graduated from college with a master's degree in linguistics majoring in Persian with a minor in English. He eventually went on to become literate in fourteen language and was able to speak nineteen. Through his association with Persians in Karachi he met [[Isfandíyár Bakhtíyárí]] who introduced him to the Bahá’í Faith and he declared in 1942 and was elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly of Karachi and as a delegate to the National Convention of India and Burma the same year.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|830\|}}</ref>

	When the partition between Pakistan and India took place in 1947 Khianra and his family had to stay in the Bahá’í Centre of Karachi and his family moved to Nasik, Maharashtra, in India with their children while he remained in Pakistan. As of 1949 he was serving on the National Spiritual Assembly of India, Pakistan & Burma.<ref>{{citebn\|230\|7}}</ref> In 1950 he made an extensive travel teaching trip across India,<ref>Baha'i World: In Memoriam 1992-1997, p 35</ref> and in 1952 he moved to India settling in Mumbai where he became head of the Persian Department of Jai Hind College and he also lectured on Islamic Culture. In 1957 he obtained a Vidhwana Degree in Hindi.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|830\|}}</ref>		When the partition between Pakistan and India took place in 1947 Khianra and his family had to stay in the Bahá’í Centre of Karachi and his family moved to Nasik, Maharashtra, in India with their children while he remained in Pakistan. As of 1949 he was serving on the National Spiritual Assembly of India, Pakistan & Burma.<ref>{{citebn\|230\|7}}</ref> In 1950 he made an extensive travel teaching trip across India,<ref>Baha'i World: In Memoriam 1992-1997, p 35</ref> and in 1952 he moved to India settling in Mumbai where he became head of the Persian Department of Jai Hind College and he also lectured on Islamic Culture. In 1957 he obtained a Vidhwana Degree in Hindi.<ref name=one>{{citebw\|20\|830\|}}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:40, 11 May 2026
(4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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	'''Mumbai''', known as '''Bombay''' until 1995, is a city in India which serves as the capital of Maharashtra.		'''Mumbai''', known as '''Bombay''' until 1995, is a city in India which serves as the capital of Maharashtra.

	Bahá’í's first resided in Mumbai in the 1860's with members of the family of [[the Báb]] establishing business interests in the city. A Bahá’í community was established in the 1870's and 1880's through the efforts of travel teacher Jamál Effendi who visited India on the instructions of [[Bahá’u’lláh]] and it became a highly active community beginning to oversee efforts to teach the religion across the country in the 1910's ~~and the~~ Bahá’í community of Mumbai remains active to the present day..		Bahá’í's first resided in Mumbai in the 1860's with members of the family of [[the Báb]] establishing business interests in the city. A Bahá’í community was established in the 1870's and 1880's through the efforts of travel teacher Jamál Effendi who visited India on the instructions of [[Bahá’u’lláh]] and it became a highly active community beginning to oversee efforts to teach the religion across the country in the 1910's. The Bahá’í community of Mumbai remains active to the present day.

	==History==		==History==
	The Bábí Faith was present in Mumbai before the Declaration of [[Bahá’u’lláh]]. According to one historical account, the ''Táríkh-i-Jadíd'', a blind Siyyid named Sayyid-i-Baír became a Bábí in the 1840's after hearing about [[the Báb]]'s claim in Mumbai, although according to [[Nabíl-i-A‘ẓam]] he heard of the Báb in Multan. The earliest confirmed presence of the religion in the city was in the 1850's when brothers [[Hájí Siyyid Muhammad Afnán\|Hájí Siyyid Muhammad]] and [[Hájí Siyyid Mírzá Afnán]] established a trading post for the Afnán family, the extended family of the Báb, in Mumbai. Both brothers became Bahá’ís in the 1860's.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		The Bábí Faith was present in Mumbai before the Declaration of [[Bahá’u’lláh]]. According to one historical account, the ''Táríkh-i-Jadíd'', a blind Siyyid named Sayyid-i-Baír became a Bábí in the 1840's after hearing about [[the Báb]]'s claim in Mumbai, although according to [[Nabíl-i-A‘ẓam]] he heard of the Báb in Multan. The earliest confirmed presence of the religion in the city was in the 1850's when brothers [[Hájí Siyyid Muhammad Afnán\|Hájí Siyyid Muhammad]] and [[Hájí Siyyid Mírzá Afnán]] established a trading post for the Afnán family, the extended family of the Báb, in Mumbai. Both brothers became Bahá’ís in the 1860's.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	In approximately 1868 Bahá’í travel teacher [[Hájí Muhammad-Ibrahim-i-Muballigh]] moved to Mumbai fleeing persecution due to his religion in Iran and as of the 1860's several members of the Afnán family who had become Bahá’ís were living in Mumbai. Some of the Mumbai Bahá’ís felt there was potential for teaching the Faith in the city and wrote to Bahá’u’lláh requesting that a Bahá’í teacher be sent and at Bahá’u’lláh's request Jamál Effendi traveled to India in approximately 1875. Jamál actively taught in the city ~~and through~~ his efforts Mír Sayyid Muhammad, the leader of the Twelver Shi`i community in Mumbai, became a Bahá’í, however his activities also resulted in opposition and he left the city after a few months to teach in other parts of India. He made additional visits to Mumbai before departing India in 1878.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		In approximately 1868 Bahá’í travel teacher [[Hájí Muhammad-Ibrahim-i-Muballigh]] moved to Mumbai fleeing persecution due to his religion in Iran and as of the 1860's several members of the Afnán family who had become Bahá’ís were living in Mumbai. Some of the Mumbai Bahá’ís felt there was potential for teaching the Faith in the city and wrote to Bahá’u’lláh requesting that a Bahá’í teacher be sent and at Bahá’u’lláh's request Jamál Effendi traveled to India in approximately 1875. Jamál actively taught in the city however as he could only speak Persian he was only able to teach Iranians living in the city.<ref>https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-bahai/</ref> Through his efforts Mír Sayyid Muhammad, the leader of the Twelver Shi`i community in Mumbai, became a Bahá’í, however his activities also resulted in opposition from other members of the Islamic clergy and he left the city after a few months to teach in other parts of India. He made additional visits to Mumbai before departing India in 1878.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	In the early 1880's Mírzá Ibráhím Afnán, a Bahá’í who was son of [[Hájí Mírzá Abú'l-Qásim]] and nephew of the Báb, established the publishing company Násirí Press in Mumbai which began publishing the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in 1882 with editions of the ''[[Kitab-i-Iqan]]'' and the ''[[Secret of Divine Civilization]]''.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref><ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref> In 1884 [[Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí]], a son of Bahá’u’lláh who later opposed [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]], moved to Mumbai for around one year to assist with teaching activities and utilize his calligraphy skills to assist in the publication of the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh, however while it had been expected of him he did not actively teach while in the city.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		In the early 1880's Mírzá Ibráhím Afnán, a Bahá’í who was son of [[Hájí Mírzá Abú'l-Qásim]] and nephew of the Báb, established the publishing company Násirí Press in Mumbai which began publishing the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in 1882 with editions of the ''[[Kitab-i-Iqan]]'' and the ''[[Secret of Divine Civilization]]''.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref><ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref> In 1884 [[Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí]], a son of Bahá’u’lláh who later opposed [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]], moved to Mumbai for around one year to assist with teaching activities and utilize his calligraphy skills to assist in the publication of the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh, however while it had been expected of him he did not actively teach while in the city.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>
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	In 1888 Jamál Effendi visited Mumbai again at the beginning of a second extended travel teaching tour of India and he taught the Faith to members of Mumbai's Zoroastrian community while in the city with several accepting the religion. During Jamál's tour Bahá’u’lláh revealed a Tablet for the head of the Bohra Ismá`ílí community, Sayyid-ná Najmu'd-Dín, who lived in Mumbai and Jamál debated Najmu'd-Dín in front of a large audience. In 1890 Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí returned to Mumbai staying for over a year to oversee the publication of his Father's writings by the Násirí Press, however he altered some of the transcripts to remove references to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 130</ref><ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		In 1888 Jamál Effendi visited Mumbai again at the beginning of a second extended travel teaching tour of India and he taught the Faith to members of Mumbai's Zoroastrian community while in the city with several accepting the religion. During Jamál's tour Bahá’u’lláh revealed a Tablet for the head of the Bohra Ismá`ílí community, Sayyid-ná Najmu'd-Dín, who lived in Mumbai and Jamál debated Najmu'd-Dín in front of a large audience. In 1890 Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí returned to Mumbai staying for over a year to oversee the publication of his Father's writings by the Násirí Press, however he altered some of the transcripts to remove references to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.<ref>Adib Taherzadeh, ''The Covenant of Baha'u'llah'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''1972''', p 130</ref><ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	In 1892 the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh took place. In His Will and Testament Bahá’u’lláh had appointed His son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í community however almost immediately after the Ascension Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí began attempting to usurp control of the Bahá’í community. Many of the Bahá’ís in Mumbai became firm supporters of ‘Alí and in the 1890's and 1900's ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent several travel teachers to the city to deepen the community on the Covenant and refute the fradulent claims of ‘Alí's supporters.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref> In 1897 and 1898 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent [[Mírzá Mahram]] to Mumbai on travel teaching trips by with a local administrative body being established during his 1898 visit.<ref>Siyyid Mustafa Rumi (tr. Iran Furutan Muhajir), ''Siyyid Mustafa Rumi: Hand of the Cause of God, Apostle of Baha'u'llah'', Baha'i Publishing: Wilmette, '''2020''', p 81</ref>		In 1892 the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh took place. In His Will and Testament Bahá’u’lláh had appointed His son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as His successor as Head of the Bahá’í community however almost immediately after the Ascension Mírzá Muhammad ‘Alí began attempting to usurp control of the Bahá’í community. Many of the Bahá’ís in Mumbai became firm supporters of ‘Alí and in the 1890's and 1900's ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent several travel teachers to the city to deepen the community on the Covenant and refute the fradulent claims of ‘Alí's supporters.<ref name=one>[https://bahai-library.com/momen_jamal_effendi#N_3_ Moojan Momen, ''Jamál Effendi and the Early History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia'', '''Bahá'í Studies Review''', 9. Accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	In 1904 American Bahá’í [[Sydney Sprague]] and the [[Hand of the Cause]] [[Mírzá Ḥasan\|Adíb]] visited Mumbai on a travel teaching trip,<ref name=moment>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha’i Communities of Iran 1851-1921, Volume 1: The North of Iran'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2015''', p 117</ref><ref>''Bahá’í Faith in America, The, Early Expansion, 1900–1912, Vol. 2.'' Robert Stockman, George Ronald, Oxford, 1995. p 263</ref> and in ~~1908~~ a teaching team consisting of American Bahá’ís [[Hooper Harris]] and [[Harlan Ober]], and Persian Bahá’ís [[Ibn-i-Abhar]] and [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] toured India visiting Mumbai and other cities.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		Examples of teachers sent by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá include [[Mírzá Mahram]] who was sent to Mumbai 1897 and 1898 on travel teaching trips and a local administrative body, a precusor to a Local Spiritual Assembly, was established during his 1898 visit.<ref>Siyyid Mustafa Rumi (tr. Iran Furutan Muhajir), ''Siyyid Mustafa Rumi: Hand of the Cause of God, Apostle of Baha'u'llah'', Baha'i Publishing: Wilmette, '''2020''', p 81</ref> In 1904 American Bahá’í [[Sydney Sprague]] and the [[Hand of the Cause]] [[Mírzá Ḥasan\|Adíb]] visited Mumbai on a travel teaching trip,<ref name=moment>Moojan Momen, ''The Baha’i Communities of Iran 1851-1921, Volume 1: The North of Iran'', George Ronald: Oxford, '''2015''', p 117</ref><ref>''Bahá’í Faith in America, The, Early Expansion, 1900–1912, Vol. 2.'' Robert Stockman, George Ronald, Oxford, 1995. p 263</ref> and in 1907 a teaching team consisting of American Bahá’ís [[Hooper Harris]] and [[Harlan Ober]], and Persian Bahá’ís [[Ibn-i-Abhar]] and [[Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání]] toured India visiting Mumbai and other cities.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	As of 1908 there was an active and functional Bahá’í community in Mumbai as a result of the decades of travel teachers visiting the city, with three meetings being held every week attended by almost one hundred. It was the leading Bahá’í community of India, leading efforts to coordinate teaching activity and translate the Bahá’í writings into native Indian languages, and it also secured the first Bahá’í Cemetery in India around this time with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá personally designing the cemeteries layout.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		As of 1908 there was an active and functional Bahá’í community in Mumbai as a result of the decades of travel teachers visiting the city, with three meetings being held every week attended by almost one hundred. It was the leading Bahá’í community of India, leading efforts to coordinate teaching activity and translate the Bahá’í writings into native Indian languages, and it also secured the first Bahá’í Cemetery in India around this time with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá personally designing the cemeteries layout.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	The first National Bahá’í Convention for the Bahá’í communities of India was held in Mumbai in December, 1920.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>		The first National Bahá’í Convention for the Bahá’í communities of India was held in Mumbai in December, 1920.<ref name=garlington>[https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india William Garlington, ''The Bahá'í Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Studies, 2, accessed 11/05/2026]</ref>

	==References==		==References==